China

There has been significant research on propagandistic content detection across different modalities and languages. However, most studies have primarily focused on detection, with little attention given to explanations justifying the predicted label. This is largely due to the lack of resources that provide explanations alongside annotated labels. To address this issue, we propose a multilingual (i.e., Arabic and English) explanation-enhanced dataset, the first of its kind. Additionally, we introduce an explanation-enhanced LLM for both label detection and rationale-based explanation generation. Our findings indicate that the model performs comparably while also generating explanations. We will make the dataset and experimental resources publicly available for the research community (anonymous.com).

EMNLP 2025

PropXplain: Can LLMs Enable Explainable Propaganda Detection?

rationale-augmented llm

propaganda detection

multilingual

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community."<br>

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*





<br>

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

poster

Knowledge-based complex reasoning remains a significant challenge for large language models (LLMs) with in-context learning. To tackle this issue, previous studies focus on ensuring behavior fidelity, factuality, or reliability in generated reasoning processes that guide LLMs to produce solutions. However, these studies often neglect the simultaneous optimization on all these three aspects for each thought. The main challenges are the lack of comprehensive assessment mechanisms and the difficulty of efficient thought-level optimization. This paper introduces the Evolution of Thoughts (EoT) framework, which enhances the factuality, fidelity, and reliability of each thought in the reasoning process through a few LLM inferences. We propose a thought assessment method that is sensitive to knowledge and LLM behaviors, using three scorers to evaluate each thought by considering domain context, semantic alignment, and behavior impact. Additionally, we establish a self-reflective evolution mechanism to facilitate each reasoning process generation in a single-forward inference. Extensive experiments demonstrate that, for knowledge-based complex tasks, EoT improves the factuality and fidelity of reasoning processes by approximately 16.5% and 48.8%, respectively, while enhancing LLM reasoning capability by about 6.2%, outperforming advanced approaches.

EoT: Evolution of Thoughts for Complex Reasoning Tasks

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, but their varying capabilities and costs pose challenges in practical applications. LLM routing addresses this by dynamically selecting the most suitable LLM for each query/task. Previous approaches treat this as a supervised learning problem, assuming complete knowledge of optimal query-LLM pairings. However, real-world scenarios lack such comprehensive mappings and face evolving user queries. We thus propose to study LLM routing as a contextual bandit problem, enabling adaptive decision-making using bandit feedback without requiring exhaustive inference across all LLMs for all queries (in contrast to supervised routing). To address this problem, we develop a shared embedding space for queries and LLMs, where query and LLM embeddings are aligned to reflect their affinity. This space is initially learned from offline human preference data and refined through online bandit feedback. We instantiate this idea through Preference-prior Informed Linucb fOr adaptive rouTing (PILOT), a novel extension of LinUCB. To handle diverse user budgets for model routing, we introduce an online cost policy modeled as a multi-choice knapsack problem, ensuring resource-efficient routing.

Adaptive LLM Routing under Budget Constraints

Agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong planning and decision-making capabilities in complex embodied environments. However, such agents often suffer from inefficiencies in multi-turn interactions, frequently trapped in repetitive loops or issuing ineffective commands, leading to redundant computational overhead. Instead of relying solely on learning from trajectories, we take a first step toward exploring the early-exit behavior for LLM-based agents. We propose two complementary approaches, 1. an **intrinsic** method that injects exit instructions during generation, and 2. an **extrinsic** method that verifies task completion to determine when to halt an agent’s trial. To evaluate early-exit mechanisms, we introduce two metrics: one measures the reduction of **redundant steps** as a positive effect, and the other evaluates **progress degradation** as a negative effect. Experiments with 4 different LLMs across 5 embodied environments show significant efficiency improvements, with only minor drops in agent performance. We also validate a practical strategy where a stronger agent assists after an early-exit agent, achieving better performance with the same total steps. We will release our code to support further research.

Runaway is Ashamed, But Helpful: On the Early-Exit Behavior of Large Language Model-based Agents in Embodied Environments

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge but incurs significant inference costs due to lengthy retrieved contexts. While context compression mitigates this issue, existing methods apply fixed compression rates—over-compressing simple queries or under-compressing complex ones. We propose Adaptive Context Compression for RAG (ACC-RAG), a framework that dynamically adjusts compression rates based on input complexity, optimizing inference efficiency without sacrificing accuracy. ACC-RAG combines a hierarchical compressor (for multi-granular embeddings) with a context selector to retain minimal sufficient information, akin to human skimming. Evaluated on Wikipedia and five QA datasets, ACC-RAG outperforms fixed-rate methods and matches/unlocks >4× faster inference versus standard RAG while maintaining or improving accuracy.

Enhancing RAG Efficiency with Adaptive Context Compression

Scaling test-time computation—generating and analyzing multiple or sequential outputs for a single input—has become a promising strategy for improving the reliability and quality of large language models (LLMs), as evidenced by advances in uncertainty quantification and multi-step reasoning. A key shared component is semantic clustering, which groups outputs that differ in form but convey the same meaning. Semantic clustering enables estimation of the distribution over the semantics of outputs and helps avoid redundant exploration of reasoning paths. However, existing approaches typically rely on external models, which introduce substantial computational overhead and often fail to capture context-aware semantics. We propose Latent Semantic Clustering (LSC), a lightweight and context-sensitive method that leverages the generator LLM’s internal hidden states for clustering, eliminating the need for external models. Our extensive experiment across various LLMs and datasets shows that LSC significantly improves the computational efficiency of test-time scaling while maintaining or exceeding the performance of existing methods.

