Brazil

Languages evolve internally and externally in relation to themselves and to others. It is for this reason that the automatic calculation of the historical and current distance between languages from corpora is an interesting challenge. In this thesis we have developed a methodology for calculating this distance from perplexity, a metric that has also proved to be suitable for automatic identification between languages. We have also tested the role that orthography plays in the distance between languages. Finally, we have created an adhoc corpus called Carvalho in orthographies as close as possible to the original ones, where we have carried out our experiments.

PROPOR 2022

Corpus-based measures of distance between languages and variants. Application to the historical linguistics of Galician, Portuguese, Spanish and English

historical linguistics

language distance

perplexity

spelling

## Welcome to NAACL 2022!
The Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL) is taking place July 10-15, 2022 as a hybrid event, in Seattle, WA and online. We are happy to welcome all of you to conference! 
 
The main conference program features oral presentations, in-person and virtual posters and demo sessions, a plenary session for our best paper presentations and awards, keynote presentations, a plenary panel on the place of linguistics and symbolic structures in NLP, and an Industrial Track panel on Careers in NLP.
 
Posters (including Findings of NAACL 2022) and demos are grouped by areas for both the in-person and the virtual sessions. For the virtual component, the talks will be on Zoom and the posters and the demos will be in GatherTown. The Student Research Workshop and will have an oral session and a poster session.
 
The program also features 6 Tutorials and 26 Workshops.
 
 We wish you a wonderful conference!
 
[The NAACL 2022 Organizing Committee](https://2022.naacl.org/committees/organization/)

NAACL 2022

2022 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

poster

The International Conference on Computational Processing of Portuguese (PROPOR) is the main event in the area of human language processing that is focused on theoretical and technological issues of written and spoken Portuguese and Galician. The meeting has been a very rich forum for the exchange of ideas and partnerships for the research and industry communities dedicated to the automated processing of Portuguese, promoting the development of methodologies, resources and projects that can be shared among researchers and practitioners in the field.

Find more information and pay the registration fee on [event organizer’s website](https://sites.universidadedefortaleza.com/propor2022/?page_id=401)

The International Conference on Computational Processing of Portuguese (PROPOR) is the main event in the area of human language processing that is focused on theoretical and technological issues of written and spoken Portuguese and Galician.

Even though most of its energy generation comes from renewable sources, Brazil is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the world, due to intense farming and deforestation of biomes such as the Amazon Rainforest, whose preservation is essential for compliance with the Paris Agreement. Still, regardless of lobbies or prevailing political orientation, all government legal actions are published daily in the Brazilian Federal Official Gazette (BFOG, or ``Diário Oficial da União" in Portuguese). However, with hundreds of decrees issued every day by the authorities, it is absolutely burdensome to manually analyze all these processes and find out which ones can pose serious environmental hazards. In this paper, we present a strategy to compose automated techniques and domain expert knowledge to process all the data from the BFOG. We also provide the Government Actions Tracker, a highly curated dataset, in Portuguese, annotated by domain experts, on federal government acts about the Brazilian environmental policies. Finally, we build and compared four different NLP models on the classfication task in this dataset. Our best model achieved a F1-score of $0.714 \pm 0.031$. In the future, this system should serve to scale up the high-quality tracking of all oficial documents with a minimum of human supervision and contribute to increasing society's awareness of government actions.

Tracking Environmental Policy Changes in the Brazilian Federal Official Gazette

The anchorage to real data is one of the main parameters that guarantees the quality and the coverage of lexical resources, especially in the context of specialized domains. Thus, lexicon extraction from corpora is a consensual method for building lexical resources. However, given that data validation by experts in specialized contexts is a necessary step, the automatic screening of data becomes fundamental to maximize the informational value of the interaction with experts. In this presentation we present and discuss a hybrid methodology, combining linguistic and statistical approaches, focusing on the extraction of specialized lexical units and salient semantic information using CQL grammars. The proposed method involves several steps, from frequency information analyses, concordances and collocations extraction to manual revision and expert validation and encompasses the construction and application of knowledge-based patterns CQL grammars. We present two CQL grammars for lexical and semantic information extraction developed for Portuguese and Italian and evaluate results from its application to specialized corpora on Public Art domain, demonstrating the value of this method for lexicon and semantic information extraction from large data.

CQL grammars for lexical and semantic information extraction for Portuguese and Italian

We compiled a set of patterns that denote lexico-semantic relations in Portuguese, created templates where one argument is fixed and the other is replaced by a mask, and then used BERT for predicting the latter. For most relations and measures, when assessed in a test of lexico-semantic analogies, BERT predictions outperformed those of earlier methods computed from static word embeddings, either with a pattern alone or with a combination of patterns. There is still a large margin of progression, but this suggests that BERT can be used as a source of lexico-semantic knowledge in Portuguese.

