Belgium

Burkholderia cepacia is a bacterium commonly found in humid environments and water sources, which can cause severe respiratory infections in immunocompromised patients or those with specific chronic diseases. Due to its unique survival and proliferation abilities, this bacterium can thrive in natural water bodies, specific sterile or non-sterile preparations, and in environments where antibiotics and disinfectants are present and in nutrient-deficient conditions. This makes it a significant threat to the water supply systems in medical facilities. Many broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as penicillins and polymyxins, are ineffective against B. cepacia, complicating the treatment process, and its transmission characteristics increase the likelihood of healthcare-associated infections. Therefore, conducting in-depth analyses of this bacterium is crucial to propose more precise and effective prevention and treatment strategies. This study collected approximately 80 strains isolates of B. cepacia. First, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing was performed, and then their potential to cause nosocomial infections was analyzed. Subsequently, drug susceptibility testing was conducted using the disk diffusion method to identify effective antibiotics, aiming to prevent the potential spread of this bacterium.

SEB Conference 2025

Characteristics and drug susceptibility analysis of Burkholderia cepacia isolates

burkholderia cepacia

drug susceptibility

poster

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SEB’s Annual Conference is celebrated for creating the perfect composition of research, new discoveries and collaborative connections. Be creative and innovative by exchanging ideas and knowledge with masters of biology from all over the world.

Understanding the mechanisms that mediate fish responses to the climate change stressors of high temperature and hypoxia is crucial for identifying environmental thresholds and implementing effective conservation and management strategies. Studies have examined the effects of hypoxia on fish upper thermal tolerance and cardiorespiratory physiology. In contrast, in this study, we fitted 10o C-acclimated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with blood flow probes, placed them into respirometers, and measured their cardiorespiratory response to decreasing water oxygen levels (5% air sat. every 15 minutes) at 10o C and after temperature was first increased to 14 and 18o C overnight. No clear critical oxygen threshold (Pcrit ) was identified at 10o C, and the % air sat. at which the salmon went bradycardic was 42.4. Whereas values for Pcrit  and the oxygen level at which bradycardia were initiated in 14 and 18o C fish were 52.1 vs. 57.2 and 61.0 vs. 77.1, respectively. Fish at 10o C lost equilibrium (LOE) at 21.0 % air sat. vs. 27.5 at 14o C and 41.9 at 18o C. Interestingly, their LOE was inversely related to heart rate (fH , 29.1, 36.6 and 42.8 beats min-1  at 10, 14 and 18o C, respectively), and it was the inability of salmon at 18o C to increase stroke volume when fH  fell, and to increase blood oxygen extraction (MO2 /Q; which was much higher in normoxia at 18o C), that limited hypoxia tolerance. These data are consistent with recent studies which show that higher fHs  are detrimental to hypoxia tolerance, whereas the heart’s pumping capacity and increases in MO2 /Q are critical.

Constraints on Cardiac Pumping Capacity and Tissue Oxygen Extraction, Not Heart Rate, Limit Hypoxia Tolerance of Salmon at Warm Temperatures

With advanced information technology geared toward biochemical assays, molecular diagnostics, and physiological measurements across the animal kingdom, animal biological research nevertheless suffers from a more archaic laboratory workflow, involving fragmented data acquisition, manual sample handling, and spurious quality control, leading to high variability and turnaround time. Complementary to the challenges, we developed intelligent AI-based automation in life sciences for improved data acquisition, processing, and analysis, unlike anything, thus far increasing efficiency and resource management. The system allows optimizing the workflow with machine learning algorithms that continuously tune the processing parameters based on the samples' performances to improve accuracy while minimizing error. A high-throughput data management framework allows real-time synchronization of biochemical, molecular, and physiological data sets. Intelligent quality control ensures anomaly detection and thus also increases the reliability of data and reproducibility across experiments. When applied to animal physiological and biochemical research, a reduction in turnaround time of the order of 18% to manual labor of 30% was described. Energy consumption was minimized by 30% with the use of automated processes and 180 kg of laboratory waste was greatly reduced, therefore providing such green benefits for high-throughput studies. Further work will expand the biomonitoring driven by AI on wildlife physiology and the predictive modeling of metabolic and ecological research, giving a more scalable framework to integrate AI-driven automation into animal biology and research to improve production efficiency, reproducibility, and sustainability moving forward.

