Netherlands

In Experiment 1, we conducted a survey in which we asked a sample of N = 762 participants explicitly about their preferences regarding reimbursement and experimental duration of web-based experiments. In Experiment 2, we implicitly measured the preferences of N = 189 participants by letting them choose one duration and reimbursement of an experiment. Participants significantly prefer donations and raffles over other forms of reimbursement in 5-minute experiments. When experiments take 30 minutes or longer, participants significantly prefer direct payment via PayPal. This finding applies to 15-minute experiments, too, if only data of PayPal account holders is analyzed (75.23% of our sample). Experiment 2 replicated that direct payment is the preferred reimbursement in longer studies and that the preferred reimbursement varies by duration. The most popular choice of duration and reimbursement was to receive direct payment for an experiment of 60 minutes, which was selected by 57% of all participants.

**Authors:**

Alina Palmetshofer: University of Tübingen; Alice Winter: University of Tübingen; Carolin Dudschig: University of Tübingen; Barbara Kaup: University of Tübingen

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Study on Preferred Duration and Reimbursement in Web-Based Experiments

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The 46th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society was an in-person meeting held in Rotterdam, The Netherlands at the Postillion Hotel & Conference Centre.

**ON-DEMAND PROGRAM ACCESS AFTER THE CONFERENCE** 
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**Thursday, July 25** 
0900: [Keynote Speaker Morgan Barense on Enhancing real-world event memory](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/17997/lecture/99084-dynamics-between-minds-and-the-environment) 
1000: [Gleitman Award Winner Isabelle Dautriche on Language Foundations: Insights from acquisition, communication, cognition, and more](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18000/lecture/99085-gleitman-talk) 
1415: [Invited Symposium: Dynamics between minds and the environment](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18016&searchGroup=lecture) 
1700: [Rumelhart Prize Presentation Speaker Alison Gopnik on Exploit, explore, empower: Three ages and three intelligences](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18028/lecture/99161-rp1-rumelhart-prize-presentation) 

**Friday, July 26** 
0900: [C.L. de Carvalho-Heineken Prize Keynote Speaker Kia Nobre on Focusing in memory](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18035/lecture/99162-hp1-c-l-de-carvalho-heineken-prize-keynote-address) 
1030: [Rumelhart Symposium: Childhood as exploration](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18038/lecture/100346-childhood-as-exploration) 
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1600: [Invited Symposium: Dynamics between minds](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18065&searchGroup=lecture) 
1745: [Keynote Speaker Andrea E. Martin on Neural dynamics encode the structure and statistics of language](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18077/lecture/99271-neural-dynamics-encode-the-structure-and-statistics-of-language) 

**Saturday, July 27** 
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1000: [Glushko Talks](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18086&searchGroup=lecture) 
1500: [Invited Symposium: Dynamics within minds](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18100&searchGroup=lecture) 


#### **CogSci 2024 Program Book**
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**The Program Book can be downloaded [here](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1yRVp1cBqRnAbdYi4GXWV_pZeyWNsRquv/view?usp=sharing).**

#### **Letter from the President**

Welcome to the 2024 Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society in Rotterdam! CogSci 2024 brings together a large community of cognitive scientists who have traveled here from around the world, as well as a smaller group of remote presenters. I would like to extend an especially warm welcome to our first-time CogSci meeting attendees, and hope that 
their experience inspires them to join our future meetings for many years to come.

I want to thank this year’s conference co-chairs, Larissa K Samuelson, Stefan Frank, Mariya Toneva, Allyson Mackey, and Eliot Hazeltine, for putting together an amazing series of invited talks and symposia around the theme of Dynamics of Cognition. The co-chairs also deserve credit for handling a record-breaking number of submissions and producing a truly exciting conference program 

Beyond the invited talks and symposia dedicated to this year’s conference theme, I would like to highlight the presentations and events honoring the 
Rumelhart, Elman, Gleitman and C .L . de Carvalho Heineken prize winners, including the Rumelhart reception on Thursday. As you may know, we are recording all of the invited talks and symposia, and all prize-winners’ talks, and will be making this content available after the conference. 

The Cognitive Science Society relies on the volunteer efforts of our Governing Board members who work on matters related to our membership; conference policies; diversity and inclusion, international, and outreach initiatives; prizes and much more. We welcome interest from Society members who would like to become more involved in what we do. The 
Society is deeply grateful to Rick Dale and Andrea Bender, who serve as editors of the two Society journals, Cognitive Science and Topics in Cognitive Science respectively. We especially acknowledge our editors’ generosity in donating their stipends each year to D&I and outreach efforts. 

This year’s Annual Meeting depends critically on the support of Marischal De Armond and his team at Podium Conference Specialists: Sharon Zwack, Cendrine De Vis, Sarah-Kate Burke, and Rachel Waller worked tirelessly to secure the venue and handled a multitude of logistical and organizational issues, from arranging coffee breaks and receptions to making sure that a huge number of posters fits comfortably into the available space. Finally, and importantly, I would like to acknowledge the Cognitive Science Society Executive Officer, Erica Wojcik, for managing the complex and ever expanding sphere of our Society’s activities.

