United Kingdom

**Abstract:**

Chance-based gambling has been a recurrent cultural activity throughout history and across many diverse human societies. In this paper, I combine quantitative and qualitative data and present a cultural evolutionary framework to explain why the odds in games of chance in premodern China appeared “designed” to ensure a moderate yet favorable house advantage. This is especially intriguing since extensive research in the history of probability has shown that prior to the development of probability theory people had very limited understanding of the nature of random events, and were generally disinclined to think mathematically about the frequency of their occurrence. I argue that games of chance in the context of gambling culturally evolved into their documented forms via a process of selective imitation and retention, and neither the customers nor the gambling houses understood the probability calculus involved in these games.

**Speaker&#39;s social media:**

Twitter: @KevinHong1991

Cultural Evolution Society Conference 2024

The Cultural Evolution of Games of Chance – a historical investigation of Chinese gambling

historical psychology

betting

wagers

games of chance

gaming odds

gambling

probability theory

cognition

**Abstract:**

Chance-based gambling has been a recurrent cultural activity throughout history and across many diverse human societies. In this paper, I combine quantitative and qualitative data and present a cultural evolutionary framework to explain why the odds in games of chance in premodern China appeared “designed” to ensure a moderate yet favorable house advantage. This is especially intriguing since extensive research in the history of probability has shown that prior to the development of probability theory people had very limited understanding of the nature of random events, and were generally disinclined to think mathematically about the frequency of their occurrence. I argue that games of chance in the context of gambling culturally evolved into their documented forms via a process of selective imitation and retention, and neither the customers nor the gambling houses understood the probability calculus involved in these games.

**Speaker's social media:**

Twitter: @KevinHong1991

poster

Welcome to the Cultural Evolution Society (CES) Conference 2024, which was a hybrid conference held at Durham University (UK). The conference was hosted in Durham by the Durham Cultural Evolution Research Centre (DCERC) with administrative assistance from the CES Transformation Fund team.

**For more information about the CES Conference, please visit the [CES Website Home Page](https://ces2024.webspace.durham.ac.uk/).**

#### Durham Cultural Evolution Research Centre (DCERC) 
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
**Interdisciplinary study of cultural change and diversity**

We are a highly interdisciplinary group of researchers using evolutionary models to study cultural change and diversity.  We apply cultural evolutionary methods to a wide variety of topics including cognition, innovation, social learning, technology, art, music, narrative, religion, sociality, language and communication. We have a growing interest in applying cultural evolutionary theory to current societal challenges such as understanding the spread of prosocial health behaviours and health conspiracies.<br>
**[Discover More](https://www.durham.ac.uk/research/institutes-and-centres/cultural-evolution/)**

#### CES 2024 [Code of Conduct](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1BDJcgi95_jDy7VOEu72wfSR83D5JtHSc/view?usp=sharing)

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To access the site please register [**here**](https://ces2024.webspace.durham.ac.uk/registration-information/). 

Registration Is Required

The field of cultural evolution is growing in size and scope; its theories, methods and applications - both academic and applied - are getting ever more robust. Do join us in what promises to be an exciting exchange of ideas and a celebration of our field.

**Abstract:**

Humans and other-than-human-animals share spaces, food, and lives. However, much research neglects interspecific learning/social facilitation and what this might mean for the emergence/creation of location- and group-specific behavior, and possibly culture. In short, most studies avoid the possibility of co-created cultural evolutionary dynamics between species. Here we review macaque “cultural behavior” in the light of its origins and the possibilities of relevance to cultural evolutionary approaches. Most macaque species are synanthropes adjusting to human habitats and resources, co-creating ecological niches wherein co-constructed behaviors emerge and location-specific cultures arise. Socially learned macaque behaviors can develop without human presence, or in a human-macaque interface with interspecific facilitation or in a human-macaque interface directly as a human-macaque co-constructed behavior due to interspecific interactions. Human-macaque interactions can create behavior that is transmitted horizontally and vertically through the two groups leading to a possible distinctive local culture over time. A cultural dynamic that may be evolutionarily relevant. Understanding the dynamics of emergence and maintenance of existing behaviors requires recognizing that co-creating and co-shaping of lifeworlds, and the possibilities of a concomitant cultural evolutionary dynamic, may be a constructive approach in research at the human-macaque interface.