AI-Driven Automation in Animal Biological Research: Enhancing Data Processing and Resource Efficiency

Burkholderia cepacia complex is a Gram-negative, non-fermentative bacterium in humid environments like soil, water, and plants. Initially isolated from onion bulbs, it is now detected in freshwater, agricultural runoff, and various ecological niches. Its adaptability allows it to thrive in natural and artificial aquatic systems, posing potential risks to animals and ecosystems. Amid growing concerns about antibiotic resistance, bacteriophages present a promising alternative for bacterial control. This study aims to isolate phages infecting Burkholderia cepacia complex from various freshwater sources and describe their characteristics. Seventy-eight strains were collected and genotyped using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Phage screening on these isolates identified several effective lytic phages for potential bacterial control applications. By exploring phage-bacterium interactions in natural settings, this research proposes novel biocontrol strategies to inhibit the proliferation of Burkholderia cepacia complex in water sources, potentially offering eco-friendly solutions for mitigating bacterial contamination in animal habitats, agriculture, and aquaculture.

Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophages Targeting Burkholderia cepacia Complex

Climate change disrupts aquaculture systems increasingly in terms of water temperature, pH, and microbial community structure, thereby deteriorating water quality and increasing disease risk. While subtropical islands in East Asia undergo drastic seasonal temperature variation and extreme weather events, they also further influence the aquaculture environment. To that end, it is essential to recognize these shifts in microbes in formulationally sustainable fish culture. The research has conducted investigations on the microbial community structure in the aquaculture ponds on a subtropical island, emphasising the relationship between climate-induced changes in water quality. We shall identify critical environmental circumstances affecting microbial population dynamics, including their roles in aquaculture sustainability. Water samples were collected from aquaculture ponds across central and southern regions, targeting economically important species such as milkfish and shrimp. Microbial communities were analysed through 16S rRNA sequencing, and physicochemical parameters, including temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and nitrogen compounds, were monitored. The microbial shifts were shown to be highly seasonal, with disruptions of the nitrogen-cycler bacteria with a strong effect on water quality. This advance underscores the importance of monitoring microbial communities as a means of acclimatizing to climate hazards within the aquaculture sector, and thus should be in place to formulate an effective water quality regulation strategy and promote a microbial regime that grants fish health and production efficiency: a prerequisite for the resilience and sustainability of aquaculture industries in East Asia against environmental change.

Microbial community dynamics in aquaculture under climate change: impacts on water quality

Lactose intolerance presents high incidence, although the mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated and there are few/limited experimental models for their study. Some studies suggest a sexually dimorphic effect and a greater predisposition to psychiatric disorders. The objectives of this study were to propose experimental models of lactose intolerance, evaluating the manifestation of behaviours related to psychiatric disorders and the incidence in each sex. Moreover, it was objective to elucidate the neurobiological processes involved. Male and female adult Wistar rats were exposed for 14 consecutive days to two types of diets rich in lactose: a solution containing 14% lactose and a commercial formula of milk. Clinical signs were monitored: body weight and stool consistency. Behaviours related to psychiatric disorders were evaluated: light-dark box (anxiety) and social preference tests, as well as brain dopamine levels. Both diets impaired the stool consistency, with a peak effect on the 12th day of exposure. From there, the results were sexually dimorphic. Males presented anxiolytic behaviour after the lactose diet. The socialization of males was impaired by both diets, especially after the commercial formula. The behavioural impairments found in males were attributed to the modulating role of lactose on the dopaminergic system. In females, the lactose-rich diets reduced cortical dopamine levels, which resulted in an anxiogenic effect. In conclusion, both lactose-rich diets (14% lactose and commercial formula) induced clinical signs of lactose intolerance in male and female rats, accompanied by sexually dimorphic behavioural impairments associated with psychiatric disorders that were explained by dopaminergic modulation.

