United States

Permanent magnet machines have many advantages such as high efficiency,high power density and so on,it have been widely used in the fields of aerospace,wind power generation and electric vehicles. However,permanent magnet machines have the disadvantage that the air-gap magnetic field is difficult to be adjusted.To effectively solve this problem,many scholars have proposed a hybrid excitation machine ,in which the electrically excited magnetic potential plays an auxiliary role in adjusting the air-gap magnetic field [1].The hybrid pole permanent magnet machine was proposed[2] ,which has a simple structure and high electric excitation efficiency.It has a permanent magnet and ferromagnetic pole structure on the rotor,but it has brush structure.A new hybrid excited consequent pole brushless Doubly Fed Machine (HE-CPBDFM) is proposed in this paper,and the performance of the machine is studied.&lt;br&gt;Fig.1 gives the structure of the HE-CPBDFM.There are two sets of windings on the stator of the machine,a power winding with 3 pole pairs and a control winding with 1 pole pair;the number of permanent magnets on the rotor is the same as the number of poles of the control winding,and the polarity is the same,and the mechanical angle of the ferromagnetic pole with a smaller circumference between the two permanent magnets is 60°.The direction of the magnetic field synthesized by the control winding is facing the axis of the ferromagnetic pole,and the air gap magnetic field is adjusted by changing the magnitude of the excitation of the control winding.&lt;br&gt;Keeping the external 220Ω load on the power winding side unchanged,the relationship curves between the power winding output voltage and the control winding excitation current under different excitation are shown in Fig.2. From Fig.2,it can be seen that the power winding output voltage increases with the increase of excitation current,and when the excitation current increases to 4A,the voltage growth rate slows down with the increase of machine saturation.&lt;br&gt;
**References** &lt;br&gt;
[1] Ullah S, McDonald S P, Martin R, et al. “A permanent magnet assist, segmented rotor, switched reluctance drive for fault tolerant aerospace applications,”. IEEE Trans. on
Ind. Appl., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 298-305,Jan./Feb.2018.&lt;br&gt;
[2] Q. Zhang, S. R.Huang, G. D. Xie. “Design and experimental verification of hybrid excitation machine with isolated magnetic paths,”. IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 25, no. 4,
pp. 993-1000, Dec.2010.&lt;br&gt;
[3]Ayub M, Jawad G, Kwon B. “Consequent-pole hybrid excitation brushless wound field synchronous machine with fractional slot concentrated winding,”. IEEE Trans. Magn., DOI:
10.1109/TMAG.2018.2890509,2019.&lt;br&gt;

![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/49f53eebc5552b4be295d867b745c562.png)&lt;br&gt;
Fig.1.Machine structure diagram&lt;br&gt;
![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/575bb0a645f2838d41805acb58bb6cbc.png)&lt;br&gt;
Fig.2.The relationship between the output voltage of the power winding and the excitation current of the control winding under different excitations

MMM 2022

Design and research of the New Hybrid excited consequent pole Brushless Doubly Fed Machine

