United States

We discuss the direct fabrication of embedded, graphitized features within high-purity, synthetic single-crystal diamond through ultrafast laser micromachining, for the purpose of creating narrow conductive plates in diamond. As an incorporating substrate, carbon in the form of highly pure synthetic diamond offers numerous advantageous physico-chemical properties, including hardness, durability, optical transparency, and extremely high electrical resistance. On the other hand, graphitic carbon can exhibit exceptionally low electrical resistance. For example, sandwich structures consisting of a thin sheet of diamond between two sheets of graphite with areal dimensions of 5 × 1 mm2 and 1 µm gaps between plates may be formed and evaluated. To realize these forms of regionally converted diamond, we employ ultrafast laser micromachining with high numerical aperture focusing and precise positioning control to disrupt the crystalline matrix of a well-confined volume within single-crystal synthetic diamond, forming embedded graphitic features. Graphitized plate regions 1 µm thick with 1 µm separations can be fabricated in this manner, and empirical I-V measurements indicate resistances as low as ~kΩ. We compare plates formed through both Gaussian and Bessel-beam focusing techniques, and we also address challenges involved with fabricating closely parallel, embedded graphitic plates in thick diamond substrates, including aberration, machining time, and cracking.

ICALEO 2024

Development of Embedded Graphitic-Sandwich Structures in Single-Crystal Synthetic Diamond via Ultrafast Laser Micromachining

graphitization

ultrafast laser micromachining

bessel beam

diamond

conductivity

The Electronic Materials Conference (EMC) is the premier annual forum on the preparation, characterization and use of electronic materials. This year’s event will feature a plenary session, topical sessions, a poster session and more.

EMC is coordinated with the Device Research Conference (DRC). This recognizes the strong interaction between device and electronic materials research and provides fruitful exchange of information between attendees of both Conferences.

EMC 2023

The Electronic Materials Conference (EMC) is the premier annual forum on the preparation, characterization and use of electronic materials. 

technical paper

  #### Welcome to the 43rd annual ICALEO!

Attention laser enthusiasts, innovators, and industry leaders! Get ready to immerse yourself in the exciting world of lasers at the 43rd annual ICALEO conference. This year, we gathered in the iconic city of Hollywood, California, for cutting-edge technology, groundbreaking presentations, and unparalleled networking opportunities.
Whether you're a seasoned professional or new to the field of photonics, the 43rd annual ICALEO had something for everyone. 

#### General Chair Welcome Message

It is with immense joy and anticipation that I extend a warm welcome to each and every one of you as the General Chair of this year's ICALEO conference.

This year, we find ourselves in the iconic setting of Hollywood, serving as a fitting backdrop for the extraordinary developments in laser technology and applications unfolding in our community.

Our main sessions cover a diverse range of topics, from the intricacies of micro and nano processing to the transformative power of laser additive manufacturing. We will explore the frontiers of battery technology, delve into the intricate world of artificial intelligence, and witness the seamless integration of lasers into these realms.

For those joining us for the first time, we extend an especially heartfelt welcome. ICALEO is not just a conference; it's a convergence of minds, ideas, and innovations. Beyond the formal sessions, I encourage you to engage in informal exchanges. The spirit of discovery and camaraderie is as much a part of the ICALEO experience as the scheduled sessions.

Thank you for being a part of ICALEO 2024. Whether you are a returning participant or a first-time attendee, your presence adds immeasurable value to our vibrant community. May this conference be, this year again, a catalyst for inspiration, collaboration, and breakthroughs that will resonate in our community and beyond.

Eric Mottay<br>
Congress General Chair, ICALEO 2024


#### About LIA

The Laser Institute of America (LIA) is the professional society for laser applications and safety. Our mission is to foster lasers, laser applications, and laser safety worldwide. Serving the industrial, medical, research and government communities for over 50 years, LIA offers technical information, training and networking opportunities to laser users
from around the globe.