**Speaker's social media:**

@MaleneFHansen
@Anthrofuentes

Human-macaque co-construction of culture and the possibilities of cross-species cultural evolution 

**Abstract:**

Folktales, myths, and stories transform as they move between cultures. These changes have been attributed to transmission pressures (e.g., memorability, Norenzayan et al, 2006; inductive priors, Griffiths et al, 2008). However, in naturalistic data, transmission is often confounded with differences in linguistic or cultural context, making it difficult to isolate transmission pressures. Here, we leveraged an unusual incident in which a story published in American English was translated into Russian, then French, and then — due to a misunderstanding — back into American English (Geballe, 2020). This ‘translation cycle’ offers a natural experiment in which effects of translation-and-transmission are isolated from contextual changes, since the cycle began and ended in the same linguistic-cultural context. We transformed each story into a high-dimensional trajectory through a multilingual semantic space. While the trajectory was preserved throughout the cycle, each translation slightly distorted the shape. The final English version was more similar to the Russian and French than to the original English, despite both English versions sharing the same language and publication location. Thus, when fidelity is emphasized — as with literary translation — cultural transmission can preserve complex meanings while introducing incremental changes. Literary translation thus offers new insights into change and stability during cultural evolution.

**Speaker's social media:**

Twitter: @ellscain, @TylerMarghetis
Bluesky: @ellscain.bsky.social, @tylermarghetis.bsky.social

Disentangling the impact of cultural context from cultural transmission using an unusual English-to-English cycle of 19th century literary translations

**Abstract:**

This project looks at whether cooperation and storytelling have co-evolved. Debates continue over the extent to which widespread cooperation in humans can be explained by the mechanisms that maintain it in other species, such as kin selection and reciprocity. Storytelling may help reinforce large-scale cooperation by transmitting prosocial norms and acting as a social ‘flight simulator’. Previous evidence from transmission chain experiments suggests a bias towards social information in narratives, but the co-evolution of storytelling and cooperation remains understudied.  

This project looked at how prosocial behaviours were viewed within folktales and if prosocial moral messages were more widespread in folktales. To determine this, 452 people read 300 Indo-European folktales and commented on the moral messaging and moral behaviours found within them. It was found that cooperative behaviours such as altruism, reciprocity, helping family were viewed significantly more positively while individualistic behaviours were found to be viewed significantly more negatively. Significantly more stories were rated as having a prosocial main moral message than an individualistic one. This project aims to undertake future projects using phylogenetic comparative methods and experimental research, investigating whether prosociality in stories affects transmission fidelity and cooperative behaviour itself.


**Speaker's social media:**

em_ilyjxx 
emilymljeffries.bsky.social

The Moral of the Story - Investigating the co-evolution of storytelling and Human Cooperation via a survey of moral attitudes to Indo-European folktales

**Abstract:**

We proceed on anthropological theories of cultural and behavioural transmission where culture can be transmitted vertically (between local generations), horizontally between current populations and incoming groups, and by reciprocal oblique transmission through multiple modes. We compare the two transmission theories in a cognitive explanation of the general perception of cultural traits in urban area. The theory of natural selection of culture is based on the evolutionary paradigm of biased selection of the most appropriate and promising solutions for oneself and the reference community. For this theory we chose a research sample of the local population in Kaunas city. Cultural attractors are theoretical propositions that capture the way in which certain ideational variants are more likely to be the outcome of transformations than others. This way of reasoning is characteristic when a person becomes acquainted with an unfamiliar and new place. For this theory we chose a research sample of visitors, tourists in Kaunas. Both of these theories are based on different perceptions of place and different priorities from a long-term perspective. Applying such findings will improve our ability to recognize how to keep a particular place vital and sustainable in the long term.