Permanent magnet machines have many advantages such as high efficiency,high power density and so on,it have been widely used in the fields of aerospace,wind power generation and electric vehicles. However,permanent magnet machines have the disadvantage that the air-gap magnetic field is difficult to be adjusted.To effectively solve this problem,many scholars have proposed a hybrid excitation machine ,in which the electrically excited magnetic potential plays an auxiliary role in adjusting the air-gap magnetic field [1].The hybrid pole permanent magnet machine was proposed[2] ,which has a simple structure and high electric excitation efficiency.It has a permanent magnet and ferromagnetic pole structure on the rotor,but it has brush structure.A new hybrid excited consequent pole brushless Doubly Fed Machine (HE-CPBDFM) is proposed in this paper,and the performance of the machine is studied. Fig.1 gives the structure of the HE-CPBDFM.There are two sets of windings on the stator of the machine,a power winding with 3 pole pairs and a control winding with 1 pole pair;the number of permanent magnets on the rotor is the same as the number of poles of the control winding,and the polarity is the same,and the mechanical angle of the ferromagnetic pole with a smaller circumference between the two permanent magnets is 60°.The direction of the magnetic field synthesized by the control winding is facing the axis of the ferromagnetic pole,and the air gap magnetic field is adjusted by changing the magnitude of the excitation of the control winding. Keeping the external 220Ω load on the power winding side unchanged,the relationship curves between the power winding output voltage and the control winding excitation current under different excitation are shown in Fig.2. From Fig.2,it can be seen that the power winding output voltage increases with the increase of excitation current,and when the excitation current increases to 4A,the voltage growth rate slows down with the increase of machine saturation. 
**References** 
[1] Ullah S, McDonald S P, Martin R, et al. “A permanent magnet assist, segmented rotor, switched reluctance drive for fault tolerant aerospace applications,”. IEEE Trans. on
Ind. Appl., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 298-305,Jan./Feb.2018. 
[2] Q. Zhang, S. R.Huang, G. D. Xie. “Design and experimental verification of hybrid excitation machine with isolated magnetic paths,”. IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 25, no. 4,
pp. 993-1000, Dec.2010. 
[3]Ayub M, Jawad G, Kwon B. “Consequent-pole hybrid excitation brushless wound field synchronous machine with fractional slot concentrated winding,”. IEEE Trans. Magn., DOI:
10.1109/TMAG.2018.2890509,2019. 

![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/49f53eebc5552b4be295d867b745c562.png) 
Fig.1.Machine structure diagram 
![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/575bb0a645f2838d41805acb58bb6cbc.png) 
Fig.2.The relationship between the output voltage of the power winding and the excitation current of the control winding under different excitations

poster

#### Welcome to the 67th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, MMM 2022!

The Conference was held from October 31 to November 4 and offers both in-person and on-demand content.

MMM 2022 is sponsored jointly by AIP Publishing and the IEEE Magnetics Society. Members of the international scientific and engineering communities interested in recent developments in fundamental and applied magnetism are invited to attend and contribute to the technical sessions. The technical program will include invited and contributed papers in oral and poster sessions, invited symposia, a tutorial, and several special sessions. This Conference provides an outstanding opportunity for worldwide participants to meet their colleagues and collaborators and discuss developments in all areas of magnetism research.

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Fractals are composed of self-similar structures across different length scales, which look similar under different magnifications. They possess a non-integer dimension with a self-similarity and scale invariance, which is commonly referred to as the Hausdorff dimension or fractal dimension. Romanesque cauliflower, fern, frost, and snowflakes are popular examples of naturally observed fractals. The concept of fractals namely, Sierpinski square and triangles are also implemented in magnetic systems to study the modification of spinwave dynamics [1, 2]. It is also important to study their magnetization reversal process for their further use in spintronics. Here we have investigated the magnetization reversal process of a Sierpinski triangle which is a nonperiodic but ordered fractal structure. To understand the magnetization reversal process of Sierpinski triangles with the increase of the iteration level of the fractal structure are studied using a micromagnetic simulator namely object oriented micromagnetic framework (OOMMF) [3]. The magnetic parameters used for the simulation are taken from Ref. [1]. The hysteresis loop (M-H curve) is calculated for a structure going from simple geometric structures toward a Sierpinski triangle. TRI-0 is an equilateral triangle with the side length of 3 μm. To generate TRI-1, an equilateral triangle is removed from the center of TRI-0. To further generate, TRI-2 and TRI-3 an iteration process with a scaling factor of ½ is used. Due to the structurization, the coercivity and saturation magnetization are increased significantly with the increase of the iteration number as shown in Fig. 1(a). The simulated magnetization images during the reversal for Tri-0 and Tri-4 are shown in Fig. 1 (b) and (c) for three different magnetic fields. The interesting thing to note is that magnetization reversal occurs by the creation of a vortex. The observations have a great impact on their applications in spintronic and magnonic devices. 
**References** 
1. J. Zhou, M. Zelent, Z. Luo, V. Scagnoli, M. Krawczyk, L. J. Heyderman, S. Saha, Phys. Rev. B105, 174415 (2022) 
2. C. Swoboda, M. Martens, and G. Meier, Phys. Rev. B 91, 064416 (2015). 
3. M. Donahue and D. G. Porter, “OOMMF User’s guide, Version 1.0,” NIST Interagency Report No. 6376 _National Institute of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1999_,
URL: http://math.nist.gov/oommf. 

