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Quantum 2020

Particles&#39; negative kinetic energy and possible experimental verification

The 65th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (MMM 2020) was held in a virtual form. The COVID-19 pandemic, with its associated uncertainty about international travel and the ability to gather in large groups, meant that the Steering Committee decided to cancel the face-to-face meeting that had been planned in Palm Beach, Florida November 2-6, 2020.

We were reluctant to give up the benefits of meeting face-to-face, and know that shifting to a virtual conference is a significant change for this community. Nevertheless, we are first and foremost concerned about the health and safety of all our Conference participants and their loved ones on returning home after travelling.

The MMM 2020 Steering Committee was working exceptionally hard, along with our sponsors, the IEEE Magnetics Society and AIP Publishing, to make this event serve the needs of our participants, who live in time zones all around the globe, in the best possible way. 

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MMM 2020

Particles' negative kinetic energy and possible experimental verification

technical paper

The Institute of Physics and IOP Publishing, in partnership with the Chinese Physical Society (CPS) and the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) are proud to have brought together the international quantum science community online for this inaugural conference.


Early career and leading researchers from universities, industry and government worldwide came together to share, learn and collaborate on the latest research and emerging areas of high interest across quantum science and technology. The broad themes covered by Quantum 2020 included:

Quantum communication;
Quantum computing and quantum simulation;
Quantum sensing, metrology and imaging;
Quantum information theory, software and algorithms;
Quantum foundations;
Quantum technology in industry.
The four-day event featured talks from world-renowned scientists, interactive poster sessions and two exciting panel discussions on the themes of Quantum Technology in Industry and Quantum Technology Programmes Around the World.


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The Institute of Physics and IOP Publishing, in partnership with the Chinese Physical Society (CPS) and the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) are proud to have brought together the international quantum science community online for this inaugural conference.

Early career and leading researchers from universities, industry and government worldwide came together to share, learn and collaborate on the latest research and emerging areas of high interest across quantum science and technology. 

All elementary particles in nature can be classified as fermions with half-integer spin and bosons with integer spin. Within quantum electrodynamics (QED), even though the spin of the Dirac particle is well defined, there exist open questions on the quantized description of spin of the gauge field particle---the photon. Here, we discover the quantum operators for the spin angular momentum (SAM) $\boldsymbol{S}_{M}=(1/c)\int d^{3}x\boldsymbol{\pi}\times\boldsymbol{A}$ and orbital angular momentum (OAM) $\boldsymbol{L}_{M}=-(1/c)\int d^{3}x\pi^{\mu}\boldsymbol{x}\times\boldsymbol{\nabla}A_{\mu}$ of the photon, where $\pi^{\mu}$ is the conjugate canonical momentum of the gauge field $A_{\mu}$. Using relativistic field theory, we reveal a fundamental gauge-hiding mechanism that identifies the missing link between the complete photon spin operator and experimental observables -- the transverse-field photon spin and helicity. Our work resolves the long-standing issues on the decomposition of orbital and spin angular momentum of the photon with applications in quantum optics, topological photonics as well as nanophotonics and also has important ramifications for the spin structure of nucleons.

Quantum spin operator of the photon

Number-resolving single-photon detectors represent a key technology for a host of quantum optics protocols, but despite significant efforts, state-of-the-art devices are limited to few photons. In contrast, state-dependent atom counting in arrays can be done with extremely high fidelity up to hundreds of atoms. We show that in waveguide QED, the problem of photon counting can be reduced to atom counting, by entangling the photonic state with an atomic array in the collective number basis. This is possible as the incoming photons couple to collective atomic states and can be achieved by engineering a second decay channel of an excited atom to a metastable state. Our scheme is robust to disorder and finite Purcell factors, and its fidelity increases with the atom number. Analyzing the state of the re-emitted photons, we further show that if the initial atomic state is a symmetric Dicke state, dissipation engineering can be used to implement a nondestructive photon-number measurement, in which the incident state is scattered into the waveguide unchanged. Our results generalize to related platforms, including superconducting qubits.

