Italy

Today&#39;s legal restrictions that protect the privacy of biometric data are hampering fingerprint recognition researches. For instance, all high-resolution fingerprint databases ceased to be publicly available. To address this problem, we present a novel hybrid approach to synthesize realistic, high-resolution fingerprints. First, we improved Anguli, a handcrafted fingerprint generator, to obtain dynamic ridge maps with sweat pores and scratches. Then, we trained a CycleGAN to transform these maps into realistic fingerprints. Unlike other CNN-based works, we can generate several images for the same identity. We used our approach to create a synthetic database with 7400 images in an attempt to propel further studies in this field without raising legal issues. We included sweat pore annotations in 740 images to encourage research developments in pore detection. In our experiments, we employed two fingerprint matching approaches to confirm that real and synthetic databases have similar performance. We conducted a human perception analysis where sixty volunteers could hardly differ between real and synthesized fingerprints. Given that we also favorably compare our results with the most advanced works in the literature, our experimentation suggests that our approach is the new state-of-the-art.

ICPR 2020

Level Three Synthetic Fingerprint Generation

polyu hrf database.

level-3 features

synthetic fingerprints

cyclegan

ICPR 2020 is the premier international conference on Pattern Recognition, gathering leading researchers from around the world to present their latest achievements in Pattern Analysis and Recognition, applied Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. The topic of the year is " Putting Artificial intelligence to work on Patterns". 
For the first time, ICPR has employed a two-round review process similar to journal submissions, with new papers allowed to be submitted in either the first or second round and papers submitted in the first round and not accepted allowed to be revised and re-submitted for second round review. 

In this edition of the **ICPR 2020** Conference, there are 1407 Oral/Poster presentations organized in five Tracks: 
- Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning for Pattern Analysis; 
- Biometrics, Human Analysis and Behavior Understanding; Computer Vision, Robotics and Intelligent Systems; 
- Document and Media Analysis; and 
- Image and Signal Processing. 

The **ICPR 2020** Main Conference program also includes 7 Keynotes from prominent world-renowned scientists, 8 Tutorials, 28 Demos, 8 Challenges, 2 Panels, as well as an Industry/Sponsor Exhibition. In addition, 41 Workshops on a range of important current and emerging research topics complete the ICPR 2020 program. 


Today's legal restrictions that protect the privacy of biometric data are hampering fingerprint recognition researches. For instance, all high-resolution fingerprint databases ceased to be publicly available. To address this problem, we present a novel hybrid approach to synthesize realistic, high-resolution fingerprints. First, we improved Anguli, a handcrafted fingerprint generator, to obtain dynamic ridge maps with sweat pores and scratches. Then, we trained a CycleGAN to transform these maps into realistic fingerprints. Unlike other CNN-based works, we can generate several images for the same identity. We used our approach to create a synthetic database with 7400 images in an attempt to propel further studies in this field without raising legal issues. We included sweat pore annotations in 740 images to encourage research developments in pore detection. In our experiments, we employed two fingerprint matching approaches to confirm that real and synthetic databases have similar performance. We conducted a human perception analysis where sixty volunteers could hardly differ between real and synthesized fingerprints. Given that we also favorably compare our results with the most advanced works in the literature, our experimentation suggests that our approach is the new state-of-the-art.

poster


Face age transformation aims to generate a face
image in the past or future and has been receiving increasing
attention for its significance recently. This paper proposes a localglobal interactive framework for long-span face age transformation. We divide a face image into five local parts and design
a local generative network for each of them to learn the local
changes of a face image. Meanwhile a global generative network
is utilized to learn the global changes. We introduce an interactive
network and an age classification network, which are respectively
used to integrate the local and global features and maintain the
corresponding age features in different age groups. Given a face
image at a certain age, our network can produce a realistic image
of face aging or rejuvenation. We test and evaluate the model on
complex datasets. Extensive qualitative comparison experiments
prove the effectiveness and potential of our proposed method.