![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/6a9590125a8d592aabcecf804a683feb.png) 

Fig. 1 (a) Simulated hysteresis loops for different samples. Simulated magnetization images at various applied magnetic field values marked by ‘1’, ‘2’ and ‘3’ for (b) Tri-0 (c) Tri-4 [a
single triangle is taken from the whole structure]

Magnetization reversal dynamics of a triangular shaped magnetic fractals

Analysis of magnetization reversal in ferromagnetic nanodots of different shapes with dimension in the range of 100 nm in the presence of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction (DMI) is extremely important for technological application [1]. Though a few studies have explored the effect of DMI on the magnetization reversal mechanism in nanostructures, to disentangle the influence of shape and DMI requires further systematic studies [2-4]. Here, we investigate the effect of DMI (D) and in-plane bias field (H) on magnetization reversal in perpendicularly magnetized isolated square, circular, and triangular nanodot using the micromagnetic simulation Mumax3 [5]. The side length/diameter of the nanodot is chosen as 128 nm and the thickness as 1 nm and the material parameters of Co is selected. Our results indicate that the coercive field monotonically decreases as the strength of D increases and loop becomes asymmetric in the presence of both D and H in all three shapes. Interestingly, for D = 0 and H ≠  0, nucleation of the reverse domain occurs at the central region of the nanodot (Figs. 1(a-c)), and in case of D ≠  0 and H ≠  0 chiral nucleation occurs at the far edge (Figs. 1(d-f)). Due to lateral asymmetry of the triangular nanodot, the total energy value is smaller for the triangular nanodots (for -100 mT < H < +100 mT, and -1 mJ/m2 < D < + 1 mJ/m2) thereby making it preferred for energy efficient magnetization reversal as compared to other two shapes. However, at sufficiently higher value of the magnitude of H (> 200 mT) and D (> 1 mJ/m2), due to the laterally symmetric sides of the square the energy barrier for the magnetization reversal reduces drastically (cf. Fig.1(f)). These findings indicate that the effect of D and H in lowering the energy barrier for the magnetization reversal is intricately related to the symmetry associated with the shape of the nanodots. 

**References** [1] F. Hellman, A. Hoffmann, Y. Tserkovnyak et al., Rev. Mod. Phys., Vol.89, p.025006 (2017) 
[2] S. Pizzini, J. Vogel, S. Rohart et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol.113, p.047203 (2014) 
[3] D.-S. Han, N.-H. Kim, J.-S. Kim et al., Nano Lett., Vol.16, p.4438 (2016) 
[4] Syamlal S K, Hari Prasanth Perumal, and Jaivardhan Sinha., Mater. Lett., Vol.303, p.130492 (2021) 
[5] A. Vansteenkiste, J. Leliaert, M. Dvornik et al., AIP Adv., Vol.4, p.107133 (2014) 

![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/55a7db279d3bf5b28b8f2b50d2d2ee8a.png) 
Figure 1: Snapshot of the spin configuration for square, circular and triangular nanodot during down to up (D-U) switching at H = -100 mT and D = 0 (a-c), H = -100 mT and D = 3 mJ/m2
(d-f). (g) Variation of total energy as a function of in-plane bias field for square, circular, and triangular nanodots at different value of D is plotted during D-U switching.

