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Palatal consonants in Portuguese are considered complex or marked segments because they are inherently heavy and restricted in terms of their distribution, in relation to other consonants. Moreover, they appear to display differences between themselves, as first language acquisition and creoles&#39; adaptation suggest that /ʎ/ is more complex than /ɲ/. The arguments for complexity are endorsed by some qualitative studies but are still lacking quantitative support. This paper aims at analyzing the phonological restrictiveness of these consonants by comparing their actual frequency in several different corpora, reporting both lexical entries and usage in discourse. In addition to their context-free frequency, we control for their word position and phonetic adjacency. We find that palatals are less frequent than other consonants. However, relative to each other, they do not display proportional lexical and usage frequencies. These results shed new light not only on the representation of /ɲ/ and /ʎ/but also on the relation between frequency and markedness in language studies.

PROPOR 2022

Comparing lexical and usage frequencies of palatal segments in Portuguese

phoneme frequency; palatal consonants; phonological representation

EMNLP 2021 is planned to be a hybrid event in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, with both on-site and fully virtual participation possible. The experience for on-site participants would closely approximate a normal pre-COVID *ACL conference, with 5-6 thematically organized parallel sessions and live Q/A and interactive discussion immediately after the talks. Presentations by virtual participants will be equitably interleaved with those of on-site participants, projected on the auditorium screens as if on-site, and also followed immediately by live Q/A and interactive discussion at a time during reasonable waking hours for the virtual presenter. For all participants, on-site and virtual, who are unable to attend a session due to either time-zone issues or because they are participating in another session live, talk recordings and slides will be available online at a minimum after the live presentation (and in many cases before as well), and questions may be submitted in advance on session-specific discussion boards and answered live in session with the usual visual aids if desired.

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EMNLP 2021

EMNLP 2021 is planned to be a hybrid event in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, with both on-site and fully virtual participation possible.

Palatal consonants in Portuguese are considered complex or marked segments because they are inherently heavy and restricted in terms of their distribution, in relation to other consonants. Moreover, they appear to display differences between themselves, as first language acquisition and creoles' adaptation suggest that /ʎ/ is more complex than /ɲ/. The arguments for complexity are endorsed by some qualitative studies but are still lacking quantitative support. This paper aims at analyzing the phonological restrictiveness of these consonants by comparing their actual frequency in several different corpora, reporting both lexical entries and usage in discourse. In addition to their context-free frequency, we control for their word position and phonetic adjacency. We find that palatals are less frequent than other consonants. However, relative to each other, they do not display proportional lexical and usage frequencies. These results shed new light not only on the representation of /ɲ/ and /ʎ/but also on the relation between frequency and markedness in language studies.

technical paper

The International Conference on Computational Processing of Portuguese (PROPOR) is the main event in the area of human language processing that is focused on theoretical and technological issues of written and spoken Portuguese and Galician. The meeting has been a very rich forum for the exchange of ideas and partnerships for the research and industry communities dedicated to the automated processing of Portuguese, promoting the development of methodologies, resources and projects that can be shared among researchers and practitioners in the field.

Find more information and pay the registration fee on [event organizer’s website](https://sites.universidadedefortaleza.com/propor2022/?page_id=401)

The International Conference on Computational Processing of Portuguese (PROPOR) is the main event in the area of human language processing that is focused on theoretical and technological issues of written and spoken Portuguese and Galician.

Products, services, among many other things in life have a quality standard, are inclusive, or do not harm customers. Regulations required from their manufacturers or providers make it possible. This type of requirement also exists in the finance sector. Governments, international agencies, or civil institutions are responsible for creating, applying, and inspecting these regulations. Regulators from all spheres (federal, state, and municipal) constantly demand changes in the finance sector to meet current needs adequately. This paper presents the constant evolution of a banking compliance application in Brazil. It aims to classify the relevance or irrelevance of regulatory documents published by more than 100 Brazilian regulators, affecting the businesses of more than 40 departments of Banco do Brasil. The application uses a hybrid strategy, combining machine learning and rules for a binary classification challenge involving each company department. This work also presents a particular type of corpus imbalance called The Imbalance Within Class.

Banking Regulation Classification in Portuguese

Deep learning transformers have drastically improved systems that automatically answer questions in natural language. However, different questions demand different answering techniques; here we propose, build and validate an architecture that integrates different modules to answer two distinct kinds of queries. Our architecture takes a free-form natural language text and classifies it to send it either to a Neural Question Answering Reasoner or a Natural Language parser to SQL. We implemented a complete system for the Portuguese language, using some of the main tools available for the language and translating training and testing datasets. Experiments show that our system selects the appropriate answering method with high accuracy (over 99%), thus validating a modular question answering strategy.


Integrating Question Answering and Text-to-SQL in Portuguese

Named entity recognition (NER) tasks imply token-level labels. Annotating documents can be time-consuming, costly, and prone
to human error. In many real-life scenarios, the lack of labeled data has
become the biggest bottleneck preventing NER being effectively used in
some domains and with some natural languages, with negative impacts
on the quality of some tasks. To overcome the barrier of the lack of annotated data for new application domains in some natural languages,
we propose a method that uses the output of an ensemble of NER’s to
automatically annotate the data needed to train a Bidirectional Encoder
Representations from Transformers (BERT) based NER for Portuguese.
The performance was assessed using MiniHAREM dataset with promising results. For domain relevant classes such as LOCAL, F1, Precision
and Recall above 50% were obtained when training only with automatically annotated data.

