Belgium

Saffron is a high-value spice renowned for its stigma, yet the genetic and molecular mechanisms governing its flowering remain poorly understood. This study investigates the role of key flowering regulators in saffron, focusing on the Florigen Activation Complex (FAC) componentsFLOWERING LOCUS T(FT) and the bZIP transcription factorFD. WhereTFL1serves a contrasting role by repressing flowering. Floral induction is modulated by the balance between two flowering-related proteins,FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)andTERMINAL FLOWERING LIKE 1(TFL1).
 We identified sixFThomologs (CsatFT1-6), threeFDhomologs (CsatFD1-3) and threeTFL1(TFL1-1-TFL1-3) in saffron. Spatiotemporal expression profiling showed thatCsatFT3andCsatFD2are specifically expressed in the floral meristem and coincide with floral induction. In contrast,CsatTFL1-3downregulates in apices during flower induction, suggesting thatCsatTFL1-3has a role in floral repression. Using BiFC and Y2H assay techniques, we confirmed the interaction betweenCsatFT3/CsatFD2andCsatFD2/TFL1-3. Functional characterization through Arabidopsis and ViGS in saffron demonstrated thatCsatFT3andCsatFD2positively whereasCsatTFL1-3negatively regulates floral induction.
Short vegetative phase(SVP) is particularly responsive to temperature changes, as the saffron flowering is highly temperature sensitive, we have identified twoCsatSVPgenes. Notably,CsatFT3is regulated by the transcription factorCsatSVP2. Binding and activation studies indicate thatCsatSVP2negatively regulatesCsatFT3. Additionally, interactions betweenCsatFT3andCsatSVP2were confirmed using the luciferase assay, and Y1H technique. Overall, the study uncovers components of the floral induction in saffron, offering the potential for genetic improvements to address sterility and enhance yield through targeted manipulation.

SEB Conference 2025

Bud to Bloom:Decoding Transcriptional Network Underlying Flowering Regulation in Saffron (Crocus sativusL.)

floral activation complex(fac)

floral induction

saffron

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SEB Conference 2026

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SEB’s Annual Conference is celebrated for creating the perfect composition of research, new discoveries and collaborative connections. Be creative and innovative by exchanging ideas and knowledge with masters of biology from all over the world.

The dermapteran hindwing is known for its bistable properties, resulting from the interplay of folding geometry and anisotropic distribution of resilin, a protein capable of storing elastic energy. These properties present compelling possibilities for the space industry, aiming to reduce weight and stowing volume of spacecraft by using minimal actuation to deploy structures like solar panels or satellite drag sails. Our research introduces a computational tool, built on top of the open source MuJoCo library, to simulate the biomechanics of wing folding. Initially focusing on the fan-folded area of the hindwing, we demonstrate a bistable system, including both a locked open state and a closing mechanism. This tool reproduces the dynamics of the dermapteran hindwing fan folding as a function of key design parameters. These parameters include geometry, mass, stiffness and actuation, allowing predictions on the structure’s behaviour across different scales. Results demonstrate successful closing within 90 seconds of wing structures with a radius of approximately 50 cm. Closing can be achieved by applying at torques of 20 Ncm locally in the centre of the radial fan. This leads to elastic energy release of tendons, with a stiffness of 30 N/cm, which are substituting the resilin found in the broadened vein patches. Consequently, the wing sections fold, representing a global deformation. The tool demonstrates successful upscaling of the small wing, while preserving the general properties of the bistable system. It serves as a foundation for further software development and engineering of biomimetic, deployable structures for the space industry.

Unlocking bistability: computational tool for the simulation of dermapteran hindwing folding

Actuation has been identified as a significant limiting factor for turbulence mitigation of aircraft. Turning to nature for inspiration enables an understanding of how highly agile birds can articulate their aerodynamic surfaces during precision flight conditions such as wind hovering. Such understanding can inspire morphing actuation that enable higher control authority and rapidity, improving flight performance in challenging scenarios. This paper, therefore, explores the effects of specific kestrel morphing motions using a high-fidelity morphing robot of a kestrel, which replicates predominant motions seen in real wind-hovering kestrels. Through comprehensive wind tunnel testing, the aerodynamic effects and stability implications of wing extension, tail spread, and tail incidence mechanisms are examined. The findings illustrate redundancy in control axes, enabling the birds to trim for stability through their area changing degrees-of-freedom. The coupling of wing and tail extension, seen in real flight, not only facilitates improved lift generation but also effectively decouples lift and pitching moment axes, reflecting strategies observed in real kestrel flight. The remarkably low inertia of kestrels, extracted through CT scanning, is found to be an important contributor to the agility advantage of kestrels versus similar sized aircraft. This study highlights the significant potential of bio-inspired morphing, providing fresh perspectives on control strategies informed by nature's flight mechanisms.

