Spain

Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) are widely used for materials transportation. Operating them in a platooned manner has the potential to improve safety, security and efficiency, control overall traffic flow and reduce resource usage. However, the published studies on platooning focus mainly on the design of technical solutions in the context of automotive domain. In this paper we focus on a largely unexplored theme of platooning in production sites transformed to the Industry 4.0, with the aim of providing safety and security assurances. We present an overall approach for a fault- and threat tolerant platooning for materials transportation in production environments. Our functional use cases include the platoon control for collision avoidance, data acquisition and processing in a certain range, and connectivity with fog and cloud levels. To perform the safety and security analyses, the Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) and Threat and Operability (THROP) techniques are used. Based on the results obtained from them, the safety and security requirements are derived for the identification and prevention/mitigation of potential platooning hazards, threats and vulnerabilities. The assurance cases are constructed to show the acceptable safety and security of materials transportation using AGV platooning. We leveraged a simulation-based digital twin for performing the verification and validation as well as finetuning of the platooning strategy. Simulation data is gathered from digital twin to monitor platoon operations, identify unexpected or incorrect behaviour, evaluate the potential implications and trigger control actions to resolve them. The applicability of the AGV platooning is demonstrated in the context of a quarry site.

AEiC 2021 - 25th Ada-Europe International Conference on Reliable Software Technologies

Safe and secure platooning of automated guided vehicles in Industry 4.0

2021 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics.

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### Welcome Message from our Co-Chairs

Through this message, we want to give you our warmest welcome to the 25th Ada-Europe International Conference on Reliable Software Technologies (AEiC 2021). The special circumstances we all go through have made the conference a virtual event. Nonetheless, this will allow us to take advantage of the benefits of this format by using the Underline.io platform that allows remote participation of speakers and attendees and a virtual exhibition.
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The conference schedule includes a four-day program and exhibition from Monday to Thursday, with parallel tutorials on Monday, and keynotes, technical sessions and a Work-in-Progress session on the remaining three days. The technical sessions include the presentations of 13 journal-track papers, 5 industrial presentations and 6 invited talks on leading topics on reliable software technologies. The program will be completed with three outstanding keynotes that will delight the participants.

The main conference activities will be from 13:00 to 18:00 Central European Summer Time (CEST) to allow participants from America to Central Asia to attend to the conference sessions. Virtual social events are scheduled at the beginning and the end of each day. We encourage you to participate in these activities as well as visiting the exhibition. We look forward to meeting you virtually in June 2021!

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Early verification and validation (V&V) of design artifacts is one of the main promises of model-based software design. The kind of V&V and possible level of automation depends on the degree of formalization. Semi-formal languages such as UML or SysML facilitate structuring design artifacts and describing them in agreed-upon terms but require additional extension to reach the level of rigour that permits code generation and formal verification. Simulation-oriented languages such as Simulink® and Stateflow® contain sufficient details to allow execution of the model and generation of program code for implementation. In both cases, simulation, formal verification, and code generation require precise definition of language elements. As the goals of and tooling for each of these tasks are different, the tool developers must often define the semantics multiple times and at different levels of detail. This in turn raises the question of whether the language definition used in verification and simulation matches the one used for code generation. This work-in-progress talk will demonstrate model verification with both CodePeer and SPARK Pro tools on simple examples. We will explain how analysis of Ada/SPARK is expected to help C developers. Finally, we cover limitations of the approach and ongoing work.

Using Ada for model verification

Goal modelling aims to capture stakeholder and system goals, together with intentional and structural relationships, in a way that supports trade-off analysis and decision making. Goal models and process models provide complementary and synergetic views of a system, which lead to a more complete understanding of what exists and a better description of what needs to be designed than with only one of these views. The User Requirements Notation (URN), standardized in 2008 by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) with improved versions in 2012 and 2018, combines goal modelling with process modelling, while providing graphical and textual syntaxes for both views. URN helps modellers exploit the value of goal modelling in the context of process and system design and improvement. This presentation provides an overview of URN and its tool support (jUCMNav). Goal/process alignment and traceability analysis to other system design artifacts are also discussed and illustrated. Important benefits and challenges of a goal/process integration for requirements engineering are also discussed.

User Requirements Notation: Beneficial requirements modelling with goals and processes

AADL tools for software architectural design and early verification

Vendor presentation (Ellidiss)

Autonomous systems execute complex tasks to perceive the environment and take self-aware decisions with limited human interaction. This autonomy is commonly achieved with the support of Machine Learning algorithms that provide the system with the ability to learn from sensor data. The nature of these algorithms, that need to process large data volumes, poses high-performance demands on the underlying hardware. As a result, the embedded critical real-time domain is adopting increasingly powerful processors that combine multi-core processors with accelerators such as GPUs. The resulting hardware and software complexity makes it difficult to demonstrate that the system will run safely and reliably. This paper tackles part of this challenge by introducing best programming practices and diagnostic mechanisms on the matrix-matrix multiplication function, a central element of existing Machine Learning libraries, in accordance to the recommendations of functional safety standards such as IEC 61508 and ISO 26262. We then evaluate a selection of diagnostic techniques applied to the matrix-matrix multiplication software in the context of integration and execution in high performance multi-core devices. As a result, we provide a catalogue of diagnostic mechanisms with varying degrees of diagnostic coverage for matrix-matrix multiplication execution on heterogeneous high-performance architectures, so that safety engineers can choose the best option for their needs. Moreover, we assess the diagnostic mechanisms on one of the ARM R5 cores of a Zynq UltraScale+ Multi-Processor System-on-Chip and on a Intel i7 processor with native code employing vectorization for the sake of performance.

Towards functional safety compliance of matrix-matrix multiplication for machine learning-based autonomous systems.

The goal of Industry 4.0 is to be faster, more efficient and more customer-centric, by enhancing the automation and digitalisation of production systems. Frequently, the production in Industry 4.0 is categorized as safety-critical, for example, due to the interactions between autonomous machines and hazardous substances that can result in human injury or death, damage to machines, property or the environment. In order to demonstrate the acceptable safety of production operations, safety cases are constructed to provide comprehensive, logical and defensible justification of the safety of a production system for a given application in a predefined operating environment. However, the construction and maintenance of safety cases in alignment with Industry 4.0 are challenging tasks. For their construction, besides the modular, dynamic and reconfigurable nature of Industry 4.0, the architectural levels of the things, fog and cloud computing have to be considered. The safety cases constructed at system design and development phases might be invalidated during production operations, thus necessitating some means for dynamic safety assurance. Moreover, flexible manufacturing in Industry 4.0 also underlines the need for safety assurance in a dynamic manner during the operational phase. Currently published studies are not explicitly supporting the safety assurance of Industry 4.0, which is the focus of this paper with special emphasis on dynamic safety assurance. At first, the Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) techniques are used for the identification and mitigation/elimination of potential hazards. Next, based on the hazard analysis results, we derived the safety requirements and safety contracts. Subsequently, safety cases are constructed using the OpenCert platform and safety contracts are associated with them to enable necessary changes during runtime. Finally, we use a simulations based approach to identify and resolve the deviations between the system understanding reflected in the safety cases and the current system operation. The dynamic safety assurance is demonstrated using a use case scenario of materials transportation and data flow in the Industry 4.0 context.

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Safe and secure platooning of automated guided vehicles in Industry 4.0

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