Study of experimental models of lactose intolerance in rats: sexual dimorphism and relationship with psychiatric disorders

Cold-water fishes, such as salmonids, face environmental stresses resulting from climate change. We examined the thermal acclimation response of the hatchery-reared brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) to explore how the metabolic function and contractile properties of their myotomal muscle might shift to mitigate the impact of a warming environment. When tested at a common temperature (10o C), metabolic rate in fish acclimated to 20o C was significantly lower than those acclimated to 10o C. Contractile properties such maximum muscle shortening velocity and isometric relaxation showed corresponding changes, with warm acclimated fish showing slower contraction kinetics. These fish also showed changes in the expression of a wide variety of muscle and metabolic genes with elevated temperature, thus providing a mechanistic foundation for their thermal acclimation. We carried out a parallel study on wild brook trout collected in summer, fall and winter to explore if a native population of these fish undergoes the same thermal acclimation response observed with our hatchery fish.  These fish showed similar but not identical shifts in muscle function and gene expression with a warming environment, suggesting that wild populations of brook trout may vary in their thermal acclimation response across the range of this cold-water salmonid.

Metabolic and Contractile Shifts in Brook Trout Myotomal Muscle Acclimated to Warm Water

Calcification is a widespread process in marine organisms and depends on tight control of pH and carbonate chemistry. Sea urchin larvae have been extensively used to study the transport mechanisms underlying the formation of an elaborate calcitic endoskeleton. The generation of this complex mineral structure is initiated in primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs), where amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) is formed in intracellular vesicles. The intracellular precipitation of ACC requires a specific chemical environment in which pH plays a critical role. However, the pH dynamics within these vesicles and their role in carbon transport are still poorly understood. We developed in vivo methods to characterize vesicular pH in PMCs of Stongylocentrotus purpuratuslarvae to unravel the underlying mechanisms of proton and carbon transport. Inverted confocal microscopy in combination with the ratiometric fluorescent dye SNARF-1 allowed us to accurately measure the pH of intracellular vesicles in PMCs. Simultaneous tracking of endocytosed calcein accompanied by pH recordings allowed a high spatial and temporal resolution of pH dynamics in Ca2+  rich vesicles. This system provides a unique model for live- tissue imaging and sheds light on pH regulatory mechanisms in intracellular calcifying vesicles. Preliminary results showed the presence of acidic and alkaline vesicle populations in PMCs, which can regulate their luminal pH to maintain a favorable chemical environment forCaCO3  formation. Future studies are planned to understand how the larvae can cope with environmental stressors such as ocean acidification, where the decrease in seawater pH is accompanied by a decrease in carbonate ion concentration.

The calcification process in sea urchin larvae: insights into pH regulation mechanisms in intracellular vesicles of primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs)

During digestion, snakes experience large cardiovascular changes to accommodate increased metabolic demands, including tachycardia driven by vagal tone withdrawal and non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic factors. Stroke volume doubles without cardiac growth, while blood pressure remains stable, likely due to reduced peripheral resistance. However, specific modifications transitions in arterial resistance from fasting to digestion remain unclear. Endothelial-derived catecholamines, 6-cyanodopamine and 6-nitrodopamine, are potent endogenous positive chronotropic factors in isolated rat heart. Additionally, 6-nitrodopamine is released by the corn snake’s aorta and promotes vasodilation in aortic rings, but the effects of 6-cyanodopamine in snakes are unknown. This study aimed to analyze the adrenergic regulation of the mesenteric arteries of fasting (2–3 weeks) and digesting (24–48 hours) pythons. Second order arteries were mounted in a wire myograph, and concentration-response curves for adrenaline and noradrenaline were performed, with or without pre-incubation with 100 nM 6-cyanodopamine. We observed a significant reduction in Emax only for adrenaline in digesting snakes compared to fasting ones. This finding suggests that different mechanisms regulate the vascular response to adrenaline and noradrenaline in fasting and digesting snakes. Additionally, 6-cyanodopamine enhanced the maximum response to noradrenaline exclusively in fasting snakes. The absence of this effect in digesting snakes is likely related to the same mechanism underlying the altered response to adrenaline. These findings indicate that arterial responses to catecholamines differ between fasting and digestion, suggesting metabolic state-dependent vascular regulation.