Kestrel morphing reveals stability tailoring and aerodynamic benefits of wing-tail coupling in wind-hovering flight

Flight tests were conducted on Nankeen kestrels (Falco cenchroides) hovering in a wind tunnel to investigate their responses to discrete gusts. Gusts were generated using downstream rotating louvres, which modulated the strength of an updraught in which the birds could hover with wings fixed. Motion capture cameras recorded the kestrels’ kinematic responses during gust encounters. These gust responses were replicated using a robotic morphing kestrel wing and tail with three degrees of freedom: wing extension, tail spread, and tail pitch. The model was pre-programmed with movements imitating the birds’ gust responses, which were actuated in coordination with the gust generator. Measurements of the aerodynamic loads showed that the gust loads were effectively mitigated in the lift axis for both upward and downward step gusts. These findings highlight key degrees of freedom that could inform bioinspired gust mitigation strategies for small UAVs.

Reproduction of kestrel gust-mitigation kinematics with a robotic morphing wing

Landing precisely is vital for flying animals. However, disturbances in outdoor environments always complicate the process. For bumblebees, dynamic gusts cause both unpredictable flower movements and displacements of foraging bumblebees, which necessitate a rapid compensation of perturbations with their sensory-motor control system. Here, we study how rapid flower movements affect the landing behavior of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris). Using stereoscopic high-speed videography, we track bumblebees landing on an oscillating flower mimic and model their landing kinematics with control theory. The result shows that bumblebees land on moving flower with rapid motor actions controlled using visual perception of the moving target. The proposed visual-motor control model shows that optical perception signals facilitate bumblebees tracking the moving flower and gaze control while landing. The model also suggests a surprisingly low sensory-motor delay (median 57.1 ms). Moreover, by examining in-flight time histories of roll angle and sideway-acceleration, the helicopter model for aerodynamics force production proposed based on fruit flies is proved as valid for bumblebee flights. These results lead to a more thorough understanding of insect flight control system and could facilitate bio-inspired tracking and landing algorithms for flying robots.

How bumblebees land on rapidly-moving flowers: Sensory-motor flight control of landing on sideway moving flowers

Fastening barbules are hook-like microstructures on the surface of a bird’s primary flight feathers which prevent separation of adjacent feathers during wing extension. As a result, they are thought to be important for improving bird flight performance at high angles of attack by helping to maintain a smooth aerodynamic surface. This ability would be very useful for morphing-wing uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) which can adjust the shape of their wing to suit a variety of flight conditions. Some of these UAV wings are comprised of multiple feather-like segments which slide over one another. However, they lack this between-feather fastening. Because of this, they struggle in gusty flight conditions and when flying at high angles of attack; their wing segments flap apart creating gaps that air can pass through which prevents the wings from producing sufficient aerodynamic force to maintain flight. Taking inspiration from fastening barbules, we investigate an electro-adhesive mechanism with the aim to enable controllable fastening between wing segments. Electro-adhesion involves the application of high voltage to electrodes which causes them to adhere together, but as soon as this voltage is removed, adhesion is lost. This study measures maximum adhesion strength between two electrodes in multiple directions. Results from these tests will enable application of this mechanism to future morphing wing UAVs.

A feather-inspired, electro-adhesive mechanism to improve flight capabilities of morphing wing UAVs

Vitamin C (VC), also known as ascorbic acid and ascorbate, is a water-soluble antioxidant in plants that promotes skin health and immune function in humans. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), a leafy green vegetable widely valued for its health benefits, has been identified as a target for nutritional enhancement, including increased VC content. However, the complex inheritance of VC necessitates advanced selection methods to accelerate cultivar development. In this study, VC- associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers identified through genome-wide association (GWAS) were employed for genomic prediction (GP) to estimate prediction accuracy (PA) for VC content in spinach. A dataset of 147,977 SNPs generated from whole genome resequencing was analyzed in a panel of 347 spinach genotypes using six GWAS models. Sixty-two SNP markers, distributed across six spinach chromosomes, were significantly associated with VC content. PA was assessed using randomly selected SNP sets and GWAS-derived SNP marker sets across various GP models. Results demonstrated that PA exceeded 40% when using 1,000 or more SNPs. Furthermore, incorporating GWAS-derived SNP markers improved PA, achieving a r-value greater 0.70 through Bayes ridge regression (BRR) model. This study highlights the potential of GWAS-derived SNP markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) in spinach breeding programs aimed at enhancing VC content.

