Italy

Recently, substantial progress has been made in the area of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) using modern machine learning techniques to decode and interpret brain signals. While Electroencephalography (EEG) has provided a non-invasive method of interfacing with a human brain, the acquired data is often heavily subject and session dependent. This makes seamless incorporation of such data into real-world applications intractable as the subject and session data variance can lead to long and tedious calibration requirements and cross-subject generalisation issues. Focusing on a Steady State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP) classification systems, we propose a novel means of generating highly-realistic synthetic EEG data invariant to any subject, session or other environmental conditions. Our approach, entitled the Subject Invariant SSVEP Generative Adversarial Network (SIS-GAN), produces synthetic EEG data from multiple SSVEP classes using a single network. Additionally, by taking advantage of a fixed-weight pre-trained subject classification network, we ensure that our generative model remains agnostic to subject-specific features and thus produces subject-invariant data that can be applied to new previously unseen subjects. Our extensive experimental evaluation demonstrates the efficacy of our synthetic data, leading to superior performance, with improvements of up to 16% in zero-calibration classification tasks when trained using our subject-invariant synthetic EEG signals.

ICPR 2020

Leveraging Synthetic Subject Invariant EEG Signals for Zero Calibration BCI

brain-computer interface

generative adversarial network

deep learning

ICPR 2020 is the premier international conference on Pattern Recognition, gathering leading researchers from around the world to present their latest achievements in Pattern Analysis and Recognition, applied Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. The topic of the year is " Putting Artificial intelligence to work on Patterns". 
For the first time, ICPR has employed a two-round review process similar to journal submissions, with new papers allowed to be submitted in either the first or second round and papers submitted in the first round and not accepted allowed to be revised and re-submitted for second round review. 

In this edition of the **ICPR 2020** Conference, there are 1407 Oral/Poster presentations organized in five Tracks: 
- Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning for Pattern Analysis; 
- Biometrics, Human Analysis and Behavior Understanding; Computer Vision, Robotics and Intelligent Systems; 
- Document and Media Analysis; and 
- Image and Signal Processing. 

The **ICPR 2020** Main Conference program also includes 7 Keynotes from prominent world-renowned scientists, 8 Tutorials, 28 Demos, 8 Challenges, 2 Panels, as well as an Industry/Sponsor Exhibition. In addition, 41 Workshops on a range of important current and emerging research topics complete the ICPR 2020 program. 


poster

We propose a new optimization framework for aleatoric uncertainty estimation in regression problems. Existing methods can quantify the error in the target estimation, but they tend to underestimate it. To obtain the predictive uncertainty inherent in an observation, we propose a new separable formulation for the estimation of a signal and of its uncertainty, avoiding the effect of overfitting. By decoupling target estimation and uncertainty estimation, we also control the balance between signal estimation and uncertainty estimation. We conduct three types of experiments: regression with simulation data, age estimation, and depth estimation. We demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms a state-of-the-art technique for signal and uncertainty estimation.

The Aleatoric Uncertainty Estimation Using a Separate Formulation with Virtual Residuals

Although deeper and larger neural networks have achieved better performance, due to overwhelming burden on computation, they cannot meet the demands of deployment on resource-limited devices. An effective strategy to address this problem is to make use of dynamic inference mechanism, which changes the inference path for different samples at runtime. Existing methods only reduce the depth by skipping an entire specific layer, which may lose important information in this layer. In this paper, we propose a novel method called Dynamic Multi-path Neural Network (DMNN), which provides more topology choices in terms of both width and depth on the fly. For better modelling the inference path selection, we further introduce previous state and object category information to guide the training process. Compared to previous dynamic inference techniques, the proposed method is more flexible and easier to incorporate into most modern network architectures. Experimental results on ImageNet and CIFAR-100 demonstrate the superiority of our method on both efficiency and classification accuracy.

Dynamic Multi-path Neural Network

Active learning emerged as an alternative to alleviate
the effort to label huge amount of data for data-hungry applications (such as image/video indexing and retrieval, autonomous
driving, etc.). The goal of active learning is to automatically select
a number of unlabeled samples for annotation (according to a
budget), based on an acquisition function, which indicates how
valuable a sample is for training the model. The learning loss
method is a task-agnostic approach which attaches a module
to learn to predict the target loss of unlabeled data, and
select data with the highest loss for labeling. In this work,
we follow this strategy but we define the acquisition function
as a learning to rank problem and rethink the structure of
the loss prediction module, using a simple but effective listwise
approach. Experimental results on four datasets demonstrate that
our method outperforms recent state-of-the-art active learning
approaches for both image classification and regression tasks.

Learning to Rank for Active Learning: A ListwiseApproach

Human beings not only have the ability to recognize novel unseen classes, but also can incrementally incorporate the new classes to existing knowledge preserved. However, zero- shot learning models assume that all seen classes should be known beforehand, while incremental learning models cannot recognize unseen classes. This paper introduces a novel and challenging task of Incrementally Zero-Shot Detection (IZSD), a practical strategy for both zero-shot learning and class- incremental learning in real-world object detection. An innovative end-to-end model – IZSD-EVer was proposed to tackle this task that requires incrementally detecting new classes and detecting the classes that have never been seen. Specifically, we propose a novel extreme value analyzer to detect objects from old seen, new seen, and unseen classes, simultaneously. Additionally and technically, we propose two innovative losses, i.e., background- foreground mean squared error loss alleviating the extreme imbalance of the background and foreground of images, and projection distance loss aligning the visual space and semantic spaces of old seen classes. Experiments demonstrate the efficacy of our model in detecting objects from both the seen and unseen classes, outperforming the alternative models on Pascal VOC and MSCOCO datasets.