I hope you enjoy this year’s meeting and the many different opportunities to engage with the vibrant community of cognitive scientists gathered here. I also hope you get a chance to explore the great city of Rotterdam with its many attractions, museums, restaurants and scenic views. If you’d like to talk more about our Society, or simply want to say hello, please stop by!

![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/3c66d0e21fff30e204df1138ffd15173.jpeg)

**Anna Papafragou** 
President, Cognitive Science 
Society 2023-2024

**CODE OF CONDUCT** 
By attending the CogSci 2024 Conference, you are required to adhere to the society’s [Code of Conduct](https://drive.google.com/file/d/16-6KkptF0Gn3ZYGJDlpqpwTdImw45Ng0/view?usp=drive_link).

**ABOUT THE COGNITIVE SCIENCE SOCIETY** 
The Cognitive Science Society brings together researchers from around the world who hold a common goal: understanding the nature of the human mind. The mission of the Society is to promote Cognitive Science as a discipline, and to foster scientific interchange among researchers in various areas of study, including Artificial Intelligence, Linguistics, Anthropology, Psychology, Neuroscience, Philosophy, and Education.

The Society is a non-profit professional organization and its activities include sponsoring an annual conference and publishing the journals Cognitive Science and TopiCS.

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The 46th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society presents the latest research across cognitive science and highlights the theme of Cognition in Context.

“Misfortunes never come singly” is a saying common in different languages and historical contexts. Could this proverb reflect more than irrational superstitions? We draw from two frameworks, the fast-and-frugal heuristics approach to decision making, and the rational analysis of cognition. The former prompts us to conceptualize the proverb as a simple but smart heuristic that may be adapted to statistical regularities in decision-making environments, and the latter offers a method for studying such environments. Analyzing the pattern of humanitarian disasters between 2000 and 2022, we find that the probability of observing a new or continuing disaster in a country increases with frequency of disasters observed in the previous 100 days in that country. We propose a research agenda to study the ecological rationality of proverbs. Our results are also of potential practical relevance to humanitarian analysts.

**Authors:**

Alex Odlum: University of Lausanne; Julian Marewski: University of Lausanne; Joerg Dietz: University of Lausanne

Misfortunes never come singly: Reflections of the environment in a proverb

Traditional conceptions of inference emphasize explicit following of logical rules, often tied to the possession of natural language, thereby implying that non-human animals cannot make inferences. However, an extensive body of comparative and developmental studies shows the success of pre-linguistic children and several species of non-human animals in nonverbal reasoning, putting pressure on the traditional view. We deny the assumption of lingualism of thought, and argue instead that inference doesn’t require explicit rule following, advocating the possibility of ‘heuristic’ inferences implicitly following logical rules in a constraint domain. We introduce a multidimensional model of inference illustrated through several case studies, categorizing informational transfers across the dimensions of context-independence, formats of representation, and perspectivity. We show that our framework offers a more nuanced interpretation of empirical data than the traditional view, and accommodates both linguistic and non-linguistic inferential behaviors, shedding light on varied manifestations of inference across species and developmental stages.

**Authors:**

Albert Newen: Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Sanja Sreckovic: Ruhr University Bochum

Rethinking Inference: A Multidimensional Model of Inference for Human and Nonhuman Animals

Recent literature often presents memory as ultimately dealing with the future–helping the organism to anticipate events and increase its adaptive success. Yet, the distinct contribution of episodic (as opposed to semantic) memory to future-oriented simulations remains unclear. We claim that episodic memory yields adaptive success because of its crucial role in singular counterfactual causal reasoning, which thus far has been mostly ignored in the literature. Our paper presents a causal inference model based on the predictive processing framework and the minimal trace account of episodic memory. According to our model, evaluating the cause of an event involves (i) generating an episodic memory related to the said potential cause, (ii) constructing a counterfactual scenario through inhibition of the relevant part of the past episode, and (iii) temporal evolution followed by alternative model evaluation. 
Keywords: counterfactuals; causal reasoning; predictive

**Authors:**

Sofiia Rappe: Ruhr University Bochum; Markus Werning: Ruhr University Bochum

Episodic memory in causal reasoning about singular events

In this paper, I explore two issues with the pluralist approach to social cognition. First, the pluralist approach would benefit from working within a particular cognitive framework. Second, the pluralist approach suggests that a variety of strategies are employed in social cognition but neglects to address the mediation between strategies. I argue that both these issues can be addressed if the pluralist approach situates itself in the predictive processing framework. To elaborate on this, I propose that 1) the strategies for social cognition include obtaining and testing theories in generative models about the behavior and mental states of others, 2) interaction synchrony is a strategy employed in simple interactional situations and 3) affordances play an unprecedented role in navigating the social world.

