Italy

This works focuses on examining the performance of the Single Shot Detector (SSD) model in resource restricted systems where maintaining the power of the full model comprises a significant prerequisite. The proposed SSD variations examine the behavior of lighter versions of SSD while propose measures to limit the unavoidable performance shortage. The outcomes of the conducted research demonstrate a remarkable trade-off between performance losses, speed improvement and the required resource reservation. Thus, the experimental results evidence the efficiency of the presented SSD alterations towards accomplishing higher frame rates and retaining the performance of the original model.


ICPR 2020

A modified Single-Shot multibox Detector for beyond Real-Time Object Detection


resource restricted

object detection

deep learning

ICPR 2020 is the premier international conference on Pattern Recognition, gathering leading researchers from around the world to present their latest achievements in Pattern Analysis and Recognition, applied Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. The topic of the year is " Putting Artificial intelligence to work on Patterns". 
For the first time, ICPR has employed a two-round review process similar to journal submissions, with new papers allowed to be submitted in either the first or second round and papers submitted in the first round and not accepted allowed to be revised and re-submitted for second round review. 

In this edition of the **ICPR 2020** Conference, there are 1407 Oral/Poster presentations organized in five Tracks: 
- Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning for Pattern Analysis; 
- Biometrics, Human Analysis and Behavior Understanding; Computer Vision, Robotics and Intelligent Systems; 
- Document and Media Analysis; and 
- Image and Signal Processing. 

The **ICPR 2020** Main Conference program also includes 7 Keynotes from prominent world-renowned scientists, 8 Tutorials, 28 Demos, 8 Challenges, 2 Panels, as well as an Industry/Sponsor Exhibition. In addition, 41 Workshops on a range of important current and emerging research topics complete the ICPR 2020 program. 


poster

Semantic scene segmentation is vital for a large variety of applications as it enables understanding of 3D data. Nowadays, various approaches based upon point clouds ignore the mathematical distribution of points and treat the points equally. The methods following this direction neglect the imbalance problem of samples that naturally exists in scenes. To avoid these issues, we propose a two-stage semantic scene segmentation framework based on self-attention mechanism and achieved state-of-the-art performance on 3D scene understanding tasks. We split the whole task into two small ones which efficiently relief the sample imbalance issue. In addition, we have designed a new self-attention block which could be inserted into submanifold convolution networks to model the long-range dependencies that exists among points. The proposed network consists of an encoder and a decoder, with the spatial-wise and channel-wise attention modules inserted. The two-stage network shares a UNet architecture and is an end-to-end trainable framework which could predict the semantic label for the scene point clouds fed into it. Experiments on standard benchmarks of 3D scenes implies that our network could perform at par or better than the existing state-of-the-art methods.

Progressive Scene Segmentation Based on Self-Attention Mechanism


We develop a new contour tracing algorithm to enhance the results of the 
latest object contour detectors. The goal is to achieve a perfectly closed,
single-pixel wide and detailed object contour, since this type of contour could
be analyzed using methods such as Fourier descriptors (FD). Therefore, we
present the Walk the Lines (WtL) algorithm: a standard regression CNN
trained to follow object contours. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
are rarely used for contour tracing, and we see great potential in using their
capabilities for this task. As initial step, we train the CNN only on ship contours,
but the principle is applicable to other objects. In contrast to the comparable
Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) method, our approach produces connected contours with finer details. Closed object contours are binarized to produce excellent segmentations.

Walk the Lines: Object Contour Tracing CNN for Contour Completion of Ships


A rapidly growing amount of content posted online, such as food recipes, opens doors to new exciting applications at the intersection of vision and language. In this work, we aim to estimate the calorie amount of a meal directly from an image by learning from recipes people have published on the Internet, thus skipping time-consuming manual data annotation. Since there are few large-scale publicly available datasets captured in unconstrained environments, we propose the pic2kcal benchmark comprising 308,000 images from over 70,000 recipes including photographs, ingredients and instructions. To obtain nutritional information of the ingredients and automatically determine the ground-truth calorie value, we match the items in the recipes with structured information from a food item database.
We evaluate various neural networks for regression of the calorie quantity and extend them with the multi-task paradigm. Our learning procedure combines the calorie estimation with prediction of proteins, carbohydrates, and fat amounts as well as a multi-label ingredient classification. Our experiments demonstrate clear benefits of multi-task learning for calorie estimation, surpassing the single-task calorie regression by 9.9%. To encourage further research on this task, we make the code for generating the dataset and the models publicly available.

Multi-Task Calorie Prediction on a Novel Large-Scale Recipe Dataset Enriched With Nutritional Information

This presentation discusses a novel setup for automatic visual inspection of cracks in ceramic tile as well as and a study about the effect of various classifiers and height-varying illumination conditions for this task. The intuition behind this setup is that cracks can be better visualized under specific lighting conditions than others. Our setup, which is designed for field work with constraints in its maximum dimensions, can acquire images for crack detection with multiple lighting conditions using the illumination sources placed at multiple heights. Crack detection is then performed by classifying patches extracted from the acquired images in a sliding window fashion. We study the effect of lights placed at various heights by training classifiers both on customized as well as state-of-the-art architectures and evaluate their performance both at patch-level and image-level, demonstrating the effectiveness of our setup. More importantly, ours is the first study that demonstrates how height-varying illumination conditions can affect crack detection with the use of existing state-of-the-art classifiers. We provide an insight about the illumination conditions that can help in improving crack detection in a challenging real-world industrial environment.

