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The discovery of intrinsic magnetism in 2D materials has opened an exciting new platform for spintronics, allowing fundamental studies of efficient mechanisms for electrically controlling magnetic materials. In this work we show that the magnetization orientation of the semiconducting vdW magnet Cr2Ge2Te6 (CGT) can be detected electrically and can be manipulated efficiently by current-induced spin-orbit torques from heavy-metals like Pt and Ta. We provide a direct quantitative measurement of these torques in CGT/Pt. Our results indicate that the interfacial spin-current transparency in these devices is similar to metallic-ferromagnet/Pt samples but is higher than in oxide-ferromagnet/Pt structures and that the interlayer exchange coupling in multilayer CGT is strong enough so that all layers reorient in response to the spin-orbit torque. We also characterize strong magnetothermal signals arising from the interplay between thermal gradients and magnon spin currents in these devices, as detected by the spin-Seebeck effect. These results demonstrate the promise of semiconducting vdW magnets in 2D material-based spin-orbitronic and magneto-thermal devices

MMM 2020

Manipulation of the van der Waals Magnet Cr2Ge2Te6 by Spin-Orbit Torques

The 65th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (MMM 2020) was held in a virtual form. The COVID-19 pandemic, with its associated uncertainty about international travel and the ability to gather in large groups, meant that the Steering Committee decided to cancel the face-to-face meeting that had been planned in Palm Beach, Florida November 2-6, 2020.

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technical paper

Even if magnetic van der Waals crystals where known since decades, two-dimensional (2D) magnetism has been obtained experimentally only a few years ago[1]. Since its discovery in Cr2Ge2Te6 and CrI3, an intense research effort has started, triggered by their high potential in studying 2D magnetic states[2-4]. A wide range of new physical properties emerging from the reduced dimensionality can be explored and exploited like the control of magnetic properties through gating. New devices based on van der Waals magnetic heterostructures have been proposed, such as spin-filter magnetic tunnel junctions based on CrI3 heterostructures, showing a tunneling magnetoresistance higher than their counterparts based on conventionally grown magnetic thin films. The potential of 2D magnets in topological spintronics is also under investigation, with for example recent works on the stabilization of skyrmions in Fe3GeTe2. However, in order to use van der Waals magnets as building blocks for relevant spintronics devices, a magnetic material with a Curie temperature (TC) above room temperature is required. Unfortunately, most of the available van der Waals magnets have a low intrinsic TC. Even though a 2D magnetic state at room temperature can be achieved through gating for example, it remains a challenging task and only few materials are reported to have a TC above 300K down to the monolayer limit, like MnSex, VSe2 and more recently for few-layers CrTe2[5]. Here, we report our work on CrTe2 from bulk to 40nm thin mechanically exfoliated flakes using Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) magnetometry, a well-suited technique for the study of 2D magnets[6]. We find an in-plane ferromagnetic order at room temperature and we extract a value for the saturation magnetization Ms of 24.5 ± 3.0 kAm-1 at room temperature.References: [1] N. Samarth, Nature 546, 216 (2017) [2] K. S. Burchet al., Nature 563, 47 (2018) [3] X. Z. Cheng Gong, Science 363, 6428 (2019) [4] M. Gibertini et al., Nature Nanotechnology 14, 408 (2019) [5] A. Purbawati et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces (2020) [6] L. Thiel et al., Science 364, 973 (2019)

Room-temperature ferromagnetism in CrTe2 thin flakes imaged by single spin magnetometry