Genomic Prediction of Vitamin C Content in Spinach

This study examines the impact of climate variability on garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivation in Buzau, Romania, focusing on agricultural drought and breeding strategies for stress resilience. Between October 2023 and September 2024, precipitation remained below the multiannual average, with severe drought conditions affecting the southern and eastern regions. The Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) and Aridity Index confirmed increased drought severity, while heatwaves in July–August further stressed crops. Phenological observations indicated an earlier onset of developmental stages by 7–10 days due to rising temperatures, negatively affecting vegetable yields. A total of 26 garlic genotypes were evaluated against the registered cultivars 'Benone' and 'Ramniceanu' for productivity, stress tolerance, and morphological traits. Using Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC), three distinct genotype groups were identified based on leaf morphology, bulb weight, and dry matter content. Preliminary results highlight significant phenotypic variability and potential for selecting drought-tolerant lines. The findings emphasize the importance of breeding programs in developing climate-resilient cultivars. Future research will refine genotype selection and enhance adaptation strategies for sustainable garlic production in Romania.

Phenotypic evaluation of garlic (Allium sativum L.) genotypes under open-field conditions

Resurrection or desiccation tolerant plants are characterized by a remarkable ability to survive extreme desiccation, losing more than 90% of the cellular water in their vegetative tissues, and then recover normal physiological activity after only few hours of rehydration.  Plants release many different Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) to cope with environmental stresses. The VOC emission capacity have been investigated only in few resurrection species and most of these studies has shown the leaf emission of isoprene and other VOCs (C6 green leaf volatiles), and oxygenated compounds (acetone, and methanol). In the present study, the leaf emission of VOCs was assessed in the resurrection angiosperm Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. (Gesneriaceae) that belongs to the homoiochlorophyllous type species that are characterized to retain the photosynthetic apparatus and pigments, which allows a quicker recovery following rehydration. However, the high concentration of chlorophyll during desiccation is a source for the production of harmful reactive oxygen specie. Therefore, H. rhodopensis needs better antioxidant protection against free radical attack experienced either during dehydration or immediately upon rehydration. Our study aims to understand the role of leaf VOCs emission in the desiccation tolerance strategy of H. rhodopensis. The temporal dynamic of VOC emission during dehdyration and rehydration was monitored continuously by applying proton transfer reaction – time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our study on the VOC emission, together with parallel analysis of the photosynthetic activity and photoprotective mechanisms, provides new insights into the potential role of VOCs for the “drying without dying” ability.

Resurrection plants: the unsolved mystery of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emissions under extreme physiological desiccation

Citrus greening or Huanglongbing, and potato zebra chip are devastating diseases affecting worldwide citrus and potato production. The diseases are associated with the fastidious (unculturable), phloem-limited bacteria, ‘Ca. Liberibacter spp.’ and are transmitted by insect vectors. Defensins are short (~40 to 50 amino acids) basic, cysteine-rich peptides integral to the innate immune system in plants, animals, and insects and possess broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Here, we evaluated whether expressing defensins from spinach in citrus and potato can confer tolerance to ‘Ca. Liberibacter spp.’ diseases. Given the unculturable nature of ‘Ca. Liberibacter spp.’, efficacy evaluation of two spinach defensins (SoAMP1 and SoAMP2), was first performed using the ex vivo microbial hairy root system. Both SoAMP1 and SoAMP2 demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against ‘Ca. Liberibacter spp.’ in citrus and potato hairy roots compared to controls. The spinach defensins disrupted bacterial cell membranes and permeability, leading to mortality, as demonstrated by in vitro cytotoxicity assays using a culturable surrogate bacteria, Liberibacter crescens. Furthermore, heterologous expression of SoAMP1 and SoAMP2 in potatoes and citrus using genetic engineering or viral vector-mediated expression conferred plant tolerance to ‘Ca. Liberibacter spp.’ and significantly improved crop yield of infected plants. In conclusion, one or more spinach defensin peptides could be used as crop protection products for managing citrus greening, potato zebra chip, and/or other diseases.

Novel antimicrobial peptides from spinach confer tolerance to citrus greening and potato zebra chip diseases.

The development of growth systems for cultivation in space aims at minimizing the resources required in terms of energy and volume. This technological progress affects also the plant organisms used, where the optimization of the plant architecture and productivity in a controlled environment will be fundamental to maximize space efficiency and reduce waste. In this context, for example, the generation and selection of crop dwarf varieties, which makes crops compatible with efficient vertical farming systems, is a rapidly expanding field for the first space settlements. An ideal space crop, however, should also be highly productive, optimised for growth in a closed environment and resistant to space stressors.
Most calories in the human diet come from complex carbohydrates, obtained mainly from the cultivation of cereals. Among cereals, rice is currently the main source of energy for the world population. Rice has interesting nutraceutical characteristics: it contains small and readily digestible starch, does not contain gluten and, depending on the variety, can provide fibre, proteins, vitamin B, iron and manganese. Rice is also one of the highest yielding cereals and can be easily grown with soilless methodologies (e.g., hydroponics), which are currently considered the most adapted technologies and potentially applicable to space exploration scenarios.
Starting from the identification of the ideal ideotype, the project Moon-Rice aims at developing new varieties of rice, selected specifically for future space applications.

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