A Versatile Crack Inspection Portable System based on Classifier Ensemble and Controlled Illumination

Food recognition has recently attracted attention of many researchers. However, high food ambiguity, inter-class variability and intra-class similarity define a real challenge for the Deep learning and Computer Vision algorithms. In order to improve their performance, it is necessary to better understand what the model learns and, from this, to determine the type of data that should be additionally included for being the most beneficial to the training procedure.
In this paper, we propose a new data augmentation strategy that estimates and uses the epistemic uncertainty to guide the model training. The method follows an active learning framework, where the new synthetic images are generated from the hard to classify real ones present in the training data based on the epistemic uncertainty. Hence, it allows the food recognition algorithm to focus on difficult images in order to learn their discriminatives features. On the other hand, avoiding data generation from images that do not contribute to the recognition makes it faster and more efficient. We show that the proposed method allows to improve food recognition and provides a better trade-off between micro- and macro-recall measures.

Uncertainty-Aware Data Augmentation for Food Recognition

Recent research has shown promising results for person re-identification by focusing on several trends. One is designing efficient metric learning loss functions such as triplet loss family to learn the most discriminative representations. The other is learning local features by designing part based architectures to form an informative descriptor from semantically coherent parts. Some efforts adjust distant outliers to their most similar positions by using soft attention and learn the relationship between distant similar features. However, only a few prior efforts focus on channel-wise dependencies and learn non-local sharp similar part features directly for the degraded data in the person re-identification task. In this paper, we propose a novel Self and Channel Attention Network (SCAN) to model long-range dependencies between channels and feature maps. We add multiple classifiers to learn discriminative global features by using classification loss. Self Attention (SA) module and Channel Attention (CA) module are introduced to model non-local and channel-wise dependencies in the learned features. Spectral normalization is applied to the whole network to stabilize the training process. Experimental results on the person re-identification benchmarks show the proposed components achieve significant improvement with respect to the baseline.

Self and Channel Attention Network for Person Re-Identification

Learning a particular task from a dataset, samples in which originate from diverse contexts, is challenging, and usually addressed by deepening or widening standard neural networks. As opposed to conventional network widening, multi-path architectures restrict the quadratic increment of complexity to a linear scale. However, existing multi-column/path networks or model ensembling methods do not consider any feature-dependent allocation of parallel resources, and therefore, tend to learn redundant features. Given a layer in a multi-path network, if we restrict each path to learn a context-specific set of features and introduce a mechanism to intelligently allocate incoming feature maps to such paths, each path can specialize in a certain context, reducing the redundancy and improving the quality of extracted features. This eventually leads to better-optimized usage of parallel resources. To do this, we propose inserting feature-dependent cross-connections between parallel sets of feature maps in successive layers. The weighting coefficients of these cross-connections are computed from the input features of the particular layer. Our multi-path networks show improved image recognition accuracy at a similar complexity compared to conventional and state-of-the-art methods for deepening, widening and adaptive feature extracting, in both small and large scale datasets.

Feature-Dependent Cross-Connections in Multi-Path Neural Networks

In this paper, we propose a semi-automatic method for efficient bounding box annotation. The method trains the object detector iteratively on small batches of labeled images and learns to propose bounding boxes for the next batch, after which the human annotator only needs to correct possible errors. We propose an experimental setup for simulating the human actions and use it for comparing different iteration strategies, such as the order in which the data is presented to the annotator. We experiment on our method with three datasets and show that it can reduce the human annotation effort significantly, saving up to 75% of total manual annotation work.

Iterative Bounding Box Annotation for Object Detection


This paper studies the problem of Person Re-Identification (ReID)
for large-scale applications. Recent research efforts have been devoted
to building complicated part models, which introduce considerably
high computational cost and memory consumption, inhibiting its practicability
in large-scale applications. This paper aims to develop a novel learning
strategy to find efficient feature embeddings while maintaining the
balance of accuracy and model complexity. More specifically, we find
by enhancing the classical triplet loss together with cross-entropy
loss, our method can explore the hard examples and build a discriminant
feature embedding yet compact enough for large-scale applications.
Our method is carried out progressively using Bayesian optimization,
and we call it the Progressive Learning Algorithm (PLA). Extensive
experiments on three large-scale datasets show that our PLA is comparable
or better than the state-of-the-arts. Especially, on the challenging
Market-1501 dataset, we achieve Rank-1=94.7%/mAP=89.4% while saving
at least 30\% parameters than strong part models.

Investigating and Exploiting Image Resolution for Transfer Learning-based Skin Lesion Classification

In many application domains such as computer vision, Convolutional Layers (CLs) are key to the accuracy of deep learning methods. However, it is often required to assemble a large number of CLs, each containing thousands of parameters, in order to reach state-of-the-art accuracy, thus resulting in complex and demanding systems that are poorly fitted to resource-limited devices. Recently, methods have been proposed to replace the generic convolution operator by the combination of a shift operation and a simpler 1x1 convolution. The resulting block, called Shift Layer (SL), is an efficient alternative to CLs in the sense it allows to reach similar accuracies on various tasks with faster computations and fewer parameters. In this contribution, we introduce Shift Attention Layers (SALs), which extend SLs by using an attention mechanism that learns which shifts are the best at the same time the network function is trained. We demonstrate SALs are able to outperform vanilla SLs (and CLs) on various object recognition benchmarks while significantly reducing the number of float operations and parameters for the inference.

A modified Single-Shot multibox Detector for beyond Real-Time Object Detection

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Progressive Scene Segmentation Based on Self-Attention Mechanism

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