Perception Verbs (PVs) can have, besides their literal interpretation that 'X perceives Y', other interpretations depending on context. For example, in narratives we often find contexts where seeing something introduces a new referent, heralds a pivotal event, or compresses redundant information about characters' inner states. We computationally model the emergence of such pragmatic use in children (4-12y) with recent Language Models (LMs). Since LMs are partly trained on narrative corpora and can model coherence in narratives, we assume that a LM can infer whether using a PV is apt in contexts that humans can recognise as having a pragmatic function. We sample PV contexts from ChiSCor, a corpus of Dutch children's freely-told narratives, and use the confidence of LM predictions to identify developmental patterns in pragmatic use of PVs for children of different ages. Simultaneously, our setup allows us to identify types of pragmatic meaning that LMs still struggle with.

Authors:

Bram van Dijk: Leiden University; Max van Duijn: Leiden University; Li Kloostra MA: Utrecht University ; Marco Spruit: Leiden University; Barend Beekhuizen: University of Toronto