United States

Background
Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (ATSA) and Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (RTSA) reliably alleviate pain and restore shoulder function for a variety of indications. However, these procedures are not well-studied in patients with neurocognitive impairment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether patients with dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have increased odds of surgical or medical complications following arthroplasty.

Methods
The PearlDiver database was queried from April 2010 through October 2021 to identify a cohort of patients who underwent either ATSA or RTSA and had a minimum 2-year follow-up. Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes were used to stratify this cohort into three groups: (1) patients with dementia, (2) patients with MCI, and (3) patients with neither condition. Surgical and medical complication rates were compared among these three groups.

Results
The overall prevalence of neurocognitive impairment among patients undergoing TSA was 3.0% in a cohort of 92,022 patients. Patients with dementia had increased odds of sustaining a periprosthetic humerus fracture (OR = 1.46, p &lt;0.001), developing prosthesis instability (OR = 1.72, p &lt; 0.001), and undergoing revision arthroplasty (OR = 1.55, p = 0.003) after RTSA compared to patients with normal cognition. ATSA patients with dementia did not have an elevated risk of surgical complications or revision. Conversely, RTSA patients with MCI did not have an elevated risk of complications or revision, although ATSA patients with MCI had greater odds of prosthesis instability (OR = 2.51, p = 0.008). Additionally, patients with neurocognitive impairment had elevated odds of medical complications compared to patients with normal cognition, including acute myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident.

Conclusion
Compared to patients with normal cognition, RTSA patients with pre-operative dementia and ATSA patients with pre-operative MCI are at increased risk for surgical complications. Moreover, both ATSA and RTSA patients with either pre-operative MCI or dementia are at increased risk for medical complications. As the mean age in the U.S. continues to rise, special attention should be directed towards patients with neurocognitive impairment to minimize post-operative complications after TSA. 


AMA Research Challenge 2023

Total Shoulder Arthroplasty in Patients with Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Background
Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (ATSA) and Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (RTSA) reliably alleviate pain and restore shoulder function for a variety of indications. However, these procedures are not well-studied in patients with neurocognitive impairment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether patients with dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have increased odds of surgical or medical complications following arthroplasty.

Methods
The PearlDiver database was queried from April 2010 through October 2021 to identify a cohort of patients who underwent either ATSA or RTSA and had a minimum 2-year follow-up. Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes were used to stratify this cohort into three groups: (1) patients with dementia, (2) patients with MCI, and (3) patients with neither condition. Surgical and medical complication rates were compared among these three groups.

Results
The overall prevalence of neurocognitive impairment among patients undergoing TSA was 3.0% in a cohort of 92,022 patients. Patients with dementia had increased odds of sustaining a periprosthetic humerus fracture (OR = 1.46, p <0.001), developing prosthesis instability (OR = 1.72, p < 0.001), and undergoing revision arthroplasty (OR = 1.55, p = 0.003) after RTSA compared to patients with normal cognition. ATSA patients with dementia did not have an elevated risk of surgical complications or revision. Conversely, RTSA patients with MCI did not have an elevated risk of complications or revision, although ATSA patients with MCI had greater odds of prosthesis instability (OR = 2.51, p = 0.008). Additionally, patients with neurocognitive impairment had elevated odds of medical complications compared to patients with normal cognition, including acute myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident.

Conclusion
Compared to patients with normal cognition, RTSA patients with pre-operative dementia and ATSA patients with pre-operative MCI are at increased risk for surgical complications. Moreover, both ATSA and RTSA patients with either pre-operative MCI or dementia are at increased risk for medical complications. As the mean age in the U.S. continues to rise, special attention should be directed towards patients with neurocognitive impairment to minimize post-operative complications after TSA.

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Background 

Increased preoperative shoulder dislocations are associated with recurrent instability and greater glenoid bone loss. Initial instability events and subsequent episodes can result in 6.8% and 20% increased glenoid bone loss respectively. Glenoid bone loss increases the risk of instability recurrence and poor outcomes following shoulder stabilization surgery. Low socioeconomic status (SES) indicators, such as high Area Deprivation Index (ADI) and non-commercial insurance status, correlate with emergency room visits and delays to orthopaedic care. This study assesses the correlation between ADI, insurance status, and preoperative glenoid bone loss. We hypothesized higher national ADI and non-commercial insurance would correlate with greater levels of radiographic glenoid bone loss. 