Effect of Dzyaloshinskii Moriya Interactions on Magnetization Reversal in Perpendicularly Magnetized Nanodots of Different Shape

The availability of large databases like materials project [1], Aflow consortium [2], NOMAD [3], OQMD [4] etc., has made it possible to apply machine learning (ML) in the materials science domain to get good predictions for various materials properties like Curie temperature [5], formation energy [6], etc. Here, we have used Materials project database to gather a data of 11545 iron-based compounds using the MAPI [7] and the pymatgen package [8]. This data consists of total magnetization, crystal structure and formation energy etc for all the compounds. As a first step, we transformed the data for ML modeling by using the orbital-field matrix (OFM) representation by Pham et al. [6]. In OFM, the structure of the compounds is turned into a 32*32 matrix corresponding to 1024 features, known as descriptor. With this data, we used various ML algorithms and chose to work with random forest as it provides the best results for our dataset with a 5-fold cross-validation. In order to understand the model, we used SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis, which is a game-theoretic approach to explain the output of any machine learning model. It gives us the most dominating features in the model. Based on the SHAP values for various datasets, the features which are dominating the overall magnetization results along with the corresponding description of the features as per the OFM descriptor are presented in Fig. 1. For example, in some oxides listed in Fig. 2, one can see that only features 173, 421, 429 are dominant as per the SHAP values. However, this is not a universally true picture for the whole dataset. Therefore, we further need to process the dataset based on the fact that not all features contribute equally in all types of materials. It is concluded that the simple ML techniques used on large dataset may give misleading results if the ML model is not improved after understanding the data we are dealing in the material science domain. 

**References** 
[1] A. Jain, P. Ong, G. Hautier, S.P. Ong, W. Chen, W.D. Richards, S. Dacek, S. Cholia, D. Gunter, D. Skinner, G. Ceder, K.A. Persson, Cite as APL Mater 1 (2013) 11002. 
[2] S. Curtarolo, W. Setyawan, S. Wang, J. Xue, K. Yang, R.H. Taylor, L.J. Nelson, G.L.W. Hart, S. Sanvito, M. Buongiorno-Nardelli, N. Mingo, O. Levy, Comput. Mater. Sci. 58 (2012)
227–235. 
[3] C. Draxl, M. Scheffler, J. Phys. Mater 2 (2019) 36001. 
[4] J.E. Saal, S. Kirklin, M. Aykol, B. Meredig, C. Wolverton, JOM 65 (2013) 1501. 
[5] T. Long, N.M. Fortunato, Y. Zhang, O. Gutfleisch, H. Zhang, Mater. Res. Lett. 9:4 (2021) 169–174. 
[6] T. Lam Pham et.al. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 18 (2017) 756–765. 
[7] S.P. Ong, S. Cholia, A. Jain, M. Brafman, D. Gunter, G. Ceder, K.A. Persson, Comput. Mater. Sci. 97 (2015) 209–215. 
[8] S.P. Ong, W.D. Richards, A. Jain, G. Hautier, M. Kocher, S. Cholia, D. Gunter, V.L. Chevrier, K.A. Persson, G. Ceder, Comput. Mater. Sci. 68 (2013) 314–319. 

![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/3a8c31984a1254a4bb56ce58804ffe98.png) 
Fig. 1- Dominating features and corresponding orbital interaction. 

![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/51f54ea999db9bcb6857b01d22cee9f9.png) 
Fig. 2- Few compounds with magnetization values and valence band configuration.

