Canada

The effect of prioritization on information in working memory
has primarily been examined in tasks containing a single type
of stimulus and with one item that is prioritized. However,
many theories of working memory posit different types of
components for the maintenance of verbal or visuospatial
information. This study examined differences between
prioritized and nonprioritized items as well as word and image
stimuli. Participants completed an association learning task in
which working memory demands were varied along with the
number of items to be prioritized. Following a short delay,
retention was tested. Prioritization effects were identified
during both the learning and testing phases of the experiment,
and the impact of prioritization was moderated by working
memory demands of the task. Significant differences in
accuracy between word and image stimuli were only observed
in the testing phase, with accuracy for verbal information being
worse. While prioritization improved accuracy and response
times during learning, it led to decreases in the testing phase.

CogSci 2022

Examining Prioritization in Working Memory for Verbal and Visual Stimuli

poster

Join us for CogSci2022! Our 44th Annual Conference will be centered around the theme of diversity, with an accompanying range of keynotes and invited speakers who themselves highlight the diversity of our field. Our three symposia are Cognition across Diverse Populations, Cognition within Diverse Societies, and Global Challenges for Cognitive Science. The conference is being offered in a fully hybrid environment for onsite and online attendees.
 
 [**The Program at a Glance can be found here**](https://cognitivesciencesociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Cogsci-2022-PAAG-Detailed-July-12final-1.pdf)
 [**The Detailed Program can be found here**](https://cognitivesciencesociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/DeArmond-CogSci2022-program-v113-final.pdf)

This conference requires a registration to attend. Please use the link below to secure your ticket. The website will be available to all registered attendees on July 25th. 

[Register to Attend](https://cognitivesciencesociety.org/registration/)

Registration Is Required

The 44th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society highlighted research on the theme Cognitive Diversity in addition to the full breadth and diversity of research topics offered by the society’s membership. 





Inspired by notions of intrinsic motivation (Schmidhuber, 2010) and play as proposing and solving arbitrary problems (Chu and Schulz, 2020b), we report initial progress toward computational modeling of playful goal generation. We create an embodied, 3D environment resembling a child's room, and ask study participants to play in the environment and then create a scorable game. We propose to model games using a domain-specific language, which represents each game as a computer program. These programs act as reward-generating functions, mapping states visited by an agent as they play a game to the score they should receive. We then analyze our corpus of program representations to highlight four key aspects of human games that would contribute to constructing effective computational models of game generation: creativity, compositionality, common sense, and context sensitivity.

Creativity, Compositionality, and Common Sense in Human Goal Generation

As voice-AI technology becomes commonplace in today’s world, speech synthesis technology is rapidly becoming more naturalistic. While previous studies investigated the intelligibility of synthetic speech, it is not clear how the naturalness of a synthetic voice affects listeners’ memory of the meaning content of a spoken message. The present study investigates how listeners’ memory of semantic gist is affected when participants are exposed to a naturalistic synthetic or a roboticized synthetic voice. Participants completed a Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) task to assess recognition accuracy for semantically related word lists. The naturalistic and robotic synthetic exposure voices showed similar levels of recognition accuracy across conditions. However, both synthetic voices resulted in worse recognition accuracy compared to previous research on DRM tasks when the lists were read by human talkers. These findings inform the development of synthetic voices used in information delivery contexts and point to future directions for memory research with synthetic voices.

Investigating the Effect of Synthetic Voice Naturalness on Gist Memory

Temporal Binding (TB) is standardly regarded as an implicit measure of the sense of agency (Haggard, 2017). Though the TB effect is robust, an underlying mechanism has not been agreed upon (Hoerl et al., 2020). Here we propose a memory process as an explanation for the observed error in two publicly available datasets. We first replotted the data and found that on average, across both experiments, participants overestimate the length of the shortest timing interval and underestimate the longest interval, a classic regression to the mean pattern. Summary statistics extracted from the data from each experiment were then used as parameters in a simple Bayesian model of memory. Model simulations reproduced the behavioral data for almost all timing intervals and experimental trial-types across two experiments. Adjusting one of the parameters in the model (prior mean for actions) resulted in an improved qualitative fit. We suggest that other more likely sources of error, apart from experienced agency, may account for this result.

Bayesian rational memory model simulates temporal binding effect

Why are some people able to explore a problem space more effectively? We used a simple problem-solving task in which problems can be solved quickly within five moves but with a problem space containing 40-60 distinct states. Problem-solving in this task consists of many attempts to solve the problem, but only one solution works. Across these attempts, participants sometimes repeat an attempt from earlier. Exploratory analyses were conducted on data from 70 problems and six individual difference measures for each of 147 participants. We hypothesized that working memory capacity (WMC) would be associated with a higher proportion of unique attempts. WMC was calculated from two complex span tasks. Higher WMC was associated with a higher proportion of unique attempts and faster solution times. Higher WMC was also associated with more self-terminated solution attempts as opposed to being forced to restart the problem after seven moves by the system.


