United States

Pursuit-evasion games have been studied for decades under perfect information and analytically-derived policies for static environments. Here, we incorporate uncertainty in a target’s position via simulated measurements and propose a continuous deep reinforcement learning (RL) approach to support pursuit of a speed-advantaged target. An OpenAI gym environment was created for simulating pursuit game play. A Kalman filter was implemented for simulating data fusion of uncertainties associated with imperfect range and bearing measurements from the pursuer to the target. An actor-critic based, model-free, deep discrete policy gradient (DDPG) method was implemented for incrementally training an agent to compete at a speed-overmatched pursuit game. The resulting RL policy was tested under many scenarios and performance exceeded that of a baseline course-aligned strategy. Emerging reinforcement learning success strategies were analyzed and manually abstracted into grouped behaviors. An online decision-making framework is discussed for leveraging conditional past performance to predict future performance.

NAML 2021

Reinforcement Learning Approach to Speed-Overmatched Maritime Targets with Uncertain Information

machine competency awareness

unmanned systems

pursuit-evasion games

controls

machine learning

reinforcement learning

Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific is partnering with AFCEA San Diego chapter to host the workshop.

The NAML workshop is an opportunity for researchers from Navy research and development centers and our partner organizations to exchange technical ideas and to come together as a team.

The goals of NAML are:

* To spread awareness of current machine learning research relevant to Naval applications

* To connect machine learning researchers with experts in military requirements

* To build and strengthen collaborations within the defense research community

**Watch this video to hear about the AFCEA purpose.**

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technical paper

The Emulation Ground Vehicle (EGV) is a robotic wheeled vehicle designed and manufactured in-house at NAWCAD Lakehurst to be used as an aircraft-representative interface for testing deck handling control systems at Lakehurst’s Advanced Deck Handling Technology Evaluation Center (ADHaTEC). The EGV utilizes dynamic models of existing aircraft along with Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC), an adaptive machine learning strategy, to closely emulate the taxiing dynamics of those aircraft. Its size is comparable to that of shipboard aircraft, and it is equipped with functions possessed by those craft on the flight deck, such as wing folding, launch bar actuation, and tail hook actuation. Integration with the Robot Operating System (ROS) streamlines the capability of the EGV to function as a testbed for any kind of taxiing control method for both teleoperation and autonomous navigation, including methods based on machine learning strategies. Successful full scale tests of the vehicle have been performed, clearing a path for future work utilizing the platform. Plans include implementing a Fuzzy Adaptive Resonance Theory (FuzzyART) neural network-based gesture recognition control system that has already been tested on smaller robotic vehicles. Going forward, the EGV could be used to evaluate various machine learning-based control methods for aircraft operating in the shipboard environment before those methods transition to fleet use.

Emulation Ground Vehicle (EGV)

SeeByte US has been supporting the MK 18 program, integrating the commercial collaborative autonomy. SeeByte US has also been partnering with small businesses as an SBIR subcontractor, mainly to increase the level of autonomy of the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMS). This talk will give an overview of the levels of autonomy and how advanced sensor processing is applied to increase the capability of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) and Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs). There are three Naval application examples that will be discussed. The first will be a real-world demonstration using MK 18 Mod2 UUVs for Mine Counter Measure (MCM). The second is a simulation of feature-based navigation and the third is a discussion on using small class ROVs for Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) intervention tasks. The talk concludes on what is needed to help advanced sensor processing algorithms using Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence and Computer Vision to increase levels of autonomy.

Increasing Levels of Autonomy Through Advanced Sensor Processing

The Marine Corps Tactical Systems Support Activity (MCTSSA) Advanced Concepts Cell (AC2) collaborated with Booz Allen to deliver one of the first successful artificial intelligence (AI) projects developed by the command. The project, Digital Fortress, employs computer vision (CV) at the edge to enhance force protection efforts at the MCTSSA compound. Live full-motion video feeds from cameras placed at the entry control point of the front gate fed computer vision algorithms that not only detected vehicles and pedestrians, but further classified vehicle type, color, and captured license plate information for purposes of identifying vehicles of interest. Results from the algorithms were stored in a data log of incoming and outgoing traffic that could be queried directly by the end user and/or used for real-time alerts in emergency situations. The data was displayed in a dashboard for easy and accessible interaction by the end user. 

During the development of Digital Fortress, data scientists on the project explored both custom and opensource off-the-shelf solutions. In this presentation, the team will discuss the software and network architectures of Digital Fortress, as well as the data science pipeline developed to perform inference at the edge.