#### About LIA Conferences

The conferences of the Laser Institute of America are the town square of the laser community. A large and diverse group, laser professionals often find themselves disconnected from each other. LIA conferences, however, bring the university researcher, the business executive and the production floor user together under one roof for a unique and
rewarding networking opportunity.

#### Program Tracks
Below is the list of all tracks that were on ICALEO 2024 Conference.

##### Laser Additive Manufacturing
* The Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM) track is a forum to explore the latest innovations and research in laser-based additive manufacturing (LAM). The Laser Additive Manufacturing track focuses on diverse topics, including laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB), directed energy deposition (DED), and other emerging techniques revolutionizing modern manufacturing processes. From materials science to process optimization, from design innovation to industrial implementation, this track connects researchers, engineers, and industry leaders to exchange insights and share breakthroughs in laser additive manufacturing.

##### Laser Materials Macroprocessing
* The Macroprocessing track comprises some of the most productive laser processing applications. Although these applications have been broadly adopted, researchers and industry are persistently innovating to provide new techniques and novel technologies to advance macro materials processing. The attendees will share and discuss those exciting achievements of their research with peers in these macroscopic specialized sessions.

##### Laser Materials Microprocessing
* The Microprocessing track will consist of papers and talks featuring a wide spectrum of applications and innovative equipment for materials processing in microscales with a strong focus on processes with Short and Ultrashort Pulsed Lasers. The presentations will introduce the latest and greatest advancements in their respective fields, presented by world-leading companies and research organizations. This year we will have talks around the headlines of “Beam shaping”, “Glass”, “Surface processing” and “Drilling” between other topics.

##### Frontiers in Laser Applications
* The Frontier in Laser Applications (FLA) track explores recent, cutting-edge applications of lasers, highlighting innovation at the transition of research and industry. The track has included presentations from a variety of fields: Novel 3-D Printing, Advanced Manufacturing, Laser Manufactured Devices, and Frontiers in Laser Processing. The sessions under the Frontier in Laser Application track promise to bring diverse and unique perspectives from real-world applications across laser manufacturing.

##### Laser in Battery Manufacturing
* Electrification is crucial to address global environmental challenges. The laser plays a key role in most manufacturing steps in battery production with all possible laser applications from ablation, structuring, welding, cutting, and marking. Further improvements in the batteries’ power densities, fast charging properties, and yield in battery production are related to photonics and, thus, lasers. We will hear and discuss the latest developments in research, development, and industrial applications. Join us for this year’s Battery Track.

##### Artifical Intelligence in Laser Processing
* The track ‘Artificial Intelligence in Laser Processing’ at ICALEO 2024 explores the fusion of AI and laser manufacturing. Discover cutting-edge research on optimizing laser processes and enhancing manufacturing efficiency. Explore AI’s diverse applications in parameter optimization, quality prediction, real-time process monitoring, and control. Join us to unlock the potential of AI-driven solutions revolutionizing laser materials processing, delivering unprecedented precision, productivity, and innovation.
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Attention laser enthusiasts, innovators, and industry leaders! Get ready to immerse yourself in the exciting world of lasers at the 43rd annual ICALEO conference. 

Busbar welds play a pivotal role in battery pack assembly, as their quality significantly impacts the structural integrity, electrical conductivity, and thermal efficiency of the battery pack. Current in-line quality evaluation methods encompass diverse techniques, including resistance measurement, thermographic imaging for fusion area assessment, machine vision for weld surface scanning, and monitoring of spectral line intensities during the welding process. This research delves into the efficacy of several approaches across various production scenarios, considering the inherent variations in the production processes. Typical variations in laser power, gap condition, laser focus condition, surface contamination, weld location etc are considered and result in welds with different qualities. Process spectrum, weld surface morphology and resistance measurement data are meticulously analyzed by correlating them with joint strength derived from tensile testing. Porosity distributions characterized by X-ray are used for quality evaluation. The study reveals that weld surface morphology from machine vision and spectral line intensity data exhibit strong correlations with process variations and weld strength. Conversely, resistance data proves to be less sensitive to process changes and does not correlate well with weld strength and porosity levels. In summarizing the findings, this study offers recommendations on effective in-line inspection for ensuring the quality of busbar welds in production environments.