Magnetization in Iron based compounds: A Machine Learning Model Analysis

Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has received widespread attention, and artificial neural networks (ANN) are the foundation of AI, while artificial neurons are the basic information processing units of ANN. Spintronic devices mimicking the function of biological neurons are considered as one of the very promising candidates for the implementation of ANN in the future. In this work, we propose to realize the leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) properties of artificial neurons through the voltage-controlled strain gradients and current induced spin-transfer torque co-driven the motion of domain wall (DW). In addition, the proposed device can be threshold-tuned in various ways, such as strain gradient, current density, and pulse width, etc. In particular, this structure can also break the limitation of ANN learning and recognition ability by the inherent activation function. By modulating the strain gradient applied on the nanowire, the relevant nonlinear activation function can be configured, thereby improving the learning performance of ANN. As shown in Fig. 1(a), the proposed device model consists of ferromagnetic/heavy metal (FM/HM) nanowire deposited on a piezoelectric substrate. By modulating the magnitude of the electrode voltage below the piezoelectric substrate, the voltage-controlled strain gradient applied to the nanowire will be changed, and finally affects the motion of DW. The corresponding magnetoconductance (TMG) can be read by the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). Fig. 1(b) shows the artificial neuron with the LIF function. The DW motion dynamics depend on the competition between the gradient magnetoelastic energy of the nanowire and the current driving force. The DW undergoes a total of five cycle current pulses, which finally reaches the threshold TMG of 0.63 and is detected by the MTJ. Next, the DW "fires" a signal output, and resets to the initial state. The above simulation results reveal the great potential of magnetic DW-based electric field modulation of artificial neurons for applications of next-generation artificial intelligence devices. 
![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/233bf41b35e517ba5f8c4e862fd62f13.png) 
Fig. 1 (a) Schematic diagram of voltage-controlled DW-based nanodevices. (b) LIF behaviors.

Voltage controlled domain wall

Skyrmions (Sks) are topologically protected chiral spin structures showing great potential for the next generation of data storing and processing devices.[1] However, controlling such chiral spin textures efficiently and precisely remains unsolved. Here, we demonstrate precise trajectory control of Sk motion by surface acoustic waves using micromagnetic simulations (Mumax3).[2] The computational region dimension was 400×100×1 nm3. The velocity, wavelength and amplitude of the SAW were 4000 m/s, 200 nm and 0.03, respectively. The Sk was initialised at different positions along the track. Results showed that with the application of the standing SAW, the Sk did not move if its initial position was at nodes of the standing SAW. Whereas starting from an anti-node, the Sk did move towards the closest node of the standing SAW (Fig.1a). The highest velocity occurs between the nodes and anti-nodes of the standing SAW, where the strain gradient is the highest, indicating that the strain gradient is the origin of the SAW-driven Sk motion.[3] The Sk moves continuously in the presence of the travelling SAW regardless of its initial position with a higher velocity (2.3 m/s) than that of the standing SAW-induced (average of 0.3 m/s) Sk motion (Fig.1b). This is due to the travelling SAWs providing a constant driving force to the skyrmion. The skyrmion also moves in the vertical direction owing to its chirality (Fig.1c). Horizontal travelling SAWs together with vertical standing SAWs were then applied to the Sk (Fig.1d), which can drive Sk motion and pin the Sk in the desired trajectory, respectively. Results showed that in the presence of both SAWs, the Sk moved along the centre of the nano-track with very limited vertical motion (Fig.1d to f). This study indicates the possibility of energy-efficient and precise control of skyrmion motion. 
**References** 
[1] Parkin et al. Science, 320(5873), 190-194 (2008) 
[2] Vansteenkiste et al. AIP Advances 4, 107133 (2014) 
[3] Nepal et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 112404 (2018) 

![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/d7b250c24cca457cb4f00186fd107fc4.png) 
Fig. 1 Skyrmion motion in the horizontal direction with standing (a) and travelling (b) SAW. (c) Spatial strain profile at 0 ns, skyrmion position at 0 to 16 ns, respectively. Skyrmion
motion in horizontal (d) and vertical (e) direction with horizontal travelling SAW and vertical standing SAW. (f) Spatial strain profile at 0 ns, skyrmion position at 0 to 6 ns, respectively.