Local-Global Interactive Network For Face Age Transformation


Due to the advancement of non-invasive medical imaging modalities like Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA), an increasing number of Intracranial Aneurysm (IA) cases are being reported in recent years. The IAs are typically treated by so-called endovascular coiling, where blood flow in the IA is prevented by embolization with a platinum coil. Accurate quantification of the IA Remnant (IAR), i.e. the volume with blood flow present post treatment is the utmost important factor in choosing the right treatment planning. This is typically done by manually segmenting the aneurysm remnant from the MRA volume. Since manual segmentation of volumetric images is a labour-intensive and error-prone process, development of an automatic volumetric segmentation method is required. Segmentation of small structures such as IA, that may largely vary in size, shape, and location is considered extremely difficult. Similar intensity distribution of IAs and surrounding blood vessels makes it more challenging and susceptible to false positive. In this paper we propose a novel 3D CNN architecture called Dual-Attention Atrous Net (DAtt-ANet), which can efficiently segment IAR volumes from MRA images by reconciling features at different scales using the proposed Parallel Atrous Unit (PAU) along with the use of self-attention mechanism for extracting fine-grained features and intra-class correlation. The proposed DAtt-ANet model is trained and evaluated on a clinical MRA image dataset of IAR consisting of 46 subjects. We compared the proposed DAtt-ANet with five state-of-the-art CNN models based on their segmentation performance. The proposed DAtt-ANet outperformed all other methods and was able to achieve a five-fold cross-validation DICE score of 0.73 ± 0.06.

Segmentation of Intracranial Aneurysm Remnant in MRA using Dual-Attention Atrous Net


This paper introduces neural architecture search (NAS) for the automatic discovery of small models for keyword spotting (KWS) in limited resource environments. We employ a differentiable NAS approach to optimize the structure of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to maximize the classification accuracy while minimizing the number of operations per inference. Using NAS only, we were able to obtain a highly efficient model with 95.4% accuracy on the Google speech commands dataset with 494.8 kB of memory usage and 19.6 million operations. Additionally, weight quantization is used to reduce the memory consumption even further. We show that weight quantization to low bit-widths (e.g. 1 bit) can be used without substantial loss in accuracy. By increasing the number of input features from 10 MFCC to 20 MFCC we were able to increase the accuracy to 96.3% at 340.1 kB of memory usage and 27.1 million operations.

Resource-efficient DNNs for Keyword Spotting using Neural Architecture Search and Quantization


Manipulating images of complex scenes to reconstruct, insert and/or remove specific object instances is a challenging task.
Complex scenes contain multiple semantics and objects, which are frequently cluttered or ambiguous, thus hampering the performance of inpainting models.
Conventional techniques often rely on structural information such as object contours in multi-stage approaches that generate unreliable results and boundaries.
In this work, we propose a novel deep learning model to alter a complex urban scene by removing a user-specified portion of the image and coherently inserting a new object (e.g. car or pedestrian) in that scene.
Inspired by recent works on image inpainting, our proposed method leverages the semantic segmentation to model the content and structure of the image, and learn the best shape and location of the object to insert.
To generate reliable results, we design a new decoder block that combines the semantic segmentation and generation task to guide better the generation of new objects and scenes, which have to be semantically consistent with the image.

Our experiments, conducted on two large-scale datasets of urban scenes (Cityscapes and Indian Driving), show that our proposed approach successfully address the problem of semantically-guided inpainting of complex urban scene.

Semantic-Guided Inpainting Network for Complex Urban Scenes Manipulation

A plethora of research in the literature shows how human eye fixation pattern varies depending on different factors, including genetics, age, social functioning, cognitive functioning, and so on. Analysis of these variations in visual attention has already elicited two potential research avenues: 1) determining the physiological or psychological state of the subject and 2) predicting the tasks associated with the act of viewing from the recorded eye-fixation data. To this end, this paper proposes a visual saliency based novel feature extraction method for automatic and quantitative classification of eye-tracking data, which is applicable to both of the research directions. Instead of directly extracting features from the fixation data, this method
employs several well-known computational models of visual attention to predict eye fixation locations as saliency maps. Comparing the saliency amplitudes, similarity and dissimilarity of saliency maps with the corresponding eye fixations maps gives an extra dimension of information which is effectively utilized to generate discriminative features to classify the eye-tracking data. Extensive experimentation using Saliency4ASD, Age Prediction, and Visual Perceptual Task dataset show that
our saliency-based feature can achieve superior performance, outperforming the previous state-of-the-art methods by a considerable margin. Moreover, unlike the existing application-specific solutions, our method demonstrates performance improvement across three distinct problems from the real-life domain: Autism Spectrum Disorder screening, toddler age prediction, and human visual perceptual task classification, providing a general paradigm that utilizes the extra-information
inherent in saliency maps for a more accurate classification

Classifying Eye-Tracking Data Using Saliency Maps

Time series clustering is a challenging task due to the specificities of this type of data. Temporal correlation and invariance to transformations such as shifting, warping or noise prevent the use of standard data mining methods. Time series clustering has been mostly studied under the angle of finding efficient algorithms and distance metrics adapted to the specific nature of time series data. Much less attention has been devoted to the general problem of model selection. Clustering stability has emerged as a universal and model-agnostic principle for clustering model selection. This principle can be stated as follows: an algorithm should find a structure in the data that is resilient to perturbation by sampling or noise. We propose to apply stability analysis to time series by leveraging prior knowledge on the nature and invariances of the data. These invariances determine the perturbation process used to assess stability. Based on a recently introduced criterion combining between-cluster and within-cluster stability, we propose an invariance-guided method for model selection, applicable to a wide range of clustering algorithms. Experiments conducted on artificial and benchmark data sets demonstrate the ability of our criterion to discover structure and select the correct number of clusters, whenever data invariances are known beforehand.