Methods 

339 Bankart repair patients were identified. Data obtained included demographics, national ADI, insurance status, and glenoid bone loss. National ADI was obtained utilizing the Neighborhood Atlas Website and patients’ home addresses. Patients were excluded for prior ipsilateral shoulder surgery (N=16), lack of viewable imaging (N=97), and low-quality magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)(N=34). Glenoid bone loss was measured using the Best-fit circle method on high-quality MRIs (i.e., Fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA)). Three-dimensional alignment of images provided the best glenoid en face view. Researchers were blinded to ADI and insurance status during radiographic analysis and inter- and intra-observer reliability testing. Glenoid bone loss was compared between insurance types using one-way ANOVAs. Before evaluating the ADI and glenoid bone loss association, a scatterplot was generated to qualitatively assess the nature of the relationship. A curve fitting tool determined a quadratic non-linear regression best characterized the association between ADI and glenoid bone loss. 



Results 

192 patients (23% female; 23.9±7.5 years of age; national ADI=16.7%±16.0%) were included. Patients experienced 9.50±6.59% glenoid bone loss. A significant quadratic association between national ADI and glenoid bone loss (R2=0.483, p<0.001) was observed. Individuals with non-commercial insurance experienced greater glenoid bone loss compared to commercial insurance (commercial=8.80±6.46%, other=12.52±6.36%, p=0.003). Interobserver reliability was .910; intraobserver reliability was .948. 



Conclusion 

Our findings indicate a positive association between area deprivation and MRI-measured glenoid bone loss in patients with anterior shoulder instability. Patients with low SES indicators, such as high ADI and non-commercial insurance, are more likely to have greater glenoid bone loss and could be at risk for increased rates of pre- and postoperative instability. While a correlation between low SES indicators and glenoid bone loss has been demonstrated; the association of SES with surgical complexity and functional outcomes in this context should be explored.

Low Socioeconomic Indicators Correlate with Greater Pre-Operative Glenoid Bone Loss

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**Abstract:**



Hospital Characteristics and Perioperative Complications of Hispanic Patients Following Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty – A Large Database Study

Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Fracture Below the Knee with and without Chemical Thromboprophylaxis: A Meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION 
Preoperative anemia is associated with increased postoperative transfusion and complication rates after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We aimed to create TKA-specific data-driven preoperative hemoglobin strata that quantify the likelihood of 90-day postoperative blood transfusion and evaluate whether these strata are associated with increased risk of 90-day major complications and 2-year prosthetic joint infection (PJI).  

METHODS 
Primary TKA patients from 2013-2022 were identified using a national database. Stratum-specific likelihood ratio (SSLR) analysis defined hemoglobin strata associated with the risk of 90-day blood transfusion. Each stratum was propensity-score matched to the highest identified hemoglobin strata. Unmatched incidence rates and matched risk of 90-day major complications and 2-year PJI between strata were compared.   

RESULTS 
SSLR identified four 90-day blood transfusion hemoglobin strata for males [Strata (g/dL), Likelihood Ratio (5.0-11.4, 8.06; 11.5-11.9, 4.34; 12.0-12.9, 1.70; 13.0-17.0, 0.54)] and females (5.0-10.4, 8.22; 10.5-11.4, 2.84; 11.5-12.4, 1.38; 12.5-17.0, 0.50). Increased 2-year PJI risk was associated with three male strata (12.0-12.9, 11.5-11.9, 5.0-11.4; all p<0.001) and three female strata (11.5-12.4, 10.5-11.4, 5.0-11.4; all p<0.001). Increased 90-day major complication risk was associated with three male strata (12.0-12.9, 11.5-11.9, 5.0-11.4; all p<0.001) and three female strata (11.5-12.4, 10.5-11.4, 5.0-10.4; all p<0.001). 

CONCLUSION 
We identified TKA-specific hemoglobin strata that maximize the likelihood of 90-day blood transfusions and predict the risk of 90-day major complications and 2-year PJI. When using preoperative hemoglobin as a target for anemia optimization, we recommend using these thresholds, noting the increase in complication risk with hemoglobin (g/dL) below 13.0 in males and 12.5 in females.

Stratum-Specific Preoperative Hemoglobin Intervals Quantify the Likelihood of Blood Transfusion, Major Complications, and Periprosthetic Joint Infection Following Total Knee Arthroplasty

Introduction: 
National joint replacement registries allow for evaluation and improvement of joint arthroplasty interventions through extensive data reporting. Many registries now include patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) data. PROM surveys and reporting methods vary widely between registries, and data comparison between them is challenging. The purpose of this study is to: 1) summarize how national joint registries publish patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) survey results differently in their annual reports; 2) explain the utility of being able to compare PROMs data between registries; and 3) identify possible solutions to facilitate harmonization in reporting.

Methods: 
The PROMs reported in the open access 2022 annual reports of five registries were summarized and compared. The five registries were: the American Joint Replacement Registry, Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry, Canadian Joint Replacement Registry, National Joint Replacement Registry of the United Kingdom, and the Swedish Arthroplasty Register. 