In recent years, spin-based technologies, in which particle spin is utilized for information processing, have become promising for “beyond-CMOS” solid-state devices. Graphene and other layered materials have rapidly established themselves as intriguing building blocks for spintronics applications [1]. Because of the graphene intrinsic low spin-orbit interaction, spins can flow snugly through its crystal lattice over long distances, resulting in an ideal spin communication channel. At the same time, the graphene’s low spin-orbit interaction inhibits spin manipulation, which is the cornerstone for successfully implementing spin-based devices. Nevertheless, this bottleneck can be overcome by combing graphene with other layered materials in artificial van der Waals heterostructures. In this talk, I will present a set of experiments where we study the spin-relaxation in graphene-transition metal dichalcogenides heterostructures [2]. In such engineered van der Waals systems, spin-orbit coupling in graphene is enhanced by proximity-induced effects. As a consequence, the spin dynamics becomes anisotropic [2, 3], with a spin relaxation that depends on the spin orientation. Interestingly, these systems can be also exploited for efficient spin-charge interconversion driven by the spin Hall effect and the inverse spin galvanic effect at room temperature, with conversion efficiencies tailored by electrostatic gating [4].References: 1. W. Han et al., Nature Nanotechnology 9, 794 (2014). 2. L. A. Benítez, J. F. Sierra et al., Nature Physics 14, 303 (2018). 3. L. A. Benítez, J. F. Sierra et al., APL Materials 7, 120701 (2019). 4. L. A. Benítez, W. Savero Torres, J. F. Sierra, et al., Nature Materials 19, 170 (2020).

Spin Transport and Spin-Orbit Proximity Phenomena in van der Waals Heterostructures INVITED

L10-phase Iron Platinum (L10-FePt) has been widely studied [1] for application in Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR). An important aspect for successful HAMR media is controlling the Curie temperature dispersion, which for L10-FePt a strong dependence on finite-size effects is reported [2] [3]. This poses a serious problem as the inevitable grain size distribution causes a Curie temperature (Tc) distribution which potentially limits recording density. We employed an atomistic model based on the VAMPIRE code [4] to study finite-size effects in L10-FePt grains using nearest-neighbour Heisenberg Hamiltonian exchange. Our grains had variable surface geometries (cylindrical, parallelepiped, and randomly-generated shape) and sizes (1 to 10nm). Importantly, our model gives access to the magnetisation properties of each atomic layer of the grains which provides insights into the magnetisation profile along a specific dimension. We hypothesised a correlation between the Tc distribution of L10-FePt and the percentage of atomistic bond loss on the grain surface as a function of grain size. Our result establishes a size threshold at 2.5nm below which the impact of finite-size effects starts to permeate into the centre of the grain and contributes to the overall drop of the grain Tc [Fig.1]. The magnetisation profile [Fig.2] further illustrates this. In larger grains surface disorder (lower magnetisation) is seen to penetrate only a few layers, whilst in smaller grains surface effects begin to dominate. Consequently, the grain Tc profile was also found to follow a similar trend. Our findings are consistent with semi-analytical mean-field calculations and have been extended to incorporate different crystal structures, which strongly suggests that if using a suitable correlation factor the Tc distribution of a generic material can be correlated to the percentage of atomistic bond loss on the surface as a universal parameter.References: [1]: D. Weller et al., Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, 34, 060801 (2016) [2]: O. Hovorka et al., Applied Physics Letters, 101, 052406 (2012) [3]: A. Lyberatos et al., Journal of Applied Physics 114, 233904 (2013) [4]: R. F. L. Evans et al., Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 26, 103202 (2014). More information about VAMPIRE can be found at: http://vampire.york.ac.uk/features/

The Influence of Finite-Size Effects on the Curie Temperature of L10-FePt

Heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) has become a very promising candidate for next-generation information storage technology. As recording bit lengths decrease down near ten nanometers in order to further increase the storage density, the recording performance (mainly the signal to noise ratio) cannot satisfy demands. In this study, a new method to characterize the recording pattern quality has been proposed in order to better understand the observed change in performance and help provide improved HAMR designs. In this method, for a given bit length (21nm, 15nm, and 10.5nm), more than 100 recording bit patterns are written micromagnetically, summed and averaged, generating a pattern contour with a crescent shape (Figure 1). This shape is due to the circular shape of the moving heating spot. A single tone binary sequence is used. Thermal Exchange-Coupled Composite media is used, where a moderate anisotropy material serves as the writing layer and an FePt layer serves as the storage layer [1]. By fitting the convex arm of the contour to a parabolic function, the curvature of the contour can be quantified (Figure 2): 10.5nm: 0.0184 (DC) and 0.0178(AC); 15nm: 0.0198 (DC) and 0.0189(AC); 21nm: 0.0222 (DC) and 0.0204(AC) (nm-1). The results show that smaller bit length gives a contour with lower curvature, which means that the recording patterns are less affected by the heat spot shape, less overlapping with each other and better separated. AC-erased media show even smaller curvatures than their DC-erased counterparts, suggesting that AC-erased media could provide better performance.References: [1] Z. Liu and R. Victora, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 52, No. 7, p. 1-4(2016)