An Invariance-guided Stability Criterion for Time Series Clustering Validation

Acquiring information about the road lane structure
is a crucial step for autonomous navigation. To this end, several
approaches tackle this task from different perspectives such as
lane marking detection or semantic lane segmentation. However,
to the best of our knowledge, there is yet no purely vision
based end-to-end solution to answer the precise question: How
to estimate the relative number or "ID" of the current driven
lane within a multi-lane road or a highway?
In this work, we propose a real-time, vision-only (i.e. monocular
camera) solution to the problem based on a dual left-right
convention. We interpret this task as a classification problem
by limiting the maximum number of lane candidates to eight.
Our approach is designed to meet low-complexity specifications
and limited runtime requirements. It harnesses the temporal
dimension inherent to the input sequences to improve upon high complexity
state-of-the-art models. We achieve more than 95%
accuracy on a challenging test set with extreme conditions and
different routes.


Real-time End-to-End Lane ID Estimation Using
Recurrent Networks



In this paper, a new 2D transform named Discrete Mirror Transform (DMT) is presented.
The DMT is computed by decomposing a signal into its even and odd parts around an optimal location in a given direction so that the signal energy is maximally split between the two components.
After minimizing the information required to regenerate the original signal by removing redundant structures,
the process is iterated leading the signal energy to distribute into a continuously smaller set of coefficients.
The DMT can be displayed as a binary tree, where each node represents the 
single (even or odd) signal derived from the decomposition in the previous level.
An optimized version of the DMT (ODMT) is also introduced, by exploiting the possibility to choose different directions at which performing the decomposition.
Experimental simulations have been carried out in order to test the sparsity
properties of the DMT and ODMT when applied on images: referring to both transforms, the results show a superior performance with respect to the popular Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) in terms of non-linear approximation.

2D - Discrete Mirror Transform for Image Non-Linear Approximation

Interpretable Machine Learning (IML) methods are used to gain insight into the relevance of a feature of interest for the performance of a model. Commonly used IML methods differ in whether they consider features of interest in isolation, e.g., Permutation Feature Importance (PFI), or in relation to all remaining feature variables, e.g., Conditional Feature Importance (CFI). As such, the perturbation mechanisms inherent to PFI and CFI represent extreme reference points. We introduce Relative Feature Importance (RFI), a generalization of PFI and CFI that allows for a more nuanced feature importance computation beyond the PFI versus CFI dichotomy. With RFI, the importance of a feature relative to any other subset of features can be assessed, including variables that were not available at training time. We derive general interpretation rules for RFI based on a detailed theoretical analysis of the implications of relative feature relevance, and demonstrate the method's usefulness on simulated examples.

Relative Feature Importance


A number of methods based on deep learning have been applied to medical image segmentation and have achieved state-of-the-art performance. Due to the importance of chest x-ray data in studying COVID-19, there is a demand for state-of-the-art models capable of precisely segmenting soft tissue on the chest x-rays. The dataset for exploring the best segmentation model is from Montgomery and Shenzhen hospital which had opened in 2014. The most famous technique is U-Net which has been used for many medical datasets including the Chest X-rays. However, most variant U-Nets mainly focus on the extraction of contextual information and skip connections. There is still a large space for improving the extraction of spatial features. In this paper, we propose a dual encoder fusion U-Net framework for Chest X-rays based on Inception Convolutional Neural Network with dilation, Densely Connected Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network, which is named DEFU-Net. The densely connected recurrent path extends the network deeper for facilitating contextual feature extraction. In order to increase the width of the network and enrich the representation of features, the inception blocks with dilation are adopted. The inception blocks can capture globally and locally spatial information from various receptive fields. At the same time, the two paths are fused by summing features, thus preserving the contextual and spatial information for the decoding part. This multi-learning-scale model is benefiting in the Chest X-ray dataset from two different manufacturers (Montgomery and Shenzhen hospital). The DEFU-Net achieves better performance than basic U-Net, residual U-Net, BCDU-Net, R2U-Net and attention R2U-Net. This model has proved the feasibility for the mixed datasets and approaches state-of-the-art.

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Level Three Synthetic Fingerprint Generation

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