Nondestructive photon counting in waveguide QED

We list three fundamental features of relativistic quantum mechanics equations (RQMEs). 1) A free particle has positive kinetic energy (PKE) and negative kinetic energy (NKE) branches. 2) For Dirac equation, the probability current of particles with PKE is opposite to that of NKE. 3) In each RQME, when potential takes minus sign, the eigen values also take minus sign.
A fundamental postulation is that the features RQMEs should remain in low momentum motion. However, Schrödinger equation does not hold the above three feature. Or these features are lost in low momentum approximation.
Starting from RQMEs and taking low momentum approximation, we derive NKE Schrödinger equation beside familiar Schrödinger equation which is of PKE. With the help of NKE Schrödinger equation, the lost formulas are recovered. The negative branch, the feature 1) above, is retained by NKE Schrödinger equation. In the region where the potential is greater than the energy of a particle, the particle is of NKE. NKE should be treated on an equal footing as PKE.
Klein-Gordon equation is decoupled to be two: PKE one and NKE. In this way, the feature 2) is held by decoupled Klein-Gordon equations. The so-called difficulty of negative probability of Klein-Gordon equation is solved, for the correct expression for the probability current of this equation is given. 
A (PKE) NKE particle can have stationary motion only when it is subject to an attractive (repulsive) potential, which is guaranteed by Virial theorem. 
Two NKE electrons in a potential can constitute a stable system, a new kind of possible mechanism for electron paring. 
The whole discussion stems from RQMEs with no any new postulation. 
We suggest some experiments which may verify that there are indeed NKE electrons.


Particles’ negative kinetic energy and possible experimental verification

Conventional optical synthesis, the manipulation of the phase and amplitude of spectral components to produce an optical pulse in different temporal modes, is revolutionizing ultrafast optical science and metrology. These technologies rely on the Fourier transform of light fields between time and frequency domains in one-dimensional space. However, within this treatment it is impossible to incorporate the quantum correlation among photons. Here we expand the Fourier synthesis into high dimensional space to deal with the quantum correlation, and carry out an experimental demonstration by manipulating the two-photon probability distribution of a biphoton in two-dimensional time and frequency space. As a potential application, we show manipulation of a heralded single-photon wave packet, which is never explained by the conventional one-dimensional Fourier optics. Our approach opens up a new pathway to tailor the temporal characteristics of a biphoton wave packet with high dimensional quantum-mechanical treatment [1-4].

[1] R-B Jin, et al, arXiv: 2002.08197

[2] R-B Jin, et al, Phys. Rev. Appl. 11.034067(2019)

[3] R-B Jin, et al, Phys. Rev.Appl. 10, 034011 (2018)

[4] R-B Jin, et al, Opt. Express 26, 21153 (2018)

Quantum optical synthesis in 2D time-frequency space 


Quantum simulators are widely seen as one of the most promising near-term applications of quantum technologies. However, it remains unclear to what extent a noisy device can output reliable results in the presence of unavoidable imperfections. Here we propose a framework to characterize the performance of quantum simulators by linking the robustness of measured quantum expectation values to the spectral properties of the output observable, which in turn can be associated with its macroscopic or microscopic character in Hilbert space. We show that, under general assumptions and on average over all states, imperfect devices are able to reproduce the dynamics of macroscopic observables accurately, while the relative error in the expectation value of microscopic observables is much larger on average. We experimentally demonstrate the universality of these features in a state-of-the-art quantum simulator and show that the predicted behavior is generic for a highly accurate device, without assuming any knowledge about the nature of the imperfections.

Quantifying the sensitivity to errors in analog quantum simulation

Various noise models have been developed to describe the propagation and effect of the noise from imperfect implementation of hardware. Usually, parameters characterizing such noise are treated as deterministic numbers regressed from test data. Instead, we use a Bayesian approach to infer the distributions of parameters by regarding error mitigation as a stochastic inverse problem. We will also compare the performance of our methodology with other error mitigation methods on the real device.

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Particles' negative kinetic energy and possible experimental verification

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