Curvature Change of Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording Patterns with Different Bit Lengths

We used the nanoscratch method to study the response of perpendicular recording media (Co-Cr-Pt magnetic layer) to thermal-mechanical contact. Nanoscratched and non-scratched areas are characterized for magnetic and physical (morphological) properties at elevated temperatures by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The figure below shows a 2T patterned MFM image and phase angle, i.e., the magnetic signal of recording media. The magnetic signal is not distorted. In the non-contact surface area far from the nanoscratch, the magnetic signal (strength) was gradually weakened with increasing annealing temperature to 300 oC due to the thermal agitation of magnetic spins. Still, the area close to the scratch center recovers the magnetic signal at elevated temperatures, indicating a partial recovery of ferromagnetism of an unscratched area. On the other hand, for the nanoscratched area, the magnetic signal at high local stressed zone was completely lost and did not recover after heating the film at 100 oC. Regarding the nanoscratch morphology, the as-scratch depth is about 8 nm at 25 oC. Surprisingly, the scratch is recovered to a depth of 1 - 2 nm at a temperature between 100 and 300 oC. This is attributed to the oxidation of the fresh surface (scratch) of the magnetic film. However, the scratch deepens at 400 - 600 oC so that the scratch depth is 8 nm, which is the same as the as-scratched depth. The deepening process at 400 - 600 oC is attributed to the evaporation of PtO2. We have proposed the mechanism of scratch recovering and deepening and also stress distribution caused by nanoscratch. The results of this study may help design future HAMR media to secure long term reliability of HDD.

Effects of Thermo-Mechanical Contact on Ferromagnetic Thin Film of PMR (perpendicular magnetic recording) Media

A FeCoB nanomagnet with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) is important as a storage element for Magnetic Random Access memory (MRAM), because of their single-domain magnetic state and a high-thermal stability. In order to achieve a required high- performance of MRAM, both the enhancement of the PMA and a high-controllability of PMA are required. A parameter, which characterizes the PMA strength in a nanomagnet, is the anisotropy field Hanis. The Hanis is the magnetic field, which is applied in-plane and therefore perpendicularly to the easy axis of a nanomagnet and at which initially-perpendicular magnetization turns completely to the in-plane direction. A half of product of Hanis and nanomagnet magnetization is a common estimate of the PMA energy [1]. We measure the Hanis as a function of a perpendicularly- applied external magnetic field Hz using a Hall setup. In-plane magnetic field Hx and Hz were applied simultaneously. Under a fixed Hz, the Hx was scanned. Measured in-plane component of magnetization Mx changes linearly with respect to Hx (at least in region -0.7 Hanis < Hx <0.7 Hanis). From the slope of the measured linear dependence, the Hanis is evaluated. Figure 1 shows the measured Hanis vs Hz for a magnetically-softer FeB nanomagnet (Hc=70 Oe) and magnetically-harder FeCoB nanomagnet (Hc=560 Oe). In both nanomagnets, the dependence becomes linear at Hz >3 kG as it is predicted theoretically. From the slop of the linear dependence the strength of the Spin-Orbit interaction at nanomagnet interface is estimated. The dependence at smaller Hz gives an estimate of the intrinsic magnetic field, which always exists along nanomagnet magnetization, and the demagnetization field.References: [1] M.T. Johnson, P.J.H. Bloemen, F.J.A. Den Broeder, and J.J. De Vries, Reports Prog. Phys. Vol. 59, p.1409 (1996).