Precise Trajectory Control of Skyrmion Motion by Surface Acoustic Waves

Magnetic skyrmion, with its nanoscale and topological features, can be employed as an information storage medium and logic function device in next-generation spintronic systems, attracting a lot of interest. Among all skyrmion logic devices, reconfigurable skyrmion logic devices have attracted much attention because they can efficiently perform different operations with the least number of devices to create different logical functions or operations. In 2018, Luo et al.1 proposed reconfigurable skyrmion logic gates by adding voltage control terminals to H-type nanotracks. This paper proposes a voltage-controlled reconfigurable skyrmion circular orbit logic gate in Fig1(f). The complete logic family is implemented based on our skyrmion logic gates, in which the trajectories of skyrmion are manipulated by various effects including skyrmion-edge repulsions and the voltage control of magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) effect. Fig.1(a) represents the unique orbital model, Fig.1(b)-(d) show the anisotropic energy regulated by the VCMA effect, and Fig. 1(e) shows the logic function realized by the potential energy well distribution that we studied before2. The above logic functions can be integrated into a single skyrmion device, reconfigured by controlling the terminal voltage, and reused by the circular track structure. The corresponding skyrmion state and motion trajectories are shown in Fig.2. Because of the scheme, every logic judgment necessitates the generation and destruction of the skyrmion, increasing the logic device's energy consumption. Furthermore, the current drive in this system will create Joule heat, which will have an impact on skyrmion stability. 
**References** 
[1] S. Luo, M. Song and X. Li, Nano Letters., vol. 18, pp. 1180-1184 (2018).
[2] L. Yang, F. Jin and W. Mo, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics., vol. 58, pp. 1-5 (2022). 
![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/f878e26ba3ade5d7664b09843a05c261.png) 
Fig.1 (a) Geometric dimensions of the circular track. (b)and(c) Voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy gradient by using wedge structure. (d) Magnetic anisotropic energy distribution in
skyrmion multiplexing. (e) The arrangement of potential wells to realize logical functions. (f) Structure of a reconfigurable skyrmion logic gate with the circular track. 

![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/62fabee36b4ea8e12b6cc70c156eebb0.png) 
Fig.2 (a) State and conversion process of skyrmion on the device. (b) The trajectories of skyrmion on the device.

Reconfigurable Skyrmion Logic Gates with Circular Track

In recent years, Racetrack memory[1] has been actively studied as a candidate of the future magnetic memory. Many papers on magnetic wire memories using ferromagnetic materials with large magnetization have been reported. Recently, it has been found that this current density can be reduced by using a ferrimagnetic material with small magnetization. However, the current density reduction of current-induced domain wall (DW) motion and improvement of the DW velocity remain as big issues for practical use. In this study, laser annealing (laser irradiation) effect on the ferrimagnetic wire is investigated to reduce further the current density. A magnetic wire of 1 μm width and 70 μm in length is prepared by using electron beam lithography and magnetron sputtering. The sample structure is Pt (5 nm) / Tb27Co73 (6 nm) / SiN (10 nm) on a Si substrate with a thermal oxide film (350 nm). It is placed in the field of view of polarizing microscope with an objective lens NA of 0.5, and a blue laser is irradiated to the TbCo wire through the objective lens. The spot size is approximately 1 μm in diameter which is almost same as the wire width. Laser annealing is scanned along the TbCo wire and the speed is 7 μm/s. Laser annealing can slightly change the DW energy of the TbCo wire. Fig. 1 shows DW velocity versus current density when the DW in the magnetic TbCo wire is driven by applying 3 ns pulse currents to the wire. Black squares and red circles are the symbols before and after laser annealing with the laser power of 3.1 mW. As shown in this figure, It was found that by laser annealing to the TbCo wire, the current density required for driving the DW was reduced by 20 %, and the DW velocity was doubled. Fig. 2 shows the mobility of the domain wall before and after laser annealing. Mobility is DW velocity divided by current density. After laser annealing, mobility is about 1.8 times higher than before. These may be due to the slight decrease in the DW energy caused by laser annealing. This work is partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (20H02185 and 21K18735). 
**References** 
[1] S. S. P. Parkin, M. Hayashi and L. Thomas, Science, Vol. 320, p.190-194 (2008). 
[2] K. S. Ryu, L. Thomas and S.H. Yang, Nat. Nanotechnol., Vol. 8, p.527-533 (2013). 
[3] S. H. Yang, K. S. Ryu and S. Parkin, Nat. Nanotechnol., Vol. 10, p.221-226 (2015). 
![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/a4b943fbf63469c60f60d1c81a530fdb.png) 
DW velocity versus current density in TbCo wire. 
![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/ca2bf397c45d0328ca36ca935969a2d7.png) 
Comparison of the DW mobility before and after laser annealing with other reports[2][3].