Different vascular responses to catecholamines in fasting and digesting snakes

Biological invasions can cause deleterious impacts for biodiversity, ecosystem health and the economy, yet how individual traits impact invasive population spread and range expansion remain unclear. In this study we investigated the morphological, behavioural and physiological phenotypes of round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), a highly invasive fish, from populations at the edge and the core of an invasion gradient along the Trent Severn River Waterway, in Canada. Our edge (invasion front) population was significantly male biased, with larger and more reproductive fish compared to the fish at the core, an area established over 20 years ago. Using 68 size-matched males from each population we conducted repeated behavioural assays to assess boldness, and activity. In addition, thermal tolerance (CTmax) tests were conducted initially at 19°C, and then again after a 4-week acclimation to either 15°C or 27°C. While boldness and activity were similar between populations, core fish exhibited higher CTmax at 19°C but had similar thermal tolerance after acclimation, suggesting a comparable thermal plasticity. Our findings suggest larger and reproductive individuals are involved in the range expansion of round goby and appear to be in boom or population expansion phase. The results also suggest a more limited role of individual behaviour in shaping the invasion dynamic and raise questions about potential trade-offs between physiological tolerance and dispersal. By offering insights into the mechanisms underlying the invasion process, this study highlights invasion gradients as promising frameworks for invasion research and for developing mitigation strategies.

Investigating the phenotypic drivers of the invasion dynamic in round goby 

Due to the ongoing global warming, extreme marine heat wave events have increased in severity, frequency and duration, setting marine ecosystems at high risk. In this context, the application of methods that can alleviate global warming devastating impacts on marine organisms constitutes a necessity. Repeated time-limited exposure of an organism to an environmental stimulus modifies its response mode, enhancing its resilience and adaptation to environmental stress. This “stress memory” effect is referred to as “hardening”. From this perspective, in the present study, we have applied the heat hardening process onMytilus galloprovincialis mussels. Our aim was to investigate the heat hardening effect on mussels’ cellular pathways and identify the underlying biochemical mechanisms, in terms of apoptosis, that enhance these organisms’ thermal tolerance in the laboratory. Thereafter, heat-hardened mussels were transferred to the field where they were left to acclimatize under increasing ambient sea water temperatures, to evaluate their resilience to constantly changing environmental conditions. Heat hardening resulted in decreased apoptosis at all elevated temperatures (24 °C, 26 °C, and 28 °C) in the heat-hardened mussels compared to the nonhardened individuals. In the field, increased ambient temperature resulted to increasing levels of apoptosis in the nonhardened mussels, with the hardened individuals exhibiting a significant decrease in apoptotic indicators compared to their counterparts. In conclusion, the exposure of mussels to heat hardening in the laboratory seems to provide a “stress memory” response that enhances heat tolerance and increases cell survival through reduced cell death when mussels were exposed to complex natural conditions.

Verification of the enhanced physiological performance of laboratory heat-hardened Mediterranean mussels when acclimatized in the complex field conditions

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Constraints on Cardiac Pumping Capacity and Tissue Oxygen Extraction, Not Heart Rate, Limit Hypoxia Tolerance of Salmon at Warm Temperatures

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