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Quantum simulation, being one of the most promising applications of a quantum computer, has been realised on current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices using different algorithms. Among these, the variational quantum eigensolver is extensively used for finding the ground state energy of molecular Hamiltonians. The feasibility and performance of this algorithm depend critically on the number of variational parameters in the wavefunction ansatz and on the depths of the state preparation circuits that create the ansatz on the quantum processor. Recently, an algorithm termed ADAPT-VQE was introduced to build system-adapted ansätze with substantially fewer variational parameters compared to other approaches. However, deep state preparation circuits remain a challenge. Here, we present a hardware-efficient variant of this algorithm called qubit-ADAPT. By numerical simulations on H4, LiH and H6, we show that with a well-designed operator pool, qubit-ADAPT can reduce the circuit depth by one order of magnitude while maintaining the same accuracy as the original ADAPT-VQE. Addressing the high measurement cost which is proportional to the size of the operator pool, we show the possibility to construct a sufficient pool with size growing linearly in the number of qubits. This result highlights the promise of adaptive simulation algorithms on near-term quantum devices.

Quantum 2020

qubit-ADAPT-VQE: An adaptive algorithm for constructing hardware-efficient ansätze on a quantum processor

adaptive ansatz

quantum simulation

The Institute of Physics and IOP Publishing, in partnership with the Chinese Physical Society (CPS) and the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) are proud to have brought together the international quantum science community online for this inaugural conference.


Early career and leading researchers from universities, industry and government worldwide came together to share, learn and collaborate on the latest research and emerging areas of high interest across quantum science and technology. The broad themes covered by Quantum 2020 included:

Quantum communication;
Quantum computing and quantum simulation;
Quantum sensing, metrology and imaging;
Quantum information theory, software and algorithms;
Quantum foundations;
Quantum technology in industry.
The four-day event featured talks from world-renowned scientists, interactive poster sessions and two exciting panel discussions on the themes of Quantum Technology in Industry and Quantum Technology Programmes Around the World.


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The Institute of Physics and IOP Publishing, in partnership with the Chinese Physical Society (CPS) and the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) are proud to have brought together the international quantum science community online for this inaugural conference.

Early career and leading researchers from universities, industry and government worldwide came together to share, learn and collaborate on the latest research and emerging areas of high interest across quantum science and technology. 

technical paper

The possibility of readout and transferring information through qubits are crucial issue in the development of quantum computers. One of the promising ways to construct qubits is based on single phosphorus atoms doped in crystalline silicon. In present work Quantum Espresso software package, based on the density functional theory and the pseudopotential method, was used to non-collinear study of the equilibrium spin orientation of P atom in silicon matrix and its manipulation possibility. The total magnetization of the Si:P system is determined by the presence of an unpaired electron of the phosphorus atom. Excess electron density is not localized only near the phosphorus atom, but is spatially distributed in some area, so magnetization also has a spatial distribution. We had calculated the local magnetic field B(r), the local magnetization m(r) and the spin current density created by the excess electron of the P atom. It had been shown that the spin current densities has different directions for the |0> and |1> quantum states.

The work was supported in accordance with the State assignment for research work implementation from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (project No 0818-2020-0005).

Ab initio study of possibility of phosphorus atom spin manipulation in doped P:Si crystal

The multiphoton Jaynes-Cummings model is investigated and applications in quantum information science are explored. Considering the strong atom-field coupling regime and an N-photon interaction, a nonlinear driving field can perform an arbitrary rotation in the Fock space of a bosonic mode involving the vacuum and an M-Fock state, with M < N. In addition, driving a bosonic mode with a linear coherent field (superposition of many Fock states), only the cavity states within the Fock subspace |0>; |1>;…; |N − 1> can be populated; i.e., we show how to implement a Fock state filter, or quantum scissor, that restricts the dynamics of a given bosonic mode to a limited Hilbert space. Such a device can be employed as a generator of finite-dimensional quantum-optical states and also as a quantum-optical intensity limiter, allowing as a special case the generation of single-photon pulses. On the other hand, our system also provides a very rich physics in the weak atom-field coupling regime, in particular, multiphoton electromagnetically induced transparencylike phenomena, inducing a narrow (controllable) reflectivity window for nonlinear probe fields. These results are useful for applications in quantum information processing and also motivate further investigations, e.g., the use of an N-photon Jaynes-Cummings system as a qudit with harmonic spectrum and the exploration of multiphoton quantum interference.