Study of In-line Busbar Weld Quality Inspection Methods

Laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) has established itself as an industrial process for the manufacturing of complex metal parts for lightweight applications. The increasing prevalence of PBF-LB parts, as well as the increasing functional integration and size limitations of PBF-LB machines are leading to a growing demand for joining processes for PBF-LB parts.

However, one limitation for laser welding of PBF-parts, especially aluminum parts, are porous weld seams with volatile mechanical properties. Therefore, this work investigates the impact of the PBF-LB process parameters and the resulting part properties on the overall weld seam quality of laser-welded AlSi10Mg PBF parts.

In a first step PBF-LB specimens with different porosities regarding relative density, pore shape and pore size were manufactured with experimentally defined process parameters. Subsequently specimens were laser welded in three different configurations (lap joint, butt joint and bead on plate welding). Cross-sections of the weld seams were metallographically prepared to investigate the overall porosity and pore sizes as well as the local pore distribution and local hardness deviations in the weld seam. Tensile tests were carried out to assess the impact on the load bearing capacity of the weld seam. Similar experiments were done using conventional aluminum cast and sheet material and results were compared.

The investigation showed that the weld seam porosity of laser-welded AlSi10Mg PBF-parts is significantly higher compared to conventional aluminum materials, but does not depend on the initial porosity of the joined PBF-parts, but rather on the PBF process parameters and the resulting microstructure.

Impact of the Process Parameters and Part Properties from the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB) Process on the Weld Seam Quality of Laser-Welded AlSi10Mg PBF-LB-Parts

Femtosecond lasers have over the past ten years seen a tremendous increase in average power, with industrial laser reaching today the kW level. At the same time new applications are continuously emerging in various industrial sectors: health, production, energy, transport. Femtosecond laser processing is today a technology enabling large volume, high precision industrial manufacturing. The "agility" of lasers and associated beam engineering now available, enables flexible, reconfigurable production. High average power femtosecond lasers allow higher productivity and thus open access to new and large markets unreachable so far (Aeronautics, Energy and Mobility, etc.). Making full use of the available average power without losing the high quality of ultrafast laser processing is not straightforward and require advances in laser design and associated beam engineering. For instance, high laser repetition rate up to 10 MHz or temporal shaping of the pulse train with busts of pulses, allows specific process optimization with the use of beam deviation at very high speed if suited pulses synchronisation is possible. Spatial shaping, for instance by dividing a single high-power beam into multiple beamlets, will be also a “must have” in the following years. Fixed diffractive optics (DOE), user configurable optical tools (spatial light modulators, SLM, or AOM), and new shaping systems using multi-plane light conversion (MPLC) technology allow flexibility to transform both phase and amplitude of a laser beam without major losses.

Coupling High-power Femtosecond Lasers and Beam Engineering for Industrial Application Challenges

Additive manufacturing of metals is becoming increasingly important in various industrial sectors, including aviation and space, the energy sector and the automotive and toolmaking industries. More so than with other manufacturing processes, the quality of AM components is based on an in-depth understanding of the interactions between the AM process, the resulting material and the component properties.

This lecture will highlight the coaxial nozzle design approach for powder and wire AM of high-grade materials, including light metals, nickel and titanium alloys, bronze, hard metals or high-entropy alloys. Based on the material properties and the desired component specifications, customized processing heads for coaxial feeding of the material to the laser beam at the working position are available, compatible with conventional laser systems and hybrid AM machines. Some nozzles have been optimized for the use in extreme conditions or confined spaces, while others are designed for particularly fine structures or for high-grade materials. In a recent concept, wire and powder filler material have been combined in one head, opening new horizons in 2D and 3D DED manufacturing. Exemplary components for the aerospace industry as well as high productive laser cladding applications for the automotive and oil and gas industry will be discussed.