Results: 
Twelve unique PROMs surveys were identified among the five registries: EQ-5D, EQ-VAS, PROMIS-10, VR-12, Oxford Knee Score, Oxford Hip Score, KOOS-12, HOOS-12, KOOS-JR, HOOS-JR, a patient satisfaction question, and a patient perceived change question. All registries reported different scoring methods. For risk-adjustment, registries used a wide range of different variables to stratify patients.

Conclusions:
Harmonization of the PROMs reporting process will facilitate direct comparison between registries, allowing for identification of which regions have the greatest improvement in PROMs following intervention. Registry data from participating regions can inform future approach, implant, and technique selections worldwide if consistently reported and compared to other registries. Harmonization of reporting could be achieved by standardizing how a minimally important clinical difference (MCID) is calculated or selecting PROMs that fulfill the Outcome Measures in Arthritis Clinical Trials (OMERACT) criteria.

Harmonizing the Presentation of Patient-Reported Outcome Measure Data in Joint Registries

Background:
Oral cavity cancer (OCC) and laryngeal cancer are among the most common cancers worldwide. This study investigated survival in non-Hispanic (NH) Black, NH White, Asian, and Hispanic patients with OCC and laryngeal cancer of low, intermediate, and high neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES).

Methods:
We used data from the SEER 18 Census Tract-level SES and Rurality Database of the National Cancer Institute to create cohorts of OCC and laryngeal cancer patients from 2013 to 2018. Univariate survival analysis was performed with Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank P values by nSES and then the cross-classification of race, ethnicity, and nSES. We used Cox proportional hazards regression model for multivariable analysis.

Results:
Higher nSES was associated with better OCC survival for NH White, NH Black, and Asian patients, and better laryngeal cancer survival for NH White, NH Black, Hispanic, and Asian patients. In the multivariable analyses of both OCC and laryngeal cancer survival, NH Black patients had worse survival than NH White patients in the high nSES tertile. NH Black patients with OCC were at higher risk of death than NH White patients at all nSES levels. Conversely, Asian patients with laryngeal cancer demonstrated better survival than other races within the high nSES.

Conclusions:
Overall survival differs between racial and ethnic groups of similar nSESs. These health disparities in patients with OCC and laryngeal cancer reflect broader inequities in the cancer control continuum.

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Racial and Ethnic Survival Disparities in Oral Cavity and Laryngeal Cancer

Background: In the United States, the incidence of head and neck cancer (HNC) is over 54,000 cases per year, resulting in over 11,000 deaths annually. The average hospitalization cost for patients undergoing HNC treatment is $18,371 and the average hospital length of stay (LOS) is 6.6 days. Although much literature focuses on the effect of hemoglobin A1C, weight loss, and smoking status contributing to LOS, less attention has been focused on socioecological metrics. This study aims to identify socioecological factors that may predict increased LOS for patients
undergoing surgical treatment for HNC in Western New York (WNY).
Methods: A retrospective review of patients in WNY with a diagnosis of HNC treated between October 2017 and November 2022. The CDC’s Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) was used at the census tract level. Statistical analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel and R Studio.
Results: LOS data for 419 patients was analyzed, 31% (n=131) were female, 65% (n=280) identified as white, and 76% (n=319) lived in urban counties. Median LOS was 8 days (range:1-96) for patients from rural counties and 8 days for patients from urban counties (range: 1-189). For areas that had a low or low-medium SVI, average LOS was 13.3 days (SD=18.6). For medium-high and high areas, average LOS was 13.4 days (SD=18.7), demonstrating no significant difference. Poisson regression modeling revealed that distance to hospital, ethnicity, gender, and insurance carrier all contribute significantly to LOS (p<0.0001).
Conclusions: SVI and geographic region independently do not influence LOS for HNC patients, but when socioecological factors are combined into a regression model, there is an influence. This suggests that multiple social determinants of health impact LOS for patients who undergo complex procedures for HNC. Further investigation with multiple institutions in WNY may provide insight into the impact of socioecological factors on LOS in this region.