Multiphoton Jaynes-Cummings Model: Arbitrary Rotations in Fock Space and Quantum Filters

The efficient and reliable characterization of quantum states plays a vital role in most, if not all, quantum information processing tasks. In this work, we present a universally optimal protocol for verifying entangled states by employing the so-called quantum non-demolition measurements, such that the verification efficiency is equivalent to that of the optimal global strategy. Instead of being probabilistic as the standard verification strategies, our protocol is constructed sequentially, which is thus more favorable for experimental realizations. In addition, the target states are preserved in the protocol after each measurement, so can be reused in any subsequent tasks. We demonstrate the power of our protocol for the optimal verification of Bell states, arbitrary two-qubit pure states, and stabilizer states. We also prove that our protocol is able to perform tasks including fidelity estimation and state preparation.

Universally optimal verification of entangled states with non-demolition measurements

The famous Kibble-Zurek mechanism offers us a significant clue to study quantum phase transitions out of equilibrium. Here, we investigate an intriguing phenomenon of a Spin-Orbit coupled Bose-Einstein condensate by quenching the Raman coupling strength from high symmetry phase (non-magnetic phase) to low symmetry phase (magnetic phase). When crossing the critical point,the fluctuation of momentum distribution leads to delayed bifurcation structures. Simultaneously,the domain information emerges in momentum space. Moreover, the universal scalings of spatiotemporal dynamics are extracted from the fluctuations and domains, which manifests homogeneous and inhomogeneous Kibble-Zurek power-laws at different time scale. Our work demonstrates a paradigmatic study on inhomogeneous Kibble-Zurek mechanism.

Exploring inhomogeneous Kibble-Zurek mechanism in a spin-orbit coupled Bose-Einstein condensate

In quantum mechanics, physical states are represented by rays in Hilbert space, which is a vector space imbued by an inner product whose physical meaning arises as the overlap between a pure state (description of preparation) and a projective measurement. However, quantum mechanics in principle does not formally address the consequences of preparation and measurement being at different spacetime sites. Following concepts of PT symmetry, we introduce purity-preserving transport, which can be interpreted as a changing inner product. We show that such a change in inner product is consistent with standard quantum mechanics, and is observable in a tomographic sense. Mathematically, we show that changing the inner product can be realized by a quantum channel corresponding to a completely positive trace-nonincreasing map, and observing a changing inner product is equivalent to process tomography on this channel. Further, we show how to realize experimentally a changing inner product for a qubit Hilbert space in terms of a qutrit protocol by using only unitary dynamics.

Changing the Hilbert-space Inner Product


Recent experimental advances allow one to engineer topological models in bosonic systems like photonic crystals, coupled microwave resonators, or optical lattices experiments, among other platforms [1]. In parallel, experimental progress is also being made to couple quantum emitters to such platforms in order to obtain (or simulate) light-matter Hamiltonians [2-4] with topological photons. The emergent behaviour and applications of such topological quantum optics models, however, remain mostly unexplored.


In this talk, I will discuss the emergence of unconventional quantum dynamics and interactions when quantum emitters are coupled to topological 1D waveguides [5] and 3D photonic Weyl environments [6]. We will show how the photon-mediated interactions induced by these topological photons give rise to the emergence of spin models with exotic and tunable long-range interactions, that can be used for quantum simulation purposes, e.g., to simulate quantum chemistry problems [7].