Drilling Lexico-Semantic Knowledge in Portuguese from BERT

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is the task of identifying textual elements and categorizing them into predefined classes, such as names of people, locations, organizations, and others. Recently, NER systems based on neural networks have obtained state-of-the-art results. One of the main components of this kind of system is the word embeddings representation adopted that can be static (traditional) or contextual trained in language models. This work analyzes the strategy of combining traditional and contextual embeddings to obtain richer representations for Portuguese NER. We adopt a Bidirectional Long ShortTerm Memory (BiLSTM) as a classification model integrated with the Conditional Random Fields (CRF) algorithm. Experiments were carried out in different corpora, and the results obtained demonstrate that the combination strategy of word embeddings models is viable and led to results comparable with state-of-the-art NER systems in Portuguese.

Combining Word Embeddings for Portuguese Named Entity Recognition

Traditional text classification approaches often require a good amount of labeled data, which is difficult to obtain, especially in restricted domains or less widespread languages. This lack of labeled data has led to the rise of low-resource methods, that assume low data availability in natural language processing. Among them, zero-shot learning stands out, which consists of learning a classifier without any previously labeled data. The best results reported with this approach use language models such as Transformers, but fall into two problems: high execution time and inability to handle long texts as input. This paper proposes a new model, ZeroBERTo, which leverages an unsupervised clustering step to obtain a compressed data representation before the classification task. We show that ZeroBERTo has better performance for long inputs and shorter execution time, outperforming XLM-R by about 12% in the F1 score in the FolhaUOL dataset.

ZeroBERTo - Leveraging Zero-Shot Text Classification by Topic Modeling

Our contribution presents the first ever stance and sentiment annotated corpus in Portuguese. Using data from Twitter, we annotated a data set with over 15,000 tweets. In building the corpus, we made both random and supervised searches to maximize balance. Using four annotators, we have classified each tweet on four categories: support, against, neutral or inconclusive. Furthermore, we have annotated each tweet for sentiment: positive, negative, neutral, sarcasm or inconclusive. Our annotators yield strong inter-annotator agreement. In addition, we test a baseline model using a pre-trained BERT model for Portuguese. Results suggest that our data set is in line with its counterparts in other languages.

SS-PT: A Stance and Sentiment data set from Portuguese quoted tweets

This paper presents a targeted syntactic evaluation of Transformer models for Galician-Portuguese. We defined three experiments that allow to explore how these models, trained with a masked language modeling objective, encode syntactic knowledge. To do so, we created a new dataset including test instances of number (subject-verb), gender (subject-predicative adjective), and person (subject-inflected infinitive) agreement. This dataset was used to evaluate monolingual and multilingual BERT models, controlling for various aspects such as the presence of attractors or the distance between the dependent elements. The results show that Transformer models perform competently in many cases, but they are generally confounded by the presence of attractors in long-distance dependencies. Moreover, the different behavior of monolingual models trained with the same corpora reinforces the need for a deep exploration of the network architectures and their learning process.

A Targeted Assessment of the Syntactic Abilities of Transformer Models for Galician-Portuguese

This paper describes the development of the first test suite for the language direction Portuguese-English. Designed for fine-grained linguistic analysis, the test suite comprises 330 test sentences for 66 linguistic phenomena and 14 linguistic categories. Eight different MT systems were compared using quantitative and qualitative methods via the test suite: DeepL, Google Sheets, Google Translator, Microsoft Translator, Reverso, Systran, Yandex and an internally built NMT system
trained over 30 hours on 2,5M sentences. It was found that ambiguity, named entity & terminology and verb valency are the categories where MT systems struggle most. Negation, pronouns, subordination, verb tense/aspect/mood and false friends are the categories where MT systems perform best.

A test-suite for the evaluation of Portuguese-English machine translations

This work focuses on the enrichment of existing Portuguese word embeddings with visual information. The combined text-image embeddings were tested against their text-only counterparts in common NLP tasks. The new embeddings were tested in two different domains - general news and a geosciences. The results show an increase in performance for several tasks, which indicates that visual information fusion for word embeddings can be useful for certain tasks.

Enriching Portuguese Word Embeddings with Visual Information

Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) is a semantic formalism that has been widely adopted in the area of semantic parsing. We present in this paper our contribution to the task for Portuguese. We investigated semantic parsing methods of different paradigms, producing state-of-the-art results for this language. We also introduced the first AMR-annotated corpus for Portuguese, a novel and better semantic parsing evaluation measure, and a new AMR-based alignment method.

Corpus-based measures of distance between languages and variants. Application to the historical linguistics of Galician, Portuguese, Spanish and English

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