United States

In this paper, a simple circuit is incorporated in a 650V E-mode GaN HEMT process technology to protect all terminals against ESD stress from any direction. Even in the worst case, the gate subjected to negative ESD pulse with respect to grounded drain, the 650V E-mode HEMT can still pass 5kV HBM.

IRPS 2022

Incorporation of a Simple ESD Circuit in a 650V E-Mode GaN HEMT for All-Terminal ESD Protection

2d-eg

technical paper

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IRPS provides numerous opportunities for attendees to increase their knowledge and understanding of all aspects of microelectronics reliability. It is also an outstanding chance to meet and network with reliability colleagues from around the world.

In this work, we develop an inherently self-consistent methodology to resolve the long-standing challenges of variability-induced TDDB degradation in MOL/BEOL/MIMCAP applications. A grand scheme of modelling methodology is outlined to accurately extract degradation parameters (distribution scale and shape factors) in matching experimental data while maintaining the methodology rigour.   We identify not only the degradation parameters affecting TDDB performance but also a variety of variability distributions as well as their bimodality in superposition or competition as additional sources of variability.  We show excellent agreement with large sets of experimental data. The methodology can be readily used for accurate reliability projection. 

A Flexible and Inherently Self-Consistent Methodology for MOL/BEOL/MIMCAP TDDB Applications with Excessive Variability-Induced Degradation

The current understanding of key reliability phenomena such as leakage and Random Telegraph Noise (RTN) is still incomplete. Models exist that explain simple cases (2-level RTN), yet experimental reports showed the occurrence of complex cases (e.g., coupled RTN, anomalous and temporary RTN) that deserve deeper investigation. In this paper, we focus on the often overlooked role of trapped charge in the electrostatic coupling among defects, entailing a multi-body problem, and on the related effects on leakage and RTN. The electric field in the dielectric is found to be usually dominated by the trapped charge rather than by the applied voltage, defying common beliefs and elegantly explaining some of the aforesaid complex scenarios. We demonstrate that such defects interactions are responsible for a strong modulation of the capture and emission time constants over time. Moreover, we highlight how defects capture/emission source/destination can change with the local field and therefore with the applied voltage, which gives rise to non-monotonic trends in tc/te vs. applied voltage plot. This last point reveals that the classical formula adopted for the estimation of the defects vertical position within the dielectric is oversimplified and may lead to significant errors. The results of this study advance the understanding of leakage and RTN, and can be useful for the design of applications such as low-power Physical Unclonable Functions and True Random Number Generators. 

The Relevance of Trapped Charge for Leakage and Random Telegraph Noise Phenomena

This paper reports BTI trends in high-voltage transistors for memory periphery devices with SiO2/Poly and High-K/Metal gate stacks. For PBTI, we present an extension to the typical power law kinetics that is related to the creation of interface states due to hot electrons transported through the gate oxide. This extension enables a good fit of accelerated test data and, thereby, lifetime extrapolation. We then explore EOT and gate stack trends in PBTI. For NBTI, we report gate stack, EOT, and thermal budget trends.

BTI of High-Voltage Logic-for-Memory Devices

We report a record SC robustness of a novel vertical GaN Fin-JFET. This Fin-JFET has an 800 V avalanche breakdown voltage (BVAVA). The tSC is measured to be 30.5 us  at 400 V and 11.6 us  at BVAVA.  As far as we know, this is the first report of a power transistor with robust short-circuit ruggedness at BVAVA. The underlying mechanism is the unique avalanche-through-fin which is verified by TCAD simulation and UIS test. These results alleviate the concern of SC robustness of GaN devices and demonstrate the potential of vertical GaN Fin JFETs in future power applications.

