United States

Interest in micro robotics and swimmers has showed a significant increase lately, especially magnetic micro swimmers. In this study, using an extrusion-based 3D printer, magnetic micro swimmers were synthesized, drop-wise, with different types of incorporated magnetic materials; Fe micro flakes and nanoparticles, and Nd-Fe-B micro flakes. Particles were encapsulated in alginate matrix. Next, these micro swimmers were stirred along a path via the magnetic gradient created by an electromagnetic system. The base of the electromagnetic system was designed using a CAD computer program and 3d printed. Consisting of four independent solenoids, each two controlling the movement on an axis, the system was designed to move the micro swimmers in a certain path as shown in Figure 1. The solenoids were controlled by Arduino microcontroller board. The electrical current applied to the electromagnetic device in all the trials was 2 amperes which generates a magnetic field in between 100 to 485 Gauss throughout the experiment area (Figure 1 B); as a result a magnetic gradient from the center to the pole of the solenoid was established. The magnetic and chemical behavior of these materials were compared based on their magnetic responsiveness and 3d printability. The comparison showed the high responsiveness of iron flakes relatively to the other materials as shown in Figure 2. Applications of magnetic micro swimmers include biomedical robotics and drug delivery.References: This work was supported by BAP.2019-03.11

MMM 2020

Synthesis of Magneto-Responsive Micro Swimmers for Biomedical Applications

The 65th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (MMM 2020) was held in a virtual form. The COVID-19 pandemic, with its associated uncertainty about international travel and the ability to gather in large groups, meant that the Steering Committee decided to cancel the face-to-face meeting that had been planned in Palm Beach, Florida November 2-6, 2020.

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technical paper

Artificial spin ices (ASIs) are lithographically patterned arrays of single domain magnetic nanoislands where the dipolar interactions between these Ising-like macrospins have served as the basis for investigating phenomena such as geometric frustration and emergent magnetic monopoles [1]. While the majority of ASI studies have utilized nanoislands composed of soft magnetic metals (e.g. permalloy), the use of complex oxides, such as La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO), could permit room temperature studies of thermally-active ASIs (TC ~ 360 K) and serve as a platform for coupling the rich physics of both complex oxide heterostructures and ASI structures. In this work, we utilize x-ray photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM) to image LSMO-based brickwork ASI structures where a breakdown of the Ising model of individual nanoislands occurs at a critical coupling strength which balances intra- and inter-island magnetic interactions. For ASI structures with nanoislands of identical dimensions, the ASI lattice parameter controls the inter-island coupling strength, resulting in systems composed solely of single-domain magnetic nanoislands, or a mixture of single-domain and complex spin textures (CST, i.e. single and double vortex states). Analysis of magnetic ordering in X-PEEM images reveals that nucleation of CST in frustrated nanoislands is accompanied by a disruption in long-range ordering. While it is generally assumed that inter-island interactions in ASI systems only influence the ordering of the nanomagnetic ensemble, in this LSMO-based ASI system inter-island coupling can dictate both the spin texture within individual nanoislands and long-range magnetic ordering. These results suggest the potential to create tunable nanoisland domain states, providing a new direction in developing ASI systems with exotic phase transitions as well as novel nanomagnetic logic architectures.References: 1. Skjærvø, S.H., et al., Nature Reviews Physics., Vol. 2, p.13 (2020)

The Formation of Complex Spin Textures in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 Artificial Spin Ice Arrays