Named Entity Extractors for New Domains by Transfer Learning with Automatically Annotated Data

Open Information Extraction (OpenIE) is the task of extracting structured information from text. Recent advances in applying Deep Learning to OpenIE tasks have improved the state of the art for the task, although few works have been produced for languages other than English. In this work, we propose PortNOIE, a neural framework for open information extraction for the Portuguese language. We evaluate our method on a manually annotated corpus of Open IE extractions, obtaining better performance than the current state of the art for OpenIE for Portuguese, both based on rule-based approaches or neural methods.

PortNOIE: A neural framework for Open Information Extraction for the Portuguese language

Tax evasion is a problem that affects our society, costing billions of Brazilian reais of public funds every year. Stopping this practice is a complex challenge that involves analyzing a large and diverse volume of data. In this work, we propose an approach to analyze invoices and extract information about measures and units from product descriptions using a neural network with the BiLSTM-CRF architecture. Our method can validate product quantity information to, for instance, check whether any product was bought or sold by a business without issuing an invoice. The results were evaluated according to precision, recall, and f-score. The proposed approach can correctly detect more than 90% of cases of each type of information, showing its feasibility to process invoice data.

Automatic Recognition of Units of Measurement in Product Descriptions from Tax Invoices Using Neural Networks

Automatic book genre classification is a hard task as it requires the whole book's content or a high-quality summary, which is challenging to write automatically. On the other hand, online reviews are an accessible resource for readers to evaluate a book or even get a general sense about it, including its genre. As the amount of book reviews is always increasing, using such information to genre classification needs a robust solution to deal with high volumes of data. In such a context, we introduce a model for automatically classifying book genres by analyzing online text reviews. We build a dataset of compiled texts from online book reviews. Then, we use multiple machine learning algorithms to categorize a book into a specific genre. Such a process enables to compare algorithms and detect the best classifiers. Hence, the most efficient machine learning algorithm completed the task with an accuracy of 96%; i.e., the proposed model is convenient for various information retrieval systems due to its high certainty and efficiency.

Book Genre Classification Based on Reviews of Portuguese-language Literature

The amount of legislative documents produced within the past decade has risen dramatically, making it diﬃcult for law practitioners to consult and update legislation. Named Entity Recognition (NER) systems have the untapped potential to extract information from legal documents, which can improve information retrieval and decision-making processes. We introduce the UlyssesNER-Br, a corpus of Brazilian Legislative Documents for NER with quality baselines. The presented corpus consists of bills and legislative consultations from Brazilian Chamber of Deputies. We implemented Conditional Random Field (CRF) and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) models, and the promising F1-score of 80.8% in the analysis by categories and 81.04% in the analysis by types, was achieved with the CRF model. The entities with the best average F1-score results were “FUNDlei” and “DATA”, and the ones with the worst results were “EVENTO” and “PESSOAgrupoind”. The corpus was also evaluated using a BiLSTM-CRF and Glove architectures provided by the pioneering state-of-the-art paper, achieving F1-score of 76.89% in the analysis by categories and 59.67% in the analysis by types.

UlyssesNER-Br: a corpus of Brazilian Legislative Documents for Named Entity Recognition

We present PetroBERT, a BERT model adapted to the oil and gas domain.

PetroBERT: a domain adaptation language model for oil and gas applications in Portuguese

Dependency parsing can enhance the performance of Named Entity Recognition (NER) models and can be leveraged to boost information extraction. NER tasks are essential to deal with clinical narratives, but models for Brazilian Portuguese dependency parsing are scarce, even less for clinical texts and their specificities. This paper reports on the development of a treebank of clinical narratives in Brazilian Portuguese and the drafting of guidelines. Based on a corpus of 1,000 clinical narratives manually annotated with semantic information, split into 12,711 sentences, we identified some characteristics of these texts that differ from traditional domains and have a deep impact on the annotation process, such as extensive use of acronyms and abbreviations, words not recognized by POS taggers, misspelling, special use of some symbols, different uses for numerals, heterogeneity of sentence sizes, and coordinated phrases without any punctuation. We developed a document to describe the annotation types and to explain how difficult cases should be treated to ensure consistency, including examples that could be found in this kind of text. We created a Tag versus Frequency relation to justify some of the characteristics and challenges of the corpus. The corpus when completely annotated will be made available to the entire scientific community that performs research with clinical texts.

Challenges in annotating a treebank of clinical narratives in Brazilian Portuguese

This paper aims to summarize the key points and results of an analysis of the alignment of gesture and prosodic boundaries collected through manual annotation and automated treatment. For this purpose, we used a multimodal corpus of spontaneous speech, the BGEST corpus (Barros, 2021), part of the C-ORAL-BRASIL language resources (Moneglia and Cresti, 2005; Raso and Mello, 2012). Gestures and prosodic boundaries were manually annotated with ELAN. The gestural an-notation followed partly the Linguistic Annotation System for Gestures guidelines (Bressem et al., 2013), whereas the prosodic boundaries followed the perceptual criterion adopted in other C-ORAL resources. The tabular data outputted by ELAN was then analyzed by a script that compares the alignment of gesture phrases and intonation units. The results point to a larger gestural phrase that encompasses the intonation unit, while the stroke is almost always within the intonation unit. Around 85 percent of all information units align with a gesture. The analysis also points that the time values of alignment are shorter than analyzed by Loehr (2004) both for initial as well for final boundaries and more complex than proposed by Cantalini (2018). This indicates that more research is needed before we can set an approximate value for the overlap of larger units.

Comparing lexical and usage frequencies of palatal segments in Portuguese

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Banking Regulation Classification in Portuguese

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