Digital Fortress: Enhanced Force Protection through Computer Vision at the Edge

State of the art techniques for learning predictive models from naturally occurring data are plagued by the fundamental problem of shortcut learning – often thought of as overfitting in classical machine learning settings. One of these ways is the now infamous adversarial example to a deep image classifier – an imperceptible perturbation (highly correlated with an incorrect label) of the input that drastically reduces the model’s accuracy (Szegedy et al., 2013). A plethora of mitigation strategies have been proposed, the most effective of which rely on adversarial training: teaching the model to be invariant to these kinds of spurious signals by exposing it to adversarial examples themselves during training (Madry et al., 2017).In this talk, we demonstrate that although state-of-the-art adversarial training techniques mitigate spurious correlations that are based on noise, adversarial training does not mitigate more semantically meaningful shortcuts. For example, we show that a model defended with adversarial training will associate the “balance beam” label with the presence of a gymnast in the ImageNet dataset, even though a human would not make that same association to assist in classifying an image as a balance beam. We show the presence of this spurious correlation in the trained model by constructing a series of adversarial examples which are both recognizable to a human, in that adversarial example targeting the stingray class resemble images of stingrays also containing a recognizable snorkeler, demonstrating a semantically incorrect association between the class and the learned features. Using examples like these, we then argue that adversarial training does not solve the core shortcut learning problem -- rather the problem persists at a higher semantic level. 

This finding is important to the Navy: if adversarial training causes models to infer semantically meaningful spurious correlations, and these correlations reveal critical information about the method by which the data was collected, then adversarial training will violate policies related to data security. To this end, we provide proof of concept tools for examining the shortcuts taken by models defended with adversarial training. 

References:
Szegedy, C., Zaremba, W., Sutskever, I., Bruna, J., Erhan, D., Goodfellow, I., & Fergus, R. (2013). Intriguing properties of neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.6199.

Madry, A., Makelov, A., Schmidt, L., Tsipras, D., & Vladu, A. (2017). Towards deep learning models resistant to adversarial attacks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.06083.

Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L. J., Li, K., & Fei-Fei, L. (2009, June). Imagenet: A large-scale hierarchical image database. In 2009 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 248-255). Ieee.

Current Robustness Techniques do Not Solve the Shortcut Learning Problem

Computational Modeling of Trust Factors in Recognition of

Warfighting Ships

S. Lamczyk, L. Vidyaratne, M. Rahman, and K. M. Iftekharuddin

Vision Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University,

Norfolk, VA 23529
ABSTRACT

As machine-learning (ML) algorithms continue to handle increasingly intricate problems, these methods are often required to process incomplete, imprecise, and ambiguous sensor data for decision making. The capabilities of these ML algorithms must be developed further in order to meet the increasingly complex demand associated with the deployment and integration of decision-making capabilities of intelligent systems into modern society. Furthermore, the variability in the performance of modern ML methods in dynamic environments leads to ambiguity of trust in the decisions made by such algorithms. Consequently, we propose a novel computational modeling for trust quantification to analyze the performance and improve the trustworthiness of autonomous decision-making algorithms. The approach relies on the implementation of a neural network-based reinforcement learning (RL) model known as an adaptive critic design to model an adaptive decision-making process that is regulated by quantitative measure of risk associated with each possible decision. Specifically, this work offers risk-directed exploration strategies of RL to obtain quantitative risk factors for automated object recognition in the presence of imprecise data. The proposed framework is used for automated recognition of warfighting ships in well-known Janes’ Fighting Ships image dataset along with other publicly available crowdsourced images. The results show improved recognition performance with the proposed risk quantification framework. Finally, we present extensions to the proposed recognition model with multimodal input processing capabilities by combining the image recognition model with a state-of-the-art deep learning based optical character recognition (OCR) architecture to generate more specific recognition such as the class, type, and/or name of the ship.

Computational Modeling Of Trust Factors in Recognition of Warfighting Ships

Object tracking is a fundamental computer vision problem found in a wide range of applications. Most state-of-the-art object trackers adopt deep neural networks for high tracking performance at the expense of huge computational resources and heavy memory use. Here, we target at a light-weight high-performance tracker of a much smaller model size, thus meeting the size, weight and power (SWAP) requirements of devices used in modern battlefields.

Light-Weight High-Performance Object Tracking

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been demonstrated suitable to develop agents that play complex games with human-level performance. However, it is not understood how to effectively use RL to perform cybersecurity tasks. To develop such understanding, it is necessary to develop RL agents using simulation and emulation systems allowing researchers to model a broad class of realistic threats and network conditions. Demonstrating that a specific RL algorithm can be effective
for defending a network under certain conditions may not necessarily give insight about the performance of the algorithm when the threats, network conditions, and security goals change. FARLAND is a novel framework to facilitate the development of RL network defenders that are robust against attacks aimed at the agent’s learning. Our contributions include an architecture and implementation of FARLAND, as well as threat modeling concepts that should be considered when designing an AI-driven network defender. We discuss examples that illustrate FARLAND’s advantages for developing RL-enabled defenders against realistic adversaries.