Working Memory Capacity Predicts More Effective Problem Space Exploration

Memory is limited in capacity, which means that we must choose what information to prioritize for storage. Part of knowing what to prioritize is predicting future needs. For example, if you view a 3D object, later on you may wish to recall exactly how it was oriented. Alternatively, you might need to remember its shape, independent of viewpoint. Given this kind of uncertainty, a good strategy would be to store multiple kinds of information about the objects we observe, and then decode in a task-dependent manner. We tested whether people apply these strategies in the specific domain of short-term memory for novel faces. To test whether people store various kinds of information about a face, and then decode in a task-dependent manner, we modeled their responses in a memory task using features (extracted from deep neural networks) that varied in how much 3D information they carried. We found strong evidence for a mixed-storage strategy, which did not vary in response to task demands. Our results suggest that in order to fully understand resource allocation and retrieval strategies in human memory, it may be critical to consider not just the distribution over tasks in people's natural environments, but also task uncertainty at the time of encoding.

Coding Strategies in Memory for 3D Objects: The Influence of Task Uncertainty

Recent work in judgment and decision making has focused on which actions people consider when solving open-ended problems and found that the actions that come to mind tend to have particular features, such as having a high historical value. Here, we pursue the idea that the process of generating actions for decision-making tasks may actually reflect more general mechanisms for generating kinds of things. We provide evidence that what comes to mind may simply be a reflection of participants sampling from the most relevant part of the representational space they use to encode the type of thing they are generating. In this paper, we (1) introduce an approach for empirically describing a category in terms of the features that people use to represent category members, and for locating category members within that feature space, (2) show that certain locations in a category's feature space predict an item's likelihood of coming to mind, (3) introduce an approach for understanding the relevance of various features to people's representations of category members, and (4) show that features which are most involved in people's representations of category members are also predictors of what comes to mind within a category. We close by proposing that features that are most relevant to our representations of category members and predict coming to mind are those for which it has been historically useful to have information about during past experiences with the category in question.

What comes to mind? Samples from relevance-based feature spaces

Testing the testing effect with featural and relational categories
Theoreticians have recently proposed that the benefits of testing depend on the extent to which the to-be-learned concepts are interconnected, with testing effects emerging from low element interconnectivity and becoming weaker with greater element interconnectivity. We tested this idea by using a classification task and manipulating the amount of element interconnectivity in the categories that subjects learned. Some subjects learned featural categories, which lack element interconnectivity, whereas others learned relational categories, which are defined by how its elements are interconnected. This factor was crossed with type of training, wherein some subjects learned through classification (i.e., testing) and others through observation (i.e., studying). For featural categories, it was predicted that classification training would produce better learning than observational training, whereas this benefit should become weaker or disappear for relational categories. However, preliminary results show that both types of training lead to similar learning for both category types.

Testing the testing effect with featural and relational categories

We investigated neural networks’ ability to generalize during visual object recognition. In three experiments, we show that while basic multilayer neural networks easily learn to classify the objects on which they are trained, they show serious difficulties transferring that knowledge to novel items. However, our experiments also show that when the previously trained networks are then trained on the novel items, they learn to respond correctly to the novel items much faster than untrained networks. This shows that these networks are learning abstract representations that go beyond the simple items on which they were trained. We argue that this demonstrates that regarding abstract rule learning, the problem with neural networks is not their inability to learn abstractions, but their ability to apply that knowledge when classifying new objects.

Generalization and Transfer Learning in Neural Networks Performing Shape, Size, and Color Classification

Holistic and analytic thinking styles are well-documented in cultural psychology. However, recent studies suggest that language potentially mediates the influence of culture on thinking styles. The overarching goal of this study is to examine how verbal labels impact people’s thinking styles. Study 1 sought to examine whether thinking styles in a classic triad task could depend on verbal or pictorial formats. Although we observed a significant correlation between performance in verbal and picture triad tasks, more participants were classified as holistic thinkers with a verbal compared to a picture triad task. In Study 2, we examined whether participants could shift their thinking styles in the verbal triad task after being primed to focus on categorical associations. We found that females were influenced by this prime and displayed more analytic thinking. Our results suggest that language can influence thinking styles and that thinking styles are context-dependent.


Verbal Labels Affect Holistic and Analytic Thinking Styles in Native English Speakers

Basic category learning mechanisms are largely thought to be universal (Shepard, 1987). However, research has shown differences in processing styles between Eastern and Western cultures (Nisbett et al., 2001; Norenzayan et al., 2002), though this has not always been replicated (Murphy et al., 2017). To explore category learning styles and effects of culture, this online study paired the Shepard, Hovland, and Jenkins tasks (Shepard et al., 1961) with the Analysis-Holism scale (Choi et al., 2007). These tasks vary in complexity and optimal strategy to test the reliance on single feature rules, disjunctive rules, and family resemblance. Cultural differences for holistic approaches in non-Western samples were expected when categories could be acquired in more ways than one. The results show expected learning trends for the SHJ tasks, signifying reliable data collection. Additionally, of the six tasks, higher holistic thinking was significantly correlated with the family resemblance task (Type IV).

Examining Prioritization in Working Memory for Verbal and Visual Stimuli

Next from CogSci 2022

Creativity, Compositionality, and Common Sense in Human Goal Generation

Stay up to date with the latest Underline news!

PRESENTATIONS

CONFERENCES

COMPANY

RESOURCES