The magnetic behaviour of ferromagnetic antidot thin films can be tuned by engineering their geometry, such as the hole diameter, inter-hole distance and film thickness [1,2]. Although antidot patterned nanostructures are grown by template-assisted methods mostly using lithographical techniques [1,2], the use of anodic alumina templates has also been checked successfully [3]. However, this latter alternative shows some challenging aspects for the patterning of large areas with sufficiently high ordering and/or complex antidot geometries. These limitations are partly overcome by performing a mechanical nanoimprinting process before a single anodization process [4-6]. This work introduces an easy and less-expensive route to synthesize highly ordered nanoporous alumina templates in large areas and subsequently magnetic antidot arrays with different and complex geometries. The procedure is based on large-scale nanoimprint using patterned commercial disks as a 1-D grating stamp (e.g., CD, DVD and BR disks) followed by single anodization process which allows obtaining 1-D anodic alumina templates (Figure 1a). In addition, complex 2-D patterned nanoporous alumina templates, with square or triangular ordering (Figures 1b and c), were generated using the 1-D grating stamp by multiple imprinting steps at different angles. Afterwards, Co antidot thin films were sputtered onto these templates with different thickness (from 20 to 100 nm) and symmetries. Magnetic studies confirm the presence of in-plane anisotropy with easy axis parallel to the nanostripes in Co antidot films, while a modest in-plane bi-axial magnetic anisotropy with perpendicular magnetization easy axes is concluded in Co squared nanodot arrays. In summary, a non-expensive methodology, combining soft-imprint and single anodization, is introduced for massive mould production and complex pattern generation, avoiding standard lithographical techniques. The magnetic response of the final sputtered antidot films can be engineered by the appropriate nanoimprinted processes.References: 1. R. P. Cowburn, A. O. Adeyeye, and J. A. C. Bland, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2309 (1997). 2. N. G. Deshpande, M. S. Seo, X. R. Jin, S. J. Lee, Y. P. Lee, J. Y. Rhee and K. W. Kim, Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 122503 (2010). 3. K. J. Merazzo, C. Castán-Guerrero, J. Herrero-Albillos, F. Kronast, F. Bartolomé, J. Sesé, R.P. Del Real, L. M. García and M. Vázquez, Phys. Rev. B. 85, 184427 (2012). 4. W. Lee, R. Ji, C. A. Ross, U. Gosele and K. Nielsch, Small, 2, 978 (2006). 5. J. Choi, R.B. Wehrspohn, and A. Gösele, Adv. Mater., 15, 1531 (2003). 6. J. Um, M. R. Z. Kouhpanji, S. Liu, Z. N. Porshokouh, S.-Y. Sung, J. Kosel and B. Stadler, IEEE Trans. Magn. 56, 6701006 (2020).

Ferromagnetic antidot arrays with complex geometries

Artificial spin ice (ASI) structures, consisting of arrays of interacting, single domain nanomagnets (NMs) are promising model systems to explore microscopic features of geometrical frustration [1]. While the structural geometry is responsible for tuning the shape anisotropy and the configurational anisotropy of the system, the strength of dipolar coupling can be modified by the film thickness. In the present work, we achieved magnetic tunability for Ni80Fe20 (Py) ASI structures by three distinct methods namely, the geometrical arrangements of the nanomagnets, the variation in film thickness (20 nm, 30 nm and 50 nm) for each geometry and the applied field orientation [2]. The different ASI geometries such as square spin ice (SSI), kagome spin ice (KSI) and comparatively newer triangular spin ice (TSI) structures are shown in Fig. 1 (a), (b) and (c) respectively. The corresponding hysteresis loops in Fig. 1 (d) depict a marked difference in magnetization reversal mechanism with the variation in film thickness which indicates a possible transition from single domain nanostructure to the formation of vortex states with increasing thickness. The ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra, shown in Fig. 2 explain the dependence of various spin wave modes and their spatial localization on the structural symmetry, film thickness and applied field (Happ) orientation. Micromagnetic simulations are in good agreement with the experimental data and shows the space-frequency resolved localization of the spin wave modes. The results show a great potential towards designing reconfigurable magnonic crystals for microwave filter applications.References: [1] R. F. Wang, C. Nisoli, R. S. Freitas, J. Li, W. McConville, B. J. Cooley, M. S. Lund, N. Samarth, C. Leighton, V. H. Crespi and P. Schiffer, Nature 439, 303-306 (2006). [2] A. Talapatra, N. Singh and A. O. Adeyeye, Physical Review Applied 13, 014034 (2020).

Magnetic Tunability of Permalloy Artificial Spin Ice Structures

Artificial spin ices (ASI) are magnetic metamaterials initially designed to mimic the frustrated behavior of crystalline spin ice systems such as pyrochlore crystals. They show complex magnetic ordering and can exhibit exotic phase diagrams. Unlike their crystalline counterparts, the ASI geometry can be designed and the state of their constituent elements can be directly probed. Recent studies have focused on their dynamic behavior at high frequencies (in the GHz and tens of GHz range), as they can be used as magnonic metamaterials to modify the spin-wave properties by creating band gaps in the resonance spectra [1]. Previous works have shown that different geometries produce unique dynamic spectra. Here, we performed angular-dependent broadband ferromagnetic resonance measurements on a square ASI composed of different materials for each sublattice (NiFe and CoFe). Our experiments show that the interaction between the sublattices results in unique resonance spectra attributed to the two sublattices (see Fig. 1). By performing micromagnetic simulations, we identify the modes observed in the experiment. Our results show that the interaction in the ASI can be tuned not only by the geometry of the lattice, but also by the proper choice of the materials.References: [1] S Lendinez, MB Jungfleisch, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 32, p. 013001 (2019)