FARLAND (Framework for Advanced Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Network Defense)

In recent years there has been a significant increase in the amount of disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities resulting in lengthy analysis delays, allowing for cyber-attacks to exploit these vulnerabilities before pertinent data can be published to inform cybersecurity professionals. This data includes impact metrics, vulnerability types, and applicability statements. Previous research has focused on predicting the common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) score calculated from impact metrics, as shown in the National Vulnerability Database (NVD), using methods such as term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF). This research utilizes natural language processing (NLP) and topic modeling to derive meaning from NVD vulnerability description texts to classify the vulnerabilities, with a predictive model trained with previous years’ data, as related to applications, hardware devices, and/or operating systems. From this classification the total analysis time of future vulnerabilities will be reduced, and cybersecurity professionals will be able to make more informed decisions regarding vulnerability management of assets to aid in preventing future cyber-attacks.

Categorization of Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities Utilizing Machine Learning Methods for Vulnerability Management

This talk consists of four parts as follows: (1) (15min) An overview of the Navy sponsored, ORNL administrated AI ATAC Prize Challenges 1 & 2 will be given. These two challenges were large-scale experiments to evaluate market-leading cybersecurity tools that leverage AI/ML for endpoint malware detection (Challenge 1) and network traffic analysis to detect multi-step adversarial campaigns (Challenge 2). (2) (10min) The second part of this talk gives a deep-dive on how CORR (ORNL's Cyber Operation Research Range), a cybersecurity testbed, was designed and stood-up to host these and other evaluations. (3) (5min) The third portion of the talk gives a brief overview of the machine learning and software engineering task to create D2U, the Data-Driven User Emulator. This allows orchestration of hundreds of VMs on CORR that, guided by trained probabilistic generative models, take actions as real users. (4) (10 min) Finally, the fourth and final portion gives an overview of a cost-benefit framework for simulating how SOCs will use the cybersecurity tools in the test. It allows integration of the many statistical measures (precision, recall, time-to-detect, etc.) into a single comparable metric (cost) for ranking and reasoning about tradeoff's when considering cybersecurity tools.

Artificial Intelligence Applications to Cybersecurity (AI ATAC) Prize Challenges I&II

Forecasting the weather over the oceans of the Earth is a necessary but difficult requirement of US Navy operations around the globe. Before computer science formally existed as a discipline, meteorologists were using the first computers to explore the possibilities of Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) to support this forecasting. The foundation of NWP is a fluid dynamics model of the atmosphere interacting with a multitude of physical processes that drive the spatiotemporal vector fields of wind and scalar fields of pressure, temperature, and water vapor mixing ratio. Because the spatial domain of the model is essentially the entire Earth and practical forecasting operates on a cadence of updating every six hours, the computational constraints are formidable and require a number of compromises in formulating the model.
The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has over a few decades developed the Navy’s primary NWP model called the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS). COAMPS has effectively supported naval operations at the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Operations Center (FNMOC) for the past 20 years but is going to be replaced by a more advanced model called Neptune in the next few years. As a part of this process, NRL has a project to understand how Machine Learning (ML) might be used to improve the forecasting accuracy and computational efficiency of this new system. In particular, there has recently been significant progress in applying ML to model turbulence in fluid dynamics. Since proper representation of turbulence in NWP models has been identified as a weakness, the opportunity of using ML to improve weather forecasting has focused on this aspect of the problem.
To support a data-driven ML approach to improving the NWP model, a series of Large Eddy Simulations (LES) have been performed at spatial resolutions not possible with operational NWP models to provide “ground truth” data for how turbulence behaves in the atmosphere. The goal is to learn both the relevant combinations of state variables and the partial differential equations of the spatial dynamics for insertion into the NWP model. This approach requires data and model compression to find useful state variables (or feature vectors) via unsupervised learning since not all quantities available in the LES data can be represented by the low resolution NWP model. Given a suitable space of feature vectors, a supervised learning step finds the partial differential equations for the NWP model that match the dynamics of the LES data. The talk will emphasize the broader issues of how ML can be used in the scientific domain when complex modeling choices can be better resolved with a data-driven approach.


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Reinforcement Learning Approach to Speed-Overmatched Maritime Targets with Uncertain Information

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