EMNLP 2025

November 07, 2025

Suzhou, China

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In this paper, we introduce a novel weighted co-training approach that is guided by Large Language Models (LLMs). Namely, in our co-training approach, we use LLM labels on unlabeled data as target labels and co-train two encoder-only based networks that train each other over multiple iterations: first, all samples are forwarded through each network and historical estimates of each network's confidence in the LLM label are recorded; second, a dynamic importance weight is derived for each sample according to each network's belief (or confidence) in the quality of the LLM label for that sample; finally, the two networks exchange importance weights with each other—each network back-propagates all samples weighted with the importance weights coming from its peer network and updates its own parameters. By strategically utilizing LLM-generated guidance, our approach significantly outperforms conventional SSL methods, particularly in settings with abundant unlabeled data. Empirical results show that it achieves state-of-the-art performance on 4 out of 5 benchmark datasets and ranks first among 14 compared methods according to the Friedman test. Our results highlight a new direction in semi-supervised learning—where LLMs serve as knowledge amplifiers, enabling backbone co-training models to achieve SOTA performance efficiently.

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Next from EMNLP 2025

SYNC: A Synthetic Long-Context Understanding Benchmark for Controlled Comparisons of Model Capabilities
poster

SYNC: A Synthetic Long-Context Understanding Benchmark for Controlled Comparisons of Model Capabilities

EMNLP 2025

Kaijian ZouShuyang Cao
Shuyang Cao and 2 other authors

07 November 2025

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