Measurement of anisotropy field under external perpendicular magnetic field in FeCoB and FeB nanomagnets. Study of PMA features in a nanomagnet

The characterization of mechanical vibrations is mandatory to prevent or identify damages in structures, machinery and industrial mechanisms among other fields [1]. In parallel, the development of vibrational energy harvesters has become a relevant issue due to the possibility of generating electric power from the residual vibrational energy, quite common in that kinds of systems [2]. These two aspects are simultaneously addressed in this work by the design of a single combined device formed by an electromagnetic harvester and a non-contact magnetic linear accelerometer, permitting the energy generation and simultaneous characterization of low frequency vibrating systems. The device is composed of an electromagnetic harvester with a cylindrical frame (height 62 mm, inner diameter 15 mm) and a coil (1000 turns) to collect the electromotive force. The magnetic levitation system is composed of different NdFeB magnets, with two fixed at the extremes of the frame and a magnet inertial mass levitating freely when vibration occurs. At resonance (10 Hz) maximum electrical power of 1.4 mW at 0.5 g was observed. The magnetic accelerometer is based on the GMI effect [3] , that is, huge changes in impedance as a consequence of the variations of the effective magnetic field, in this case, in an amorphous wire (Co66Fe12Si13B15Cr4, 3 cm in length, 90 µm diameter). Its response (fGMI = 300 kHz) was examined, under sinusoidal vibration (fVIB = 10-40 Hz) of a simple ferrite magnet and for a complex magnetic system, namely the electromagnetic harvester. In both cases, the magnetic system periodic motion generates an amplitude modulated (AM) signal output, being its amplitude proportional to mechanical vibration amplitude (or acceleration). Results show the possibility of the potential design of an almost self-autonomous single combined device to simultaneously generate electrical energy and characterize low frequency vibrations.References: [1] A. Fauziyah, T. R. Sulistomo, M. N. Farid, and D. Arifianto, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., vol. 1075, p. 012011, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1075/1/012011. [2] R. L. Harne and K. W. Wang, Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 22, no. 2, p. 023001, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1088/0964-1726/22/2/023001. [3] M.-H. Phan and H.-X. Peng, Progress in Materials Science, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 323–420, Feb. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.05.003.

Vibrational Electromagnetic Energy Harvester and GMI Accelerometer Combined Device

High-sensitive Magneto-resistance (MR) sensors have attracted much attention as an Internet of Things sensor [1], [2]. To improve the sensitivity, it is important to reduce 1 / f noise. An AC modulation system using a modulation coil was reported for a solution of reducing the 1 / f noise [3]. However, its noise level was high for the high-sensitive MR sensors. In the previous work, we have proposed a new high-sensitive sensor which is referred to a symmetric response magnetoresistance (SRMR) sensor for reducing the 1 / f noise [4]. It used giant magnetoresistance (GMR) elements with symmetric response and an anti-phase AC modulation bridge. In this paper, a magnetic field concentrator (MFC) is applied to the GMR elements in order to increase the sensitivity. Figure 1 (a) shows a schematic view of the GMR unit. The GMR unit is placed in a gap of two MFC units made of NiFe. Figure 2 shows a Input-referred output voltage spectral density as a function of frequency. It is found that the detectivity is 150 pT at 60 Hz. This number is about 1/3 of that of the conventional linear-response measurements by a bias magnetic field [5]. When the full bridge is applied to this system, detectivity of about 75 pT is expected. Figure 2 also shows an increase in the noise level near the modulated frequency. Origin of this noise is not clear now. Detailed of this noise and perspective for picotesla detection will be presented. This work was supported by the Cabinet Office (CAO), Crossministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP), “An intelligent knowledge processing infrastructure, integrating physical and virtual domains” (funding agency: NEDO).References: [1] C. Zheng et al.: IEEE Trans. Magn., 55, 0800130, 2019 [2] K. Fujiwara et al., Appl. Phys. Express, 11, 023001, 2018 [3] K. Tsukada et al., AIP Advances, 7, 056670, 2017 [4] S. Shirotori et. al., Abstract of Intermag2020, 2020 [5] R. Lambrton et. Al., IEEE Trans. Magn., 43, 2, pp. 645-650, 2007

High-sensitive symmetric response magnetoresistance sensor with magnetic field concentrator using anti-phase AC modulation bridge

