Brazil

This paper presents an approach for evaluating CAD systems using concepts of Content-Based Image Retrieval and graphical oracles. After implementing feature descriptors and selecting three similarity functions, two metrics are proposed to measure the efficiency of CAD systems. A case study was conducted considering three simulated CAD systems to detect masses and calcifications in mammographic images. The results indicated that the our approach is as robust as traditional metrics with respect to performance evaluation. However, our approach is more flexible than traditional metrics because evaluators can choose the more adequate features to assess a particular CAD system.

IWSSIP 2020

Graphical Oracles to Assess Computer-Aided Diagnosis Systems: A Case Study in Mammogram Masses and Calcifications Detection

graphical oracles

computer-aided diagnosis

content-based image retrieval

medical images

The 9th Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems (BRACIS), the 16h Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional (ENIAC), and the 12th Concurso de Teses e Dissertações em Inteligência Artificial e Computacional (CTDIAC) was held from 20 to 23 October, 2020.

BRACIS originated from the combination of the two most important scientific events in Brazil in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computational Intelligence (CI): the Brazilian Symposium on Artificial Intelligence - SBIA (22 editions), and the Brazilian Symposium on Neural Networks - SBRN (13 editions). ENIAC is a national forum for researchers, practitioners, educators and students to present and discuss innovations, trends, experiences, developments and work in progress in the fields of Artificial and Computational Intelligence. CTDIAC is a satellite event whose goals are to disseminate and award the best dissertations and theses (MSc and PhDs concluded in Brazilian universities from June 2018 to May 2020) in Artificial and Computational Intelligence areas.

In this year, the Symposium on Knowledge Discovery, Mining and Learning (KDMiLe) will be held in conjunction with BRACIS 2020. This sysposium aims at integrating researchers, practitioners, developers, students and users to present their research results, to discuss ideas, and to exchange techniques, tools, and practical experiences – related to the Data Mining and Machine Learning areas.

BRACIS 2020

technical paper

The 27th International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing.

Active Shape Models (ASM) are widely explored for facial landmarks detection. The task is commonly approached in frontal perspective where target features such as eyes, mouth, and nose lie within the face’s contour. Conversely, few application proposals are aimed to find facial landmarks in a profile view. This paper addresses an issue with that technique applied to locate facial landmarks lying on the profile contour. Those boundary points present an extra challenge for ASM’s searching method when applied in images with background lighting variations. An ASM trained with profile images captured with different brightness backgrounds may lead the method to model texture profiles in segregated clusters. In those cases, it is inaccurate to assume that sampled texture profiles follow a Gaussian distribution, which is essential to estimate new landmarks locations with the Mahalanobis distance. We propose an alternative to improve ASM’s robustness in such a scenario by utilizing K- Means to identify those clusters and create specific texture models for each one. Then, during the searching stage, new estimates are compared with each model individually, assuming the texture profiles follow a normal distribution inside their corresponding clusters. We trained and tested our improved ASM with a private database of 670 face images in profile view captured in a controlled environment. We report an average error reduction of 46% for landmarks location compared to the classical method. We also demonstrate that, regarding this issue, our proposal drives ASM’s searching method to the point of convergence, whereas the original method does not.

Improving Active Shape Models Robustness Towards Locating Facial Landmarks In Profile Contour

In this paper, we proposed and evaluated the adoption of a capsule network-based (CapsNet-based) model rather than the convolutional neural network-based (CNN-based) models which are predominant in crowd counting tasks. The aim is to join the task of generating a high-quality density map from a single image along with producing a more precise estimate of the number of people. CapsNet-based model has a strong capacity of representation and a powerful dynamic routing mechanism that could address the drawback of a limited number of training samples. The replacement of the scalar values of CNN by vectors when using a CapsNet allows learning more discriminative features, which contributes to generating high-quality density maps, and thus a more precise number of individuals in crowd scenes. Experimental results show that our proposal presents competitive results concerning state-of-the-art, but with a 59.2% reduction in the number of parameters.

Dense Crowd Counting with Capsule Networks

Acute leukemia is a cancer-related to a bone marrow abnormality. It is more common in children and young adults. This type of leukemia generates unusual cell growth in a short period, requiring a quick start of treatment. Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) are the main responsible for deaths caused by this cancer. The classification of these two leukemia types on blood slide images is a vital process of and automatic system that can assist doctors in the selection of appropriate treatment. This work presents a convolutional neural networks (CNNs) architecture capable of differentiating blood slides with ALL, AML and Healthy Blood Slides (HBS). The experiments were performed using 16 datasets with 2,415 images, and the accuracy of 97.18% and a precision of 97.23% were achieved. The proposed model results were compared with the results obtained by the state of the art methods, including also based on CNNs.