Tunability in the Dynamics of a Bicomponent Artificial Spin Ice

Magnetic nanoparticles operating in the magnetic vortex configuration are of interest in magnetic field sensors [1] and as magnetic nanoprobes for immunoassay diagnostics [2]. In both applications, vortex states are found to be more advantageous compared to single-/multi-domain magnetization states. We use thin film technologies and nanoimprint lithography to reliably produce and controllably stabilize magnetic spin-textures in large-area nanoparticle arrays. The periodically arranged nanoparticles are monodisperse, elliptically shaped cylinders (fig. 1). The ellipses have a size of 400 nm x 200 nm with a periodicity of 600 nm x 400 nm. The very narrow size distribution within 3% standard deviation results in highly uniform magnetic properties. The total number of ellipses is more than 108 on 1 cm2. We use this well-defined system as a model to study magnetic vortex behavior by first-order-reversal-curves (FORC). By increasing the film thickness of the Permalloy (Ni80Fe20) ellipses from 5 to 50 nm, the magnetization state changes from quasi-single domain to the vortex state. The system is anisotropic. FORC measurements provide insight into the relative proportions of reversible and irreversible magnetization processes. We interpret the FORC diagrams by a kind of Hysteron model (fig. 2) and micromagnetic simulations. From these, we can relate the FORC features to vortex properties like critical field distributions of nucleation and annihilation and interaction fields. This work helps to better interpret former FORC publications.References: [1] D. Suess, A. Bachleitner-Hofmann, A. Satz, H. Weitensfelder, C. Vogler, F. Bruckner, C. Abert, K. Prügl, J. Zimmer, C. Huber, S. Luber, W. Raberg, T. Schrefl, H. Brückl, Nature Electronics 1, 362–370 (2018) [2] S. Schrittwieser, F. Ludwig, J. Dieckhoff, K. Soulantica, G. Viau, L.-M. Lacroix, S.M. Lentijo, R. Boubekri, J. Maynadié, A. Huetten, H. Brueckl, J. Schotter, ACS Nano 6, 791 (2012)

FORC investigations of large-scale NiFe nano-ellipses arrays

In recent years, a great deal of interest has been attracted by the physics of designer materials called `Artificial Spin Ice' (ASI) systems [1-2]. One of the most promising aspects of ASI system is their high tunability of the array geometry, which has opened new avenues [2]. While most efforts have focused on study of array of artificial spin ice structures [3-4], little work has been done on understanding the switching behavior of individual nanoislands coupled by dipolar interactions in ASI systems [5-6]. These strong shape anisotropic nanomagnets exhibits Ising spin-like behavior and may get affected by the unintentional defects introduced during fabrication. Thus, it is essential to investigate how such defects modify the local magnetic behavior which in turn may play a significant role in the overall switching behavior of the corresponding nanostructures [7]. In this work, we have investigated the magnetization reversal of a special geometry of dipolar coupled system of Ti/Ni80Fe20/Al arranged in double square-ring geometry, which represents the building block of square ASI system. We employed two-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) based micro-Hall magnetometry technique to measure the nanoislands’ stray field and study their switching behavior. Fig. 1(a) shows the SEM image of fabricated structure on top of GaAs/AlGaAs based Hall sensors. The changes in the Hall voltage reflect the changes in the magnetic state of the dipolarly coupled nanomagnets. We observe that although magnetic force microscopy images exhibit single domain like magnetic states for the nanostructures (shown in Fig. 1(b)), their reversal processes undergo complex behavior. The results suggest that local irregularities may play critical role in defining the exact micromagnetic state of the otherwise single domain nanomagnets leading to complex switching behavior, which is discussed in this work.References: [1] R. Wang, et al., Nature 439, 303 (2006). [2] N. Rougemaille and B. Canals, Eur. Phys. J. B 92, 62 (2019). [3] A. Farhan, et al., Science Adv. 5, eaav6380 (2019). [4] E. Östman, et al., Nature Phys. 14, 375 (2018). [5] F. Montoncello, et al., Phys. Rev. B 97, 014421 (2018). [6] N. Keswani and P. Das, J. Appl. Phys. 126, 214304 (2019). [7] N. Keswani, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 116, 102401 (2020).