Socioecological Determinants of Length of Stay for Head and Neck Cancer Patients

Skull base osteomyelitis (SBO) is a rare, but serious condition which can be challenging to diagnose due to broad initial symptomatology, such as headache, fever, or tinnitus, a relatively silent clinical progression which untreated, can cause notable long-term deficits and death. Long courses of antibiotics to target infection and surgical management are potential treatment options, but mortality is noteworthy given the hidden disease nature and ease of progression under delayed treatment. Our paper seeks further insight into predisposing factors of SBO such as comorbidities, gender, age and other clinical factors of significance. We identified 110 patients, 70 of whom had diabetes, and 29 of which had preexisting hypertension, with a mean age of 61.66 ± 10.89 years. The majority (51/110) of patients had solely bacterial pathogens isolated in cultures, 16 were solely fungal, and 11 were a mix of both, while 30 patients had cultures with no isolated organism. Pseudomonas accounted for over half of the bacterial cases, followed by Streptococcus. Most common fungal pathogens include Aspergillus and Rhizopus which were isolated in 9 patients each of 27 total patients with fungal SBO (33.3%). Our population was 73% male and 64% diabetic, supporting the population that is typically regarded being affected by this condition. To best differentiate SBO, initial workup should include CBC with differential, C-reactive protein (CRP) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), followed by MRI imaging and nuclear imaging such as Technetium scan, if possible, for stronger evaluation. Treatment has been variable, from broad spectrum antibiotics like ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone with metronidazole for minimum of 6 weeks IV with up to a year orally, to surgical debridement, if severe and in need of source control, although a strong correlation in surgical treatment to mortality has not been associated.

A comprehensive meta-analysis of Skull Base Osteomyelitis: Predisposing factors and microbiological profile

Background
There are three different treatment options for the newly diagnosed Vestibular Schwannomas (VS) patient. Lack of information about treatment risks and benefits is the foremost barrier to making treatment decisions. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a decision aid (DA) for newly diagnosed VS patients.

Methods
This was an instrument development and randomized control validation trial. The 15 items on the DA were identified through virtual focus groups of VS patients, discussion with treating physicians, and literature review. 77 newly diagnosed patients who had not yet made treatment decision were screened and 58 met enrollment criteria. Subjects completed initial questionnaires and were randomized into either an intervention group consisting of the DA and a fact sheet on VS from the National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), or a control group that only received the fact sheet. Subjects were expected to use the materials as they completed initial visits with various physicians. The hypothesis of the study was that the use of the DA would increase shared decision- making and increase subject satisfaction with their decision as demonstrated by a reduction in scores on the Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS), which measures personal perceptions of uncertainty in choosing options; modifiable factors contributing to uncertainty; and effective decision-making. Total score ranges from 0 (no decisional conflict) to 100 (extremely high decisional conflict). A clinically meaningful level of no decisional conflict for VS patients was defined as a DCS score ≤ 1.

Results
At baseline, the median DCS for the DA group was 1.81 (Range: 1.00-3.00) and for the Control group was 1.88 (Range: 0.69 to 3.19). At Time 2, the median DCS for the DA group was 1.16 (Range: 0-1.88) and for the Control group was 1.31 (0.06-2.81). The (ΔDCS) between Time 1 and Time 2 for the DA group was 0.91 (Range: -0.50 to 2.06) and for the Control group was 0.56 (Range: -0.63 to 2.06). In the DA group, 46% of individuals had a DCSTime 2 ≤ 1 compared to 33% of individuals in the Control group, a 13% reduction in decisional conflict.

Conclusion
The use of the VS DA at the time of making a treatment decision showed a clinically meaningful difference in reducing decisional conflict. Decision aids are helpful in decreasing decisional conflict and increase decision satisfaction and shared-decision-making.

Development and Validation of a Decision Aid for Newly Vestibular Schwannoma Patients

Objective: Salivary gland tumors are a heterogenous group of lesions with variable pathology and clinical outcomes. Most published data is derived from studies conducted at tertiary care centers. Our study analyzed the experience from a community setting to determine significant differences, if any, in pathological distribution and clinical outcomes compared to the existing literature.

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of all salivary gland tumors that presented to a large community practice over a 20-year period. Retrospective chart analysis was performed for demographics, clinical presentation, imaging, cytology, histopathology, and clinical outcome data.

Results: Of 806 patients, the parotid gland was the most common site in 683 patients (84.7%), followed by submandibular in 78 (9.7%) and sublingual in 45 (5.6%). 203 patients were managed conservatively without definitive diagnosis or lost to follow up. A total of 495 patients underwent surgical intervention within the community practice. 26 patients underwent surgical excision at an outside hospital. 82 patients were determined to have a benign diagnosis based on FNA or excisional biopsy alone. Final histopathology was benign in 505 cases (83.7%), while 98 tumors (16.3%) received a diagnosis of primary or secondary malignancy. For the parotid gland, pleomorphic adenoma (155) and Warthin’s tumor (155) were the most common benign diagnoses, while mucoepidermoid carcinoma (13), adenocarcinoma (8), and acinic cell carcinoma (8) were the most common primary malignancies. 

Conclusions: We found a higher rate of benign tumor pathology compared to the existing literature. While the outcome data on surgical treatment of benign tumors is comparable to the existing literature, the same conclusion cannot be drawn for malignant tumors, given relatively small numbers in our series and likely disparity in the complexity of the surgical cases in tertiary care centers.

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Low Socioeconomic Indicators Correlate with Greater Pre-Operative Glenoid Bone Loss

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