**Speaker's social media:**

https://www.heritageresearch-hub.eu/project/herindep/
https://herindep.ff.cuni.cz/

The cognitive frames modeling as an approach to analyze a place transformation from attractors and selectionist theory: Case Kaunas

**Abstract:**

Non-imitative social learning mechanisms seem to underlie tufted capuchin monkeys' tool use traditions (enabled by environmentally determined features like terrestriality, foraging and tool material availability). Equating non-imitative social learning outcomes to "species-typical" potential individual innovations, though, is misleading. What a given individual organism can or not learn by itself is not a simple, clear species trait, but rather a probabilistic outcome of its species' "innate" predispositions, individual variation and developmental trajectories, under particular ecological and social contexts… and chance. Therefore, it is problematic to conceive the limits of an animal's "Zone of Latent Solutions" (Tennie et al 2009) as a unique, clear - and unchanging - borderline, instead of a huge grey area. A "Zone of Proximal Acquisition" (Whiten 2023) conveys a more realistic model.  Furthermore, although conceptual categories of social learning aim to be clearly defined and mutually exclusive, behavioural repertoire changes tend to be complex events. Well-designed experiments may (hopefully) disentangle them, but real-life, naturalistically observed behavioural acquisition events potentially involve the combined - and hard to tell apart - effects of multiple learning mechanisms.  Under such circumstances, a simple and observable behaviour, "Peering" (Schuppli and van Schaik 2019) may enhance the evidence of social learning in tufted capuchins [FAPESP/CNPq].

**Speaker's social media:**



Socially biased learning concepts and tool use traditions in tufted capuchin monkeys

**Abstract:**

The whisper game is often used for studying culture transmission and how variation can arise from transmission. However, it has two drawbacks from the perspective of its computer mediation: it is analog, i.e. the message is the culture to transmit, and its variation comes from unfaithful transmission. First, computer-based transmission may be faithful. Second, culture is transmitted 'semantically': the message is first integrated within preexisting culture from which a message is generated for transmission.

We aim at showing that these integration/generation operations produce sufficient variation.

For that purpose, we introduce a game in which agents induce a card classification from the dispatch of randomly selected cards. They then generate from their classification the next dispatch of a random card sample. The two operations are implemented deterministically, but depending on the sample, the generalisation may be incomplete. The agents may know or suspect that and complete it. This brings variation back. Depending on the size of the sample with respect to that of the classification, more variation should be observed, inducing a degradation or preservation of faithfulness.

This setting can be played by human beings or through computer simulations and they can be compared.


**Speaker's social media:**

https://moex.inria.fr

Culture transmission through generalisation and example generation should produce variation

**Abstract:**

Robust capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) are one of the few primates that customarily use tools in the wild. However, there is a broad variation across populations. While some use various tools, including different raw materials, to solve problems or enhance behaviours, others use few or no tools. The Serra da Capivara National Park bearded capuchin population is, so far, the most prolific population regarding tool use, followed by the monkeys of the newly described Ubajara National Park. In contrast, other Brazilian populations of the same species (S. libidinosus), such as the ones in Chapada dos Veadeiros and Fazenda Boa Vista, appear to have a smaller tool-use repertoire. Ecological factors appear to influence the kind of resources capuchins can explore, and the available material they can use as tools. However, social learning and cultural factors are needed to explain some observed differences. Even when the ecological factors have some influence, the cultural influence can be present. Genetic variance needs to be better investigated, but preliminary data shows that 250 ky separates the two most prolific tool-using populations, suggesting the genetic influence is low. Grants: National Geographic Society NGS‐64133R‐19, São Paulo Research Foundation 2018/01292-9.