Magnetization Reversal Studies of Building Blocks of Square Artificial Spin Ice Probed by 2-DEG Based Micro-Hall Magnetometry

Magnetic charge propagation1-3 in the bulk frustrated materials known as spin-ice has yielded a paradigm shift in science, allowing the symmetry between electricity and magnetism to be studied in condensed matter systems. Artificial spin-ice materials4, arrays of frustrated nanostructured magnetic islands, have been produced in a range of sophisticated geometries5. These systems provide a powerful insight into the physics of frustration but do not capture the exact 3D geometry of the spin-ice lattice, meaning it is not possible to explore monopole transport upon the surface, where the lattice symmetry is broken. In this talk we will detail the direct imaging of magnetic charge propagation upon a 3D nanostructured diamond-bond lattice (Fig 1), capturing the geometry of bulk systems. Vastly different magnetic charge dynamics are observed along two principle lattice directions. Applying a field along the [110] direction leads to a small number of distant magnetic charges within the measured area. In contrast, a field along [-110] leads to a larger number of closely spaced monopole-antimonopole pairs. We will discuss these results by referring to detailed Monte-Carlo simulations and calculations which illuminate the importance of the surface coordination in determining the monopole effective chemical potential.References: 1. Castelnovo, C., Moessner, R. & Sondhi, Nature 451, 42-45 (2008) 2. Jaubert, L. D. C. & Holdsworth, P. C. W., Nat Phys 5, 258-261 (2009) 3. Morris, D. et al., Science 326, 411-414 (2009) 4. Wang, R. F. et al., Nature 446, 102-102 (2007) 5. S. H. Skjærvø, C. M., R. L. Stamps and L.J. Heyderman, Nature Physics Reviews 2, 13-28 (2020)

Magnetic Charge Propagation upon a 3D Artificial Spin-ice

Iron-phtalocyanines (FePc) adsorbed onto a Ag(110) substrate self-assemble into different monolayer phases going from rectangular to different oblique phases, with increasing molecular density. We have investigated the oxygen uptake capability of the different phases and their associated magneto-structural changes [1,2,3]. Our study combines scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS), X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. STM measurements reveal that the oxygenation reaction of the FePc/Ag(110) generally involves a displacement and a rotation of the molecules, which affects the electronic state of the Fe centers. The oxygen intercalation between FePc and the substrate is greatly obstructed by the steric hindrance in the high-density phases, to the point that a fraction of oblique phase molecules cannot change their position after oxydizing. Depending on the oxidation state and adsorption geometry, the STS spectra evidence clear differences in the Fe local density of states, which are mirrored in the XAS and XMCD experiments. Particularly, XMCD spectra of the oxidized phases reflect the distribution of FePc species (non-oxygenated, oxygenated-rotated and oxygenated-unrotated) in the different cases. Sum rule analysis yields the effective spin and orbital magnetic moments of Fe in the different FePc species. Upon oxygenation, the magnetic moment of FePc molecules increases about an order of magnitude, reaching mTOT ~ 2.2 µB per Fe atom.References: 1: F. Sedona, M. Di Marino, D. Forrer et al., Nature Materials 11, 970 (2012) 2: J. Bartolome, F. Bartolome, F. Sedona, et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 12488 (2015) 3: E. Bartolomé, J. Bartolome, F. Bartolome, et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 124, 13993 (2020)