**Authors:**

Elmarie Venter: Ruhr University

Pluralism in Social Cognition and Predictive Processing

The multiple realizability thesis holds that psychological states may be implemented in a diversity of physical systems. The deep learning revolution seems to be actualizing this possibility, offering the most plausible examples of man-made realizations of sophisticated cognitive functions to date. This paper argues that multiple realizability does not entail that the study of the mind can be pursued independently of the study of its implementation in the brain or in artificial analogues. Although its central contribution is philosophical, this argument has important methodological upshots for contemporary cognitive science. It means that, even if deep neural networks are interpreted as implementation-level models, they may still play a crucial role in formulating and evaluating hypotheses about cognition. It also undermines recent attempts to revive mind-brain identity theory. In the age of deep learning, multiple realizability possesses a renewed significance.

**Authors:**

Sam Whitman McGrath: Brown University; Jacob Russin: Brown

Multiple Realizability and the Rise of Deep Learning

In this paper, we offer a Bayesian analysis of the confirmatory value of novel predictions and accommodations of old data in science. We connect this analysis to the accuracy of boundedly rational agents who are not aware of all logical possibilities, and show that by applying the objective-Bayesian principle of minimum information, bounded agents can have accurate beliefs (compared to an ideal agent) if they are aware of all the empirical consequences of their current theories. This, in turn, implies that novel predictions and accommodations have, ceteris paribus, identical confirmatory power, which is a positive result (i) for the potential accuracy of beliefs formed by bounded agents, and (ii) the accuracy of conclusions obtained in scientific disciplines with limited experimental control.

**Authors:**

Rafael Fuchs: Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy, LMU Munich; Stephan Hartmann: LMU Munich

Novel Predictions for Boundedly Rational Agents: A Bayesian Analysis

This paper provides an epistemological and methodological
analysis of the practice of using neural language models to
simulate brain language processing. Firstly, neural language
models are introduced; a study case showing how neural language
models are being applied in cognitive neuroscience for
simulative purposes is then presented; after recalling the main
epistemological features of the simulative method in artificial
intelligence, it is finally examined how the simulative method
is modified when using neural language models. In particular,
it is argued that the epistemic opacity of neural language models
requires that the brain itself be used to simulate the model
and to test hypotheses about the model, in what is called here
a co-simulation.

**Authors:**

Nicola Angius: University of Messina; Pietro Perconti: Università di Messina ; Alessio Plebe: University of Messina; Alessandro Acciai: University of Messina

Co-Simulations of Brain Language Processing using Neural Language Models

Sense of Agency (SoA) is a core concept related to our experience as intentional agents in our environment. Explicit and implicit measures have been used to study SoA. Recent findings suggest that the most common implicit measure, namely Temporal Binding (TB), may reflect memory processes rather than SoA. Here, we implemented two TB measures and an explicit measure in a goal-directed extended action task to better understand SoA measures. Participants either watched or produced dot movements to a target of choice and then estimated the duration between two tones that played either upon movement completion (TB1, akin to traditional TB studies) or based on the start and end of movements (TB2). Participants reported stronger explicit SoA during active than passive movements. Results from neither TB version aligned with prediction based on TB-accounts as a reflection of SoA. We discuss memory-based and scaling accounts as alternative interpretations for our data.

**Authors:**

Fatemeh Mahdinia: Rutgers University; Amir Lindor: Rutgers University; Pernille Hemmer: Rutgers University; Robrecht van der Wel: Rutgers University

Sense of Agency: Towards Empirically Driven Measures and Understanding

When we try to explain something, we usually seek input from others. We present a simple theory of how people use the explanations they encounter as both aids to sense-making and clues to the broader landscape of possible explanations. The challenge of coming up with novel explanations draws people to imitate appealing ones (information cascades); this draw increases as less appealing alternatives become more distant (the ``strawman'' effect). Conversely, pairs of divergent high-quality explanations can lead to merging and syncretism, and pairs of low-quality explanations to long-leap exploration. We use a transmission-chain experiment to test, and confirm, these predictions, although, intriguingly, we find little evidence that the imitation that good explanations can trigger actually leads to better outcomes. Our work provides new insight into how collective exploration can be promoted, or stalled, both by what has been found, and by implicit information about what is yet to be discovered.

**Authors:**

Kara Kedrick: Carnegie Mellon University; Kevin J.S. Zollman: Carnegie Mellon University; Simon DeDeo: Carnegie Mellon University

Cascades, Leaps, and Strawmen: How Explanations Evolve

Imagine that a river becomes polluted if two plants generate too much waste. One might be more inclined to say that a plant caused the river to become polluted when it produced more waste than expected. While similar normality effects on causal judgments have been observed in cases with binary variables, little work has focused on cases with continuous variables. To test whether the statistical normality of continuous variables influences causal judgments, we had participants learn statistical norms over repeated iterations of a vignette and make a causal judgment about an instance of that vignette. Following Icard et al. (2017), we manipulated the causal structure and the normality of each cause. By testing whether normality effects on causal judgment generalize to cases with continuous variables, our results help determine whether these effects are central to human cognition, or simply apply to a subset of cases studied thus far.

**Authors:**

Kaylee Miceli: Duke University; Nina Van Rooy: Duke University; Kevin O’Neill: Duke University; Felipe DeBrigard: Duke University

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