Efficient Latent Semantic Clustering for Scaling Test-Time Computation of LLMs

Web banner advertisements, which are placed on websites to guide users to a targeted landing page (LP), are still often selected manually because human preferences are important in selecting which ads to deliver. To automate this process, we propose a new benchmark, BannerBench, to evaluate the human preference-driven banner selection process using vision-language models (VLMs). This benchmark assesses the degree of alignment with human preferences in two tasks: a ranking task and a best-choice task, both using sets of five images derived from a single LP. Our experiments show that VLMs are moderately correlated with human preferences on the ranking task. In the best-choice task, most VLMs perform close to chance level across various prompting strategies. These findings suggest that although VLMs have a basic understanding of human preferences, most of them struggle to pinpoint a single suitable option from many candidates.

BannerBench: Benchmarking Vision Language Models for Multi-Ad Selection with Human Preferences

The exponential growth of scientific publications has overwhelmed reviewers and researchers, with top conferences receiving thousands of submissions annually. Reviewers must assess feasibility, novelty, and impact under tight deadlines, often lacking tools to identify relevant prior work. Early-career researchers face similar challenges, with limited support to navigate fast-evolving fields. Existing LLM-based systems struggle with static retrieval, surface-level features, and lack multi-hop reasoning, leading to shallow or hallucinated assessments. Scientific evaluation requires a deep, relational understanding, which current retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) methods fail to achieve. We introduce SciCompanion, a graph-grounded reasoning framework for structured scientific evaluation. Given a paper or abstract-like input, SciCompanion builds a dynamic knowledge graph from recent publications, domain-specific databases, and curated metadata. It employs multi-hop reasoning to iteratively construct contextual graphs and generate structured critiques, enabling deeper exploration of scientific literature. Unlike sentiment-biased LLM evaluations, SciCompanion directly optimizes retrieval and graph refinement using Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), producing reviews aligned with expert judgments. Experiments on ICLR and ACL datasets show that SciCompanion reduces evaluation error by over 30% compared to prompting-only baselines and allows smaller models to outperform larger ones. Evaluations across three datasets, using metrics for retrieval accuracy, semantic overlap, and multi-hop sensitivity, along with a case study, demonstrate SciCompanion's robustness and versatility.

SciCompanion: Graph-Grounded Reasoning for Structured Evaluation of Scientific Arguments

Infodemics and health misinformation have significant negative effects on individuals and society, exacerbating confusion and increasing hesitancy in adopting recommended health measures. Recent advancements in Generative AI, capable of producing realistic, human-like text and images, have significantly accelerated the spread and expanded the reach of health misinformation, resulting in an alarming surge in its dissemination. To combat Infodemics, most of the existing work focus on developing misinformation datasets from social media and fact-checking platforms, but face limitations in topical coverage, inclusion of AI-generation, and accessibility of raw content. To address these issues, we present MM-Health, a large scale multimodal misinformation dataset in the health domain consisting of 34,746 news article encompassing both textual and visual information. MM-Health includes human-generated multimodal information (5,776 articles) and AI-generated multimodal information (28,880 articles) from various SOTA generative AI models. Additionally, We benchmarked our dataset against three tasks—reliability checks, originality checks, and fine-grained AI detection—demonstrating that existing SOTA models struggle to accurately distinguish the reliability and origin of information. Our dataset aims to support the development of misinformation detection across various health scenarios, facilitating the detection of human and machine-generated content at multimodal levels. Our code and data is available at: \url{https://anonymous.4open.science/r/MM-Health-Supplementary-Material-E14C}}.

From Generation to Detection: A Multimodal Multi-Task Dataset for Benchmarking Health Misinformation

Standard language models employ unique, monolithic embeddings for each token, potentially limiting their ability to capture the multifaceted nature of word meanings. We investigate whether tokens can be more effectively represented through a compositional structure that accumulates diverse semantic facets. To explore this, we propose Aggregate Semantic Grouping (ASG), a novel approach leveraging Product Quantization (PQ). We apply ASG to standard transformer architectures (mBERT, XLM-R, mT5) and evaluate this representational scheme across diverse tasks (NLI, NER, QA). Our findings demonstrate that representing tokens compositionally via ASG gives significant savings in embedding parameters (0.4-0.5%), while maintaining > 95% task performance relative to the base model, even in generative tasks. Furthermore, ASG outperforms prior semantic grouping methods, particularly in preserving nuanced information crucial for zero-shot cross-lingual transfer. These results validate the principle that tokens can be effectively modeled as combinations of shared semantic building blocks. ASG offers a concrete method for achieving this, showcasing how compositional representations can capture linguistic richness while enabling more compact models.

Breaking Token Into Concepts: Exploring Extreme Compression in Token Representation Via Compositional Shared Semantics

Recent text-to-SQL models have achieved strong performance, but their effectiveness remains largely confined to SQLite due to dataset limitations. However, real-world applications require SQL generation across multiple dialects with varying syntax and specialized features, which remains a challenge for current models. The main obstacle in building a dialect-aware model lies in acquiring high-quality dialect-specific data. Data generated purely through static prompting—without validating SQLs via execution—tends to be noisy and unreliable. Moreover, the lack of real execution environments in the training loop prevents models from grounding their predictions in executable semantics, limiting generalization despite surface-level improvements from data filtering. This work introduces ExeSQL, a text-to-SQL framework with execution-driven, agentic bootstrapping. The method consists of iterative query generation, execution-based filtering (e.g., rejection sampling), and preference-based training, enabling the model to adapt to new SQL dialects through verifiable, feedback-guided learning. Experiments show that ExeSQL bridges the dialect gap in text-to-SQL, achieving average improvements of 15.2%, 10.38%, and 4.49% over GPT-4o on PostgreSQL, MySQL, and Oracle, respectively, across multiple datasets of varying difficulty.

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Next from EMNLP 2025

EoT: Evolution of Thoughts for Complex Reasoning Tasks

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