Vertical GaN Fin JFET: A Power Device with Short Circuit Robustness at Avalanche Breakdown Voltage

This work investigates both avalanche behavior and failure mechanism of 3 kV GaN-on-GaN vertical P-N diodes, that were fabricated and later tested under unclamped inductive switching (UIS) stress. The goal of this study is to use the particular avalanche characteristics and the failure mechanism to identify issues with the field termination and then provide feedback to improve the device design. DC breakdown is measured at the different temperatures to confirm the avalanche breakdown. Diode’s avalanche robustness is measured on-wafer using a UIS test set-up which was integrated with a wafer chuck and CCD camera. Post failure analysis of the diode is done using SEM and optical microscopy to gain insight into the device failure physics.


Study of Avalanche Behavior in 3 kV GaN Vertical P-N Diode Under UIS Stress for Edge-termination Optimization

MEMS designed for high-g shock environments tend to sacrifice their structural performance for reliability concerns. The size and shape of the micro-beam are critical for both the performance and reliability of MEMS. This paper proposes an optimization method that can exploit the structural performance of MEMS beams under mechanical overload. First, we proposed a reliability model to quantify the fracture probability of MEMS beam under shock. Secondly, a performance optimization problem was established based on the variable cross-section beam structure. Finally, the optimal shape of four typical types of MEMS beam was obtained numerically. Without sacrificing their reliability under high-g shock, the driving voltage and the structural sensitivity of the beam of optimal shape were improved by 13-49% and 32-79%, which is a practical optimization design by not changing the manufacturing process drastically. 

The Optimal Shape of MEMS Beam Under High-G Shock Based on a Probabilistic Fracture Model

Negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) is a critical concern for CMOS reliability and ultra-fast test system for ID–VG characterization at the µs time scale is usually needed due to device relaxation. Poly heater structure provides in situ temperature changes to allow different temperatures for stress and measurement in NBTI characterization to reduce recovery in measurement. In this paper NBTI characterization for 5V PMOS devices in a 0.18µm smart power technology utilizing poly heater in a standard test system was investigated with good agreement to test results from fast measurement system.

NBTI Characterization with in Situ Poly Heater

Antenna rules relating to well charging is becoming an important aspect to consider in the design rule checks apart from the conventional antenna to gate ratio design rules. In this paper, we provided a better understanding of the well charging phenomena with different layout configurations and introduced a new power law correlation with well exponent based on characterized data. A comparison of well charging design solutions is presented and validated on circuit-like test structures. 

A Deeper Understanding of Well Charging Reliability with Circuit Relevant Test Structures

Reliability testing of modern tantalum capacitors shows the presence of both types, infant mortality (IM) and wear-out (WO) failures. To assure reliable operation, the probability of IM failures should be reduced to below the specified level, and the time of WO inception should be greater than the required useful life of the parts at operation conditions. In this work, several types of MnO2 and polymer cathode tantalum capacitors have been tested at highly accelerated conditions to assess voltage acceleration factors, determine adequate burn-in conditions, and assess the useful life. A modified time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) model has been suggested to explain both types of failure, and a physical mechanism of degradation that is based on migration and reactions of oxygen vacancies explains increase of the defect related, IM failures with the level of stress.

Infant Mortality and Wear-Out Failures in Polymer and MnO2 Tantalum Capacitors

A systematic study of the time-dependent dielectric breakdown of 3D ferroelectric (FE) and antiferroelectric (AFE) Si:HfO2 capacitors is reported. The voltage and temperature acceleration of characteristic breakdown time is studied. The 10 year lifetime extrapolation is projected to be 2.3 MV/cm and 2.7  MV/cm for 20 nm FE and AFE devices respectively. Further, 10 nm AFE devices had projected lifetime at 2.5 MV/cm at 100 °C. The effect of the polarization measurements on the TDDB is studied and the impact to the lifetime extrapolation was found to be minimal.

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Incorporation of a Simple ESD Circuit in a 650V E-Mode GaN HEMT for All-Terminal ESD Protection

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A Flexible and Inherently Self-Consistent Methodology for MOL/BEOL/MIMCAP TDDB Applications with Excessive Variability-Induced Degradation

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