Incrementally Zero-Shot Detection by an Extreme Value Analyzer

Activation functions and attention mechanisms are typically treated as having different purposes and have evolved differently.
However, both concepts can be formulated as a non-linear gating function. 
Inspired by their similarity, we propose a novel type of activation units called attentional activation (ATAC) units as a unification of activation functions and attention mechanisms.
In particular, we propose a local channel attention module for the simultaneous non-linear activation and element-wise feature refinement, which locally aggregates point-wise cross-channel feature contexts.
By replacing the well-known rectified linear units by 
such ATAC units in convolutional networks, we can construct fully attentional networks that perform significantly better with a modest number of additional parameters.
We conducted detailed ablation studies on the ATAC units using several host networks with varying network depths to empirically verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the units.
Furthermore, we compared the performance of the ATAC units against existing activation functions as well as other attention mechanisms on the CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and ImageNet datasets.
Our experimental results show that networks constructed with the proposed ATAC units generally yield performance gains over their competitors given a comparable number of parameters.

Attention as Activation

Given a face image of a recovered child at probe-age, we
search a gallery of missing children with known identities
and gallery-ages at which they were either lost or stolen
in an attempt to unite the recovered child with his family.
We propose a feature aging module that can age-progress
deep face features output by a face matcher to improve the
recognition accuracy of age-separated child face images. In
addition, the feature aging module guides age-progression
in the image space such that synthesized aged gallery faces
can be utilized to further enhance cross-age face matching
accuracy of any commodity face matcher. For time lapses
larger than 10 years (the missing child is recovered after
10 or more years), the proposed age-progression module
improves the rank-1 open-set identification accuracy of
CosFace from 22.91% to 25.04% on a child celebrity dataset,
namely ITWCC. The proposed method also outperforms
state-of-the-art approaches with a rank-1 identification
rate of 95.91%, compared to 94.91%, on a public aging
dataset, FG-NET, and 99.58%, compared to 99.50%, on
CACD-VS. These results suggest that aging face features
enhances the ability to identify young children who are
possible victims of child trafficking or abduction.

Identifying Missing Children: Face Age Progression via Deep Feature Aging

To understand human behavior we must not just recognize individual actions but model possibly complex group activity and interactions. Hierarchical models obtain the best results in group activity recognition but require fine grained individual action annotations at the actor level. We show that, considering only skeletal data, we can train a state-of-the art end-to-end system using only group activity labels at the sequence level.

Learning Group Activities from Skeletons without Individual Action Labels

Density regression has been widely employed in crowd counting. However, the frequency imbalance of pixel values in the density map is still an obstacle to improve the performance. In this paper, we propose a novel learning strategy for learning error-driven curriculum, which uses an additional network to supervise the training of the main network. A tutoring network called TutorNet is proposed to repetitively indicate the critical errors of the main network. TutorNet generates pixel-level weights to formulate the curriculum for the main network during training, so that the main network will assign a higher weight to those hard examples than easy examples. Furthermore, we scale the density map by a factor to enlarge the distance among inter-examples, which is well known to improve the performance. Extensive experiments on two challenging benchmark datasets show that our method has achieved state-of-the-art performance.

Learning Error-Driven Curriculum for Crowd Counting

State-of-the-art pedestrian detectors have achieved significant progress on non-occluded pedestrians, yet they are still struggling under heavy occlusions. The recent occlusion handling strategy of popular two-stage approaches is to build a two-branch architecture with the help of additional visible body annotations. Nonetheless, these methods still have some weaknesses. We propose in this paper a novel Mutual-Supervised Feature Modulation (MSFM) network, to better handle occluded pedestrian detection. To facilitate the MSFM module, we also propose a novel two-branch architecture, consisting of a standard full body detection branch and an extra visible body classification branch. To verify the effectiveness of our proposed method, extensive experiments are conducted on two challenging pedestrian datasets: Caltech and CityPersons, and our approach achieves superior performance compared to other state-of-the-art methods on both datasets, especially in heavy occlusion cases.

Mutual-Supervised Feature Modulation Network for Occluded Pedestrian Detection

Our daily life is surrounded by textual information. Nowadays, the automatic collection of textual information becomes possible owing to the drastic improvement of scene text detectors and recognizer. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a large-scale survey of co-occurrence between visual objects (such as book and car) and scene texts with a large image dataset and a state-of-the-art scene text detector and recognizer. Especially, we focus on the function of "label" texts, which are attached to objects for detailing the objects. By analyzing co-occurrence between objects and scene texts, it is possible to observe the statistics about the label texts and understand how the scene texts will be useful for recognizing the objects and vice versa.

Leveraging Synthetic Subject Invariant EEG Signals for Zero Calibration BCI

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