References
[1] Rev. Mod. Phys. 91, 015006 (2019)
[2] Nature 508, 241–244 (2014), Nature Communications 5, 3808 (2014), Rev. Mod. Phys. 87, 347 (2015), Science 359, 666 (Feb 2018)
[3] Nature Physics 13 (1), 48-52 (2017), Nature Communications, 9, 3706 (2018)
[4] Nature 559, 589–592 (2018)
[5] Science Advances 5, eaaw0297 (2019)
[6] arXiv:1903.07513
[7] Nature 574 , 215-218 (2019)

Quantum simulation of topological optics models

Fermionic statistics includes the parity superselection rule, having to do with the global Z_2 (parity) symmetry of fermionic Hamiltonians. In lattice theories, this symmetry can be gauged and made local, with "parity Gauss laws" relating the local fermionic parity on each site with the divergence of parity gauge fields around it. These local constraints allow one to transfer the statistics from the fermionic matter to the gauge field. Lattice gauge theories, whose gauge group contains a normal Z_2 subgroup, offer this possibility without introducing any extra ingredients. I will discuss a transformation we have recently derived, which maps lattice gauge theories with fermionic matter to equivalent theories with hard core bosonic matter. In the resulting models, the interaction of the matter with the gauge fields is slightly changed, but in a local way. Unlike in the Jordan-Wigner procedure, this mapping gives rise to no nonlocality, and can be performed in arbitrary space dimensions. Furthermore, it can be extended to models without any gauge field, by the introduction of an auxiliary, non-dynamical Z_2 field which will absorb the statistics.

Locally and Unitarily Mapping Lattice Fermions to Bosons in the Presence of a Gauge Field

A combination of a finite number of linear independent states forms superposition in a way that cannot be conceived classically. We give the conditions for a class of superposition state transformations by using the tools of resource theory of superposition. These conditions strictly depend on the scalar products of the basis states and reduce to the well-known majorization condition for quantum coherence in the limit of orthonormal basis. To further superposition-free transformations of d-dimensional systems, we provide superposition-free operators for a deterministic transformation of superposition states. The linear independence of a finite number of basis states requires a relation between the scalar products of these states. With this information in hand, we determine the maximal superposition states which are valid over a certain range of scalar products. Notably, we show that scalar products of the pure superposition-free states have a greater place in seeking maximally resourceful states for d > 2.

Resource theory of superposition: State transformations

The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) is expected to reach a significant increase in complexity and scale of data. Hence, the task of reconstructing the trajectories is getting more and more complex due to the increasing number of simultaneous collisions, occupancy and scalability. Aiming to identify the particle paths, machine learning techniques such as graph neural networks are being explored in the HEP.TrkX project and its successor, the Exa.TrkX project. Both show promising results and reduce the combinatorial nature of the problem. Previous results of our team have demonstrated the successful attempt of including quantum computing concepts within graph neural networks that are able to reconstruct the particle track based on the hits of the detector. A higher overall accuracy is gained by representing the training data in a meaningful way within an embedded space. That has been included in the Exa.TrkX project by applying a classical MLP. Consequently, pairs of hits belonging to different trajectories are pushed apart while those belonging to the same ones stay close together. We explore the applicability of quantum circuits within the task of embedding using hybrid-classical neural network architectures and show preliminary results.

Exploring hybrid quantum-classical neural networks for particle tracking

Structured photons have attracted a lot of attention in quantum photonics ranging from fundamental studies to quantum information applications. In the latter, they often serve as powerful tools to realize high-dimensional quantum states beneficial to quantum information tasks such as cryptography or quantum simulations. While mature techniques exist for the generation and detection of structured photons, many applications are suffering from the absence of methods for performing complex unitary operations between transverse structured photons. We demonstrate that using recent advances in multi-plane mode-conversion techniques, it is possible to perform any unitary operation between different sets of transverse structures in a versatile, simple, and efficient manner. More importantly, we study different two-photon interferences such as coalesce and anti-coalescence between various orthogonal transverse structures. In contrast to previous studies, where two photons bunched into different paths depending on the spatial structures, the interference that we observed occurs along a single beamline. Finally, we show that the ability to perform bi-photon interferences using custom-tailored spatial structures enables the generation of spatial-mode NOON-states, which offer angular super-sensitivity.

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qubit-ADAPT-VQE: An adaptive algorithm for constructing hardware-efficient ansätze on a quantum processor

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Ab initio study of possibility of phosphorus atom spin manipulation in doped P:Si crystal

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