Improvement of Domain Wall Velocity and Reduction of Current Density by Laser Annealing to the TbCo Wires

Skyrmions are topological spin textures with quasiparticle-like properties that may make them useful in advanced computing architectures. In this work, we studied the dynamics of magnetic skyrmions using micromagnetic simulations. We observe novel rotational and orbital motion of skyrmions when a time-varying out-of-plane magnetic field is applied to skyrmions in confined systems and excites their breathing modes. This phenomenon can be explained by the asymmetric redistribution of topological charge as skyrmions expand and contract in a confined environment. An example of this behavior can be seen below. As skyrmions expand from application of an out-of-plane field, they begin moving around the center of the system. Decreasing the magnetic field causes the skyrmions to shrink but maintain their individual rotation. Increasing the magnetic field again causes the cycle to repeat. This motion illustrates how the topological properties and the spontaneous emergence of chirality in skyrmions can result in unexpected complex behavior. Furthermore, it may have practical relevance to applications of skyrmions to neuromorphic and reservoir computing, where information may be encoded in the positions of different skyrmions. Previous groups have also observed skyrmion rotation, but have explained this with the presence of a thermal gradient.1 Our work demonstrates a similar rotation but without having to introduce disorder into the system, possibly making the system more realizable in a practical setting. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1922758. 
**References** 1. Mochizuki, M. et al. Nature Materials. Vol 13., p. 241–246 (2014). 

![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/2e2a28f302075c906f8816012035ba97.png) 
Fig. 1: Snapshots of different magnetic configurations of two skyrmions in a confined disc structure upon excitation with time varying out-of-plane fields.

Deformation Induced Skyrmion Rotation and Locomotion

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) systems that involve HM/FM/HM tri-layer structure have immense scope for constructing high speed memory devices [1,2]. Broken inversion symmetry at HM/FM interface introduces interfacial Dzyaloshinskii- Moriya interaction (iDMI) which stabilizes chiral Neel wall that can be manipulated with spin polarized current. The current induced deterministic switching of PMA systems also realized with [3] or without [4,5] application of bias magnetic field. Several methods have been introduced to estimate the iDMI of HM/FM/HM as well as HM/FM/metal-oxide thin films in last few years. In this work, we have used field induced domain wall motion (FIDWM) to estimate iDMI strength, Deff of sputter deposited Ta (3.5 nm)/Pt (3 nm)/Co (0.4 nm)/Au (x nm)/Pt (1 nm) thin films where x = 0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 nm. The domain wall velocity (DMV) of a nucleated bubble domain was estimated applying pulsed Hz in presence of Hx. The asymmetric expansion of bubble domain reveals the chirality of domain wall of the samples. Ta/Pt/Co/Pt systems has Neel walls with right-handed chirality whereas the chirality reverses with introduction of ultrathin Au layer as shown in Fig. 1. The iDMI can be manifested as an effective in-plane magnetic field (HDMI) in PMA system. The Hx dependence of the DMV has a minimum at Hx = HDMI. iDMI strength calculated using the formula described by Je et. al [6] and displayed in Fig. 2. The Deff of symmetric Ta/Pt/Co/Pt system have very small negative value which can be attributed to the difference of roughness of bottom Pt/Co and top Co/Pt interface. Deff increases as the asymmetry around Co layer was introduced with insertion of Au layer. The maximum Deff was observed for the sample with highest degree of asymmetry (Au thickness = 0.7 nm). The Deff also becomes positive when Au is introduced at top Co/Pt interface. The Pt/Co and Au/Co interface has opposite polarity of iDMI [7]. These two interfaces of Ta/Pt/Co/Au/Pt effectively reverse the iDMI sign. 
**References** 
1. S. S. Parkin, M. Hayashi, and L. Thomas, Science 320, 190–194 (2008) 
2. A. Fert, V. Cros, and J. Sampaio, Nature nanotechnology 8, 152–156 (2013) 
3. C. Onur Avci, K. Garello, and P. Gambardella, Applied Physics Letters 100, 212404 (2012) 
4. V. M. P, K. R. Ganesh, and P. S. A. Kumar, Phys. Rev. B 96, 104412 (2017) 
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![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/2784c38c62bb9fa54572ce7ea1359d3b.png) 
Asymmetric expansion of bubble domain at an in-plane magnetic field,Hx = 30 mT of (a) Au (t = 0 nm) and (b) Au (t = 0.3 nm) 