Convolution Neural Network Models for Acute Leukemia Diagnosis

The time required for a vehicle to travel different routes in the daily traffic of large cities varies and changes constantly, impacting the daily lives of everyone dwelling in those cities. Trying to predict such time is essential to evolve in understanding the behavior of vehicle traffic. On the other hand, due to the vast amount of data generated in this context, it is necessary to use new ways of dealing with this problem. This paper presents an exploratory analysis of the behavior of batch and stream learning algorithms for predicting the trip duration time for vehicles going through different routes. We understand that batch learning algorithms are not necessarily adequate for being used in stream mining situations. However, we would like to have a testbed to analyze the behavior of stream learning algorithms. For our experimental analysis, we used real data from three specific routes. The results show that the use of data stream learning for this domain yields promising results

An Exploratory Study Using Stream Learning Algorithms to Predict Duration Time of Vehicle Routes

The prediction of secondary protein structures is one of the classic problems of bioinformatics and has several practical applications.In this work, we present an ensemble of bidirectional recurrent networks with random forests. The fusion was performed using weights for each of the classifiers and classes, found by searching through genetic algorithms. To evaluate our method, we used the PDB, CB6133 and CB513 datasets. We achieved 73.1%, 59.1% and 55.8% Q8 accuracy on PDB, CB6133 and CB513 proteins, respectively, whereas 81.5% Q3 accuracy on PDB proteins using only amino acid sequence information. In order to compare our results against the literature, we also evaluated our method using amino acid sequence and sequence profile features, achieving 73.4% and 68.9% Q8 accuracy on CB6133 and CB513. Our method yielded good results when using only the amino acid sequence and presents competitive results compared tothe literature when using amino acid sequence information and protein sequence similarity.

Ensemble of Bidirectional Recurrent Networks and Random Forests for Protein Secondary Structure Prediction

To make possible the exploration of oil and natural gas in maritime waters, it is necessary to develop high technology to support the projects of drilling and exploration of submarine wells. One of the equipment that enables offshore exploration is the flexible pipes. Considering the high cost and complexity of the flexible pipe manufacturing process, the objective of this work is to analyze the effect of the occurrence of whitening stress identified as bleaching observed in the polymeric material known as Polyfluoride of Vinylidene (PVDF), which is used in the manufacture of inner liner layers in flexible pipes. The proposed methodology is to develop a prediction model based on classification, which evaluates the whitening bleaching by extracting knowledge from an image database. Through the proposed methodology, the most relevant parameters associated with the study problem that can define classification rules areidentified. As a result, some relationships between some characters, fruits of image data extraction and product characteristics were identified through decision trees. The conclusion is that these relationships provides support for decision making when peformed by a domain expert.

Analysis of Non-Conformity in Flexible Pipe through Data Mining from Image Bank

The Neutrinos Angra Experiment aims at monitoring nuclear plants by detecting antineutrino particles coming out from its fuel burn-up process. The Neutrinos Angra Collaboration developed a fully-equipped detector to accomplish this task. It
is currently in operation on the surface and next to the dome of the Angra II nuclear reactor. Selecting antineutrinos events on the surface is a challenge task due to the high level of background noise produced by cosmic ray particles. One of the
main parameters used to select antineutrino events is the number of photons acquired by the detector’s sensors. This quantity is estimated based on the signals generated at the output of the readout electronics. If any of those signals is corrupted, the estimation fails, compromising the Experiment performance. This
work proposes a study of the performance of some classifier algorithms applied to identify corrupted signals for the Neutrinos Angra Experiment. If corrupted signals can be identified, they could go through a recovering process in order to improve the Experiment’s events-selection algorithms.

Identification and Classification of Corrupted Signals for the Neutrinos Angra Experiment

We discuss the use of Associative Rule Learning (ARL) in the interface design of a 3D interactive visualization of temporal medical data. Our results indicate that ARL can be a valuable resource to improve the design of Information Visualization interface tools as well as to customize visualizations according to the user´s preferences.

Machine Learning in Information Visualization: Using Rule-based Learning Algorithms to Personalize Interfaces

The Neutrinos Angra Experiment aims at developing a system capable of monitoring the fuel-burning process of nuclear reactors. This system is based on an antineutrino detector located a few meters far from the core of the Angra II nuclear reactor. One of the main parameters used to select antineutrino events is the released energy left by a particle when interacting with the detector medium which, in turn, is proportional to the amplitude and area of the signals generated by the detector’s transducers. However, the estimation of such quantities may lose accuracy
due to saturation effects caused by the experiment electronics, making it necessary to apply methods to compensate or correct such effects. This work proposes to implement and test machine learning algorithms designed to estimate the energy of saturated signals.

Amplitude Estimators Applied to Saturated Signals for the v-Angra Experiment

This work presents a technique of working together to accumulate learning between various artificial neural networks, the technique has been successfully adapted to a convolutional network and has shown promising results in the context of traffic light classification.

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Graphical Oracles to Assess Computer-Aided Diagnosis Systems: A Case Study in Mammogram Masses and Calcifications Detection

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Improving Active Shape Models Robustness Towards Locating Facial Landmarks In Profile Contour

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