The eddy current testing is one of the non-destructive testing methods and widely used in the industrial field to evaluate the defect and material properties. However, the evaluation of the defect and material properties at the edge of measurement sample using the eddy current testing is difficult to perform because the distribution of eddy current near the edge changes. Consequently, the magnetic field generated from the sample is affected by the change of eddy current distribution. This is the so-called edge effect and makes it difficult to detect the magnetic field which is related to the defect or material properties. In this study, to avoid the change of eddy current distribution near the edge, a new measurement probe which can focus the applied magnetic field at the localized region was developed and the validity of reducing the edge effect using the developed probe was investigated by measuring the defect and the difference of hardness near the edge of a steel plate. To focus the applied magnetic field, an induction coil was wound around one end of a composite made of a soft magnetic material and rubber. As the composite has high permeability and the resistivity is more than 1010 Ωm, the skin effect is reduced and the AC magnetic field passes through inside the composite. Moreover, the other end of composite was processed like a needle so that the tip of the needle is 1 × 1 mm2. This enables the area of applied magnetic field under the composite becomes small. For the detection of magnetic field from the sample, a magnetoresistive sensor was used and this sensor was placed between two composites. The developed measurement probe could reduce the region where the eddy current was generated. This improvement enabled to reduce the edge effect compared to the conventional measurement probe and the defect and the difference of hardness was clearly visualized even at 5 mm from the edge of the steel plate. This result can be useful for evaluating the practical product in which the edge effect occurs due to its complicated shape with many edges.References: [1] J. García-Martín, J. Gómez-Gil and E. Vázquez-Sánchez, “Non-Destructive Techniques Based on Eddy Current Testing”, Sensors, Vol. 11, 2525-2565 (2011) [2] K. Tsukada, Y. Haga, K. Morita, N. Song, K. Sakai, T. Kiwa, Weiying Cheng, “Detection of Inner Corrosion of Steel Construction Using Magnetic Resistance Sensor and Magnetic Spectroscopy Analysis”, IEEE Trans. Magn., Vol. 52, 7, 6201504 (2016) [3] K. Sakai, T. Ito, T. Kiwa, and K. Tsukada, “Evaluation of Hardened and Non-hardened Regions Using Eddy Current Testing”, Electromagnetic Non-Destructive Evaluation (XXI), Vol. 43, pp. 1-8 (2018)

Generation of Eddy Current at Localized Region Using Magnetic Focusing Probe for Eddy Current Testing

The classical Einstein-de Haas (EdH) effect [1] is a AC mechanical torque arising from a time rate of change of net magnetization, and represents the intrinsic relationship between magnetism and mechanical angular momentum. Nanofabrication of torque sensing devices is opening new avenues for exploration and applications of the EdH effect. The scale-up of mechanical resonance frequencies with continued miniaturization enhances EdH torques, which increase linearly with drive frequency, relative to frequency-independent magnetic cross-product torques. Previously, miniaturized EdH experiments have been performed at the microscale using mechanical modes in the audio frequency range (13 kHz). The present work brings the measurements to radio frequencies. Single-crystal Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) disks with magnetic vortex ground states are mounted on nanomechanical resonators having fundamental torsional modes close to 3 MHz. For DC bias fields below about 200 A/m the maximum cross-product torques, historically an important source of systematic error in EdH experiments, remain smaller than the EdH torques [3]; no control of the field geometry to null cross-product torques is required. Quadrature lock-in measurements allow cross-product and EdH torque signals to be recorded simultaneously, owing to a 90○ relative phase shift arising between the driving torques, and referenced to the phase of the driving field. The simultaneous measurement scheme enables determination of the magnetomechanical ratio, g′, without requiring separate experimental inputs. Results from measurements around the full vortex hysteresis loop, and comparisons with micromagnetic simulations of cross-product and EdH torques, also will be presented and discussed.References: [1] A. Einstein and W.J. de Haas, Proceedings - KNAW 18, 696 (1915). [2] T.M. Wallis, J. Moreland, and P. Kabos, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 122502 (2006) [3] K. Mori, M.G. Dunsmore, and M.R. Freeman, arXiv:2005.08406 [cond-mat.mes-hall] (2020) 

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Manipulation of the van der Waals Magnet Cr2Ge2Te6 by Spin-Orbit Torques

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