Structure and Magnetism of FePc/Ag(110) Monolayer Phases under Oxygen Dosing

A robotic sense of touch would increase the capabilities of robots in a variety of tasks and applications; in particular, it will permit safe and robust handling of different kinds of objects in several scenarios: industrial manufacturing, precision agriculture, food processing, healthcare, public spaces and challenging environments such as nuclear sites or space missions. In the talk I will present a novel concept for the realization of tactile sensors, based on magentic technology. Using this idea, we have developed different types of tactile sensors with different sensing characteristics, that can be used in different robotic applications, from safe object grasping to texture analysis of fruits. Our early work on tactile robot fingertips [1,2], which at the time of publication had the best performance in terms of sensitivity, initiated a world-wide trend of using magnetics-based sensor solutions for embedded tactile/force sensing. The latest advances include: a multi-curved robot fingertip covered with a soft electronic skin that can measure 3D contact forces on multiple distributed contact points, at high spatial resolution and sensitivity [3], a soft miniaturized electronic cilia (200 microns diameter) that can measure contact forces as small as 333 micronewtons [4], a highly-robust and highly-sensitive flat tactile sensor that can be easily integrated on industrial robotic grippers and has become a commercial product [5].References: [1] L. Jamone, G. Metta, F. Nori and G. Sandini, James: A Humanoid Robot Acting over an Unstructured World. IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids). Genova, Italy., 2006. [2] L. Jamone, L. Natale, G. Metta and G. Sandini, Highly sensitive soft tactile sensors for an anthropomorphic robotic hand. IEEE Sensors Journal 15(8):4226-4233, 2015. [3] T. P. Tomo, S. Schmitz, W. Wong, H. Kristanto, S. Somlor, J. Hwang, L. Jamone and S. Sugano, Covering a Robot Fingertip with uSkin: a Soft Electronic Skin with Distributed 3-axis Force Sensitive Elements for Robot Hands. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 3(1):124-131, 2018. [4] P. Ribeiro, M. A. Khan, A. Alfadhel, J. Kosel, F. Franco, S. Cardoso, A. Bernardino, A. Schmitz, J. Santos-Victor and L. Jamone, Bio-inspired ciliary force sensor for robotic platforms. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 2(2):971-976, 2017. [5] T. P. Tomo, M. Regoli, A. Schmitz, L. Natale, H. Kristanto, S. Somlor, L. Jamone, G. Metta, S. Sugano, A New Silicone Structure for uSkin-a Soft, Distributed, Digital 3-axis Skin Sensor-and its Integration on the Humanoid Robot iCub, IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 3(3): 2584-2591, 2018.

Magnetic-based tactile sensors for dexterous robotic manipulation INVITED

Electronic spin degrees of freedom provided by spin ensembles have been efficiently exploited into circuit quantum electrodynamics architectures based on microwave devices and resonators at low temperature. Molecular spins have recently emerged as a new class of quantum systems whose electronic and nuclear spin states and their related quantum features can be tailored synthetically. Different strategies for encoding quantum information with molecular ensembles or single molecules have been developed and experimentally proved. Moreover, the coherent coupling with microwave photons have been recently successfully achieved with transition metal-based oxovanadium(IV) complexes [1,2] as well as with organic radicals [3,2] embedded into planar resonant geometries, paving the way for the integration of molecular spin ensembles into microwave quantum architectures. However, along this line, optimal experimental conditions and protocols (i.e. pulse sequences) to efficiently address the molecular spins still need to be found. In this work we test single crystals and solid dispersions of diluted oxovanadium tetraphenyl porphyrin (VO(TPP)) as prototypical molecular spin ensembles for the storage and retrieval of microwave pulses when embedded into planar superconducting microwave resonators (Fig. 1) at low temperature (2K) [4]. We first measure the (Hahn-echo) memory time and the Rabi Oscillations of the samples. We then test two Dynamical Decoupling sequences: the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill and the Uhrig Dynamical Decoupling. Both the sequences are found to enhance the memory time of the crystal samples up to three times after the application of a low number (3,4) of π pulses, reaching up to 3 μs. We then successfully store and retrieve into the ensembles trains of up to 5 small pulses and we show that individual control on such excitations can be achieved. Our proof-of-principle results demonstrate the memory capabilities of molecular spins when embedded into quantum circuits [4].References: [1] C. Bonizzoni, A. Ghirri, ... and M. Affronte, Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, p. 13096 (2017). [2] C. Bonizzoni, A. Ghirri and M. Affronte, Advances on Physics X, Vol. 3, p. 435305 (2018). [3] A. Ghirri, C. Bonizzoni, ... and M. Affronte, Physical Review A, Vol. 93, p. 063855 (2016). [4] C. Bonizzoni, A. Ghirri, ... and M. Affronte, NPJ Quantum Information, Vol. 6, p. 68 (2020).

Synthesis of Magneto-Responsive Micro Swimmers for Biomedical Applications

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The Formation of Complex Spin Textures in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 Artificial Spin Ice Arrays

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