![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/631bc4aca84ca87e4be6737ca223a1c8.png) 
Effective in-plane field of iDMI, HDMI and iDMI strength, Deff as a function of Au layer thickness

Tuning domain wall chirality of Pt/Co/Pt based Perpendicularly Magnetized systems with Au insertion

A near field transducer (NFT) is a key component for heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR). The lollipop design and its variations have had success in HAMR recording systems employed in hard disk drives [1][2]. The designed mode resonance, or mode beating, results in excellent coupling between optical light and the excitation of plasmonic current in the NFT. However, the resonant plasmonic oscillation also yields substantial heating, bringing reliability challenges. In addition, such a resonant design can make the plasmonic excitation of media grains highly dependent on the spacing between the NFT recording peg and the grains in the media. In this paper, we present a design analysis for a novel NFT using a nanocomposite structure to create distributed optical feedback (DFB) for maintaining plasmonic resonance. Figure 1 shows a schematic view of the design. The NFT is made of an array of Au rectangular rods, each separated by a constant gap, G, of nanometer dimension and the Au rods are embedded in a dielectric material. The insert in the figure shows the 2D COMSOL simulation results of the optical field intensity at the peg end of the NFT with W=660nm and G=5nm. For this structure, the optimal free-space optical wavelength λ=710nm. The 2μm long DFB Au nanocomposite has an optical coupling efficiency of 30% with very little field intensity decay at the peg end. Figure 2 shows the calculated electric field intensity in the dielectric gap before the last rod as a function of the width of the Au rods for different gap spacing. In conclusion, the DFB Au nanocomposite NFT design enables enhanced material stability, hence, enhancing the NFT reliability. Plasmonic excitation of medium grains by the NFT has also been modeled and the analysis of its sensitivity to the spacing between the NFT and medium grain will be presented. 
**References** 
[1] W.A. Challener, et al, Nature Photonics, 3 (4), 220-224 (2009). [2] K. Shimazawa, W. Xu, K. Fujil, US11,315,591B1, Headway Technologies, (2022) 
![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/a8c7f55237937414983d1c74a4ee8e37.png) 
Fig.1 Schematic view of the distributed feedback Au nanocomposite NFT design. The insert shows the simulation results of optical field intensity inside the dielectric gaps along the 2μm
long NFT. The optical wavelength is optimal at λ=710 nm. 
![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/83b4073ee2d5e0467ecdc5f198abf0d6.png) 
Fig.2. Optimization of the DFB Au nanocomposite NFT for Different Au rod width and dielectric gap. The electric field is measured at the end of 2μm long NFT.

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