**Speaker's social media:**

@tfalotico

Tool use cultures by wild capuchin monkeys in Brazil

**Abstract:**

Among the growing interest in the potential role that social learning processes play in the cultural evolution of prosocial traits, empirical evidence shows that intergroup competition can spread prosocial behaviors and beliefs across the group (e.g., Francois et al. 2018). Social learning based on payoff-biased imitation is another candidate mechanism of intergroup competition that can spread prosocial norms even when there is no conflict of interest between groups. However, research to date has not empirically examined the potential role of payoff-biased imitation.
We conducted two laboratory experiments in which two groups faced a collective action problem, and manipulated the opportunity for the less successful group to observe the other one. Thus, we examined whether even costly prosocial behaviors can be imitated and spread within an unsuccessful group. We showed that the opportunity to observe a successful group increases cooperation rate at the 1st round and initially boosts prosociality (i.e., reciprocity), but this effect gradually decreases during the within-group process, which results in no significant difference in the overall cooperation rate. Further research is necessary to understand the roles of another possible pathway for the spread of human-specific prosocial norms.

**Speaker's social media:**



Empirical evidence for the impact of payoff-biased imitation of other group members on the spread of cooperation

**Abstract:**

Current global emergencies like economic crises, pandemics, environmental perils, and armed conflicts have brought uncertainty to the forefront as a key concept for understanding human behavior. However, uncertainty is an inherent property of most environmental and social challenges the human species has faced in its evolution. Nevertheless, research conceptualizations of uncertainty vary greatly, and its complexity poses theoretical and methodological challenges. Several cultural-evolutionary approaches argue that the capacity of beliefs and behavioral patterns to saturate the needs arising from cognitive and emotional processing of uncertainty positively affects the social dissemination of these beliefs and behavioral patterns (e.g. religion, conspiracy theories, social conservatism). To address the inner complexity of such hypotheses, we argue that uncertainty must be theoretically and methodologically approached at various levels (as an epistemic situation, as a psychological state, and as a socio-cultural construct). Uncertainty must also be operationalized in interaction but independently from concepts of threat and costs. We will combine ethnographic research, surveys, interviews, and experiments across multiple sites to pursue these scientific goals. Finally, by mapping and analyzing coping strategies in different contexts, we seek to identify more vs. less successful coping mechanisms that may have practical applications.

**Speaker's social media:**

@Peter_Mano_
@BahnaVladimir
@Danija_Jerot

Dealing with uncertainty: strategies and contexts

**Abstract:**

Recent years have seen renewed interest in the role of religious systems as drivers of the evolution of cooperation in human societies. One suggestion is that cultural traditions of ancestor worship might have evolved as “descendant-leaving strategies” of ancestors by encouraging increased altruism particularly between distant kin. Specifically, ancestors might have been able to establish parental manipulation of kin recognition and perceived relatedness as a traditional behaviour via a mechanism of cultural transmission exploiting social learning biases, thereby maximising their long-term inclusive fitness. Here, a demographically explicit, mathematical model has been developed to quantify the resulting increase in altruism and concomitant “ancestor-descendant conflict”, and to determine the evolutionary feasibility of cultural norms promoting altruism among co-descendants. The analysis reveals that such norms could indeed drive an overall increase in altruism with potential for conflict and that they can be favoured by natural selection under a range of conditions, with the inclusive-fitness costs of enacting an inappropriately high level of altruism being offset by inclusive-fitness benefits derived from the facilitation of kin recognition. These findings reaffirm that cultural institutions can generate adaptive behaviours by providing extrasomatically stored, fitness relevant information and promote an increase in cooperation not expected via genetic selection.

**Speaker's social media:**



The Cultural Evolution of Games of Chance – a historical investigation of Chinese gambling

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Human-macaque co-construction of culture and the possibilities of cross-species cultural evolution

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