Combined Wire and Powder DED for Combinatorial Materials Development and High Productivity LAM

Significant research efforts have been undertaken over the past forty years to replace cobalt-based StelliteTM alloys, which offer outstanding performance when used as hardfacing coatings, but have proved problematic in radioactive environments. The aim of this work is to contribute to this effort by proposing viable substitutes made from multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs). Laser cladding process has demonstrates its very good capacity to generate deposit with high tribological properties. Moreover, a large number of compositions can be generated in different samples or samples with graded compositions thanks to the inline fusion of powders provided from different powder feeders. Combined with an intensive use of the thermodynamic calculation using CALPHAD (Thermo-Calc) method, this strategy considerably accelerates material development compared with more conventional methods. Initial work has highlighted the (CrFeNi)90Mo5Ti5 alloy as a promising base that relies on the formation of intermetallic phases within a ductile matrix for increased hardness and improved tribological behavior. The optimization of the composition made by tuning of the hard phase (sigma phase) in the material, which is driven by the combination of Mo,Cr and Fe elements. The proposed iterative process of calculation, experimentation and material characterization demonstrates the possibility of tailoring material composition to functional properties comparable or even better than the Stellite 6 alloy.

Results on Combinatorial Design and Manufacturing by Laser Cladding of Cobalt-free Hardfacing Multi-Principle Element Alloys

The aerospace industry is constantly seeking new advanced materials with high-temperature properties. Since turbine engines are subject to arduous operating conditions, the alloys used for this application are required to exhibit high fatigue, creep, oxidation, and corrosion resistances. The emerging high-entropy alloys (HEAs) show a positive potential for replacing nickel superalloys in turbine components. High-entropy alloys are composed of five or more principal elements that generate simple crystal structures-mostly BCC and FCC – that are stable at elevated temperatures. High entropy alloy fabrication typically employs traditional methods, which impose strong limitations on geometric freedom and microstructure control. Additive manufacturing represents a promising alternative since it allows for some of the drawbacks associated with subtractive technologies. In this research, AlCoCr2FeMo0.5Ni high entropy alloy was processed using Laser Direct Energy Deposition technology with the aim of achieving a homogeneous deposition, free of defects and well adherent to the substrate. Single-track and multi-track tests were carried out with different combinations of laser power, scanning speed and powder feed rate. A preliminary evaluation of the results using the optical microscope revealed a correlation between the defects and the process parameters, enabling the identification of the optimal print setup. An in-depth analysis under a scanning electron microscope was performed to assess the microstructure and distribution of alloying elements. Additionally, microhardness tests were carried out to confirm the uniformity of phases within the deposition. Finally, the topography of the layer was assessed and correlated to process parameters in view of a future multi-layer approach.

Influence of Process Parameters on the Properties of AlCoCr2FeMo0.5Ni High-Entropy Alloy Coatings Produced by Laser Direct Energy Deposition

Lightweight alloys such as aluminum alloy and magnesium alloy have garnered significant attention due to their widespread use in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, and marine applications. These applications usually require excellent corrosion performance of the alloys. Laser surface treatment (LST) has emerged as a promising surface modification technique to enhance the corrosion resistance of these alloys for its automation and reproducibility. In this study, the effects of LST based on a nanosecond pulsed laser on the corrosion resistance of lightweight metal alloys, specifically AA6061 and AZ31, were studied. LST was performed underwater, using the nanosecond laser and without using a protective coating or layer on the workpiece. The corrosion behaviors of these alloys were analyzed through electrochemical tests, including open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) measurements. The results demonstrated that LST significantly improved the polarization resistance, and higher laser power intensities led to increased corrosion resistance and reduced corrosion rates. This enhancement in anti-corrosion performance is attributed to the formation of a protective oxide layer on the surface, acting as a barrier against corrosion. The findings underscore the potential of laser surface treatment as a viable technique for enhancing the corrosion resistance of lightweight metal alloys.

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Study of In-line Busbar Weld Quality Inspection Methods

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