Netherlands

While students typically prefer multiple-choice learning, open-answer questions have frequently been found to be more effective, attributed to their role in promoting recall as opposed to recognition. Here, we examine increasing the effectiveness of multiple-choice testing as a learning tool, by using foils (incorrect answer options) that are similar in meaning and word form to the correct answer. Participants studied French-Dutch vocabulary in three learning conditions: one with unrelated foils, another with open questions, and a third using multiple choice questions with related foils. The related foils were either semantically or orthographically similar to the correct answer. The results showed no significant difference between the open questions and the related foils condition, indicating comparable effectiveness. Replicating earlier studies, the unrelated foils condition yielded significantly poorer learning outcomes. Overall, these results suggest that multiple choice testing can be a viable alternative to open answer testing when utilizing related foils.

**Authors:**

Myrthe Braam: University of Groningen; Thomas Jan Wilschut: University of Groningen; Maarten van der Velde: MemoryLab; Hedderik van Rijn: University of Groningen

CogSci 2024

Studying with optimized multiple-choice distractors equates recall-based studying

The 46th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society was an in-person meeting held in Rotterdam, The Netherlands at the Postillion Hotel & Conference Centre.

**ON-DEMAND PROGRAM ACCESS AFTER THE CONFERENCE** 
Recordings of the invited program are now available. You can access them by clicking on the 'Schedule' icon on the left. Select view by week and navigate to the day and time slot of the recording you wish to view. Click on the time slot to access the recording.

Recordings available (click on each recording to view):

**Thursday, July 25** 
0900: [Keynote Speaker Morgan Barense on Enhancing real-world event memory](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/17997/lecture/99084-dynamics-between-minds-and-the-environment) 
1000: [Gleitman Award Winner Isabelle Dautriche on Language Foundations: Insights from acquisition, communication, cognition, and more](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18000/lecture/99085-gleitman-talk) 
1415: [Invited Symposium: Dynamics between minds and the environment](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18016&searchGroup=lecture) 
1700: [Rumelhart Prize Presentation Speaker Alison Gopnik on Exploit, explore, empower: Three ages and three intelligences](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18028/lecture/99161-rp1-rumelhart-prize-presentation) 

**Friday, July 26** 
0900: [C.L. de Carvalho-Heineken Prize Keynote Speaker Kia Nobre on Focusing in memory](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18035/lecture/99162-hp1-c-l-de-carvalho-heineken-prize-keynote-address) 
1030: [Rumelhart Symposium: Childhood as exploration](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18038/lecture/100346-childhood-as-exploration) 
1415: [Elman Prize Symposium](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18053&searchGroup=lecture) 
1600: [Invited Symposium: Dynamics between minds](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18065&searchGroup=lecture) 
1745: [Keynote Speaker Andrea E. Martin on Neural dynamics encode the structure and statistics of language](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18077/lecture/99271-neural-dynamics-encode-the-structure-and-statistics-of-language) 

**Saturday, July 27** 
0900: [Keynote Speaker Gregor Schöner on How higher cognition emerges from the dynamics of strongly interacting neural populations](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18083/lecture/99273-dynamics-within-the-mind) 
1000: [Glushko Talks](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18086&searchGroup=lecture) 
1500: [Invited Symposium: Dynamics within minds](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18100&searchGroup=lecture) 


#### **CogSci 2024 Program Book**
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**The Program Book can be downloaded [here](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1yRVp1cBqRnAbdYi4GXWV_pZeyWNsRquv/view?usp=sharing).**

#### **Letter from the President**

Welcome to the 2024 Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society in Rotterdam! CogSci 2024 brings together a large community of cognitive scientists who have traveled here from around the world, as well as a smaller group of remote presenters. I would like to extend an especially warm welcome to our first-time CogSci meeting attendees, and hope that 
their experience inspires them to join our future meetings for many years to come.

I want to thank this year’s conference co-chairs, Larissa K Samuelson, Stefan Frank, Mariya Toneva, Allyson Mackey, and Eliot Hazeltine, for putting together an amazing series of invited talks and symposia around the theme of Dynamics of Cognition. The co-chairs also deserve credit for handling a record-breaking number of submissions and producing a truly exciting conference program 

Beyond the invited talks and symposia dedicated to this year’s conference theme, I would like to highlight the presentations and events honoring the 
Rumelhart, Elman, Gleitman and C .L . de Carvalho Heineken prize winners, including the Rumelhart reception on Thursday. As you may know, we are recording all of the invited talks and symposia, and all prize-winners’ talks, and will be making this content available after the conference. 

The Cognitive Science Society relies on the volunteer efforts of our Governing Board members who work on matters related to our membership; conference policies; diversity and inclusion, international, and outreach initiatives; prizes and much more. We welcome interest from Society members who would like to become more involved in what we do. The 
Society is deeply grateful to Rick Dale and Andrea Bender, who serve as editors of the two Society journals, Cognitive Science and Topics in Cognitive Science respectively. We especially acknowledge our editors’ generosity in donating their stipends each year to D&I and outreach efforts. 

This year’s Annual Meeting depends critically on the support of Marischal De Armond and his team at Podium Conference Specialists: Sharon Zwack, Cendrine De Vis, Sarah-Kate Burke, and Rachel Waller worked tirelessly to secure the venue and handled a multitude of logistical and organizational issues, from arranging coffee breaks and receptions to making sure that a huge number of posters fits comfortably into the available space. Finally, and importantly, I would like to acknowledge the Cognitive Science Society Executive Officer, Erica Wojcik, for managing the complex and ever expanding sphere of our Society’s activities.

I hope you enjoy this year’s meeting and the many different opportunities to engage with the vibrant community of cognitive scientists gathered here. I also hope you get a chance to explore the great city of Rotterdam with its many attractions, museums, restaurants and scenic views. If you’d like to talk more about our Society, or simply want to say hello, please stop by!

![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/3c66d0e21fff30e204df1138ffd15173.jpeg)

**Anna Papafragou** 
President, Cognitive Science 
Society 2023-2024

**CODE OF CONDUCT** 
By attending the CogSci 2024 Conference, you are required to adhere to the society’s [Code of Conduct](https://drive.google.com/file/d/16-6KkptF0Gn3ZYGJDlpqpwTdImw45Ng0/view?usp=drive_link).

**ABOUT THE COGNITIVE SCIENCE SOCIETY** 
The Cognitive Science Society brings together researchers from around the world who hold a common goal: understanding the nature of the human mind. The mission of the Society is to promote Cognitive Science as a discipline, and to foster scientific interchange among researchers in various areas of study, including Artificial Intelligence, Linguistics, Anthropology, Psychology, Neuroscience, Philosophy, and Education.

The Society is a non-profit professional organization and its activities include sponsoring an annual conference and publishing the journals Cognitive Science and TopiCS.

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The 46th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society presents the latest research across cognitive science and highlights the theme of Cognition in Context.

poster

Representational overlap is debated as the neural basis of multitasking costs. Cognitive theories propose that overlapping task representations lead to an unintended exchange of information between tasks (e.g., crosstalk). Recently, modality-based crosstalk was suggested as a source for multitasking costs in multisensory settings. Robust findings of increased costs for certain modality mappings, even when both tasks use non-overlapping stimulus and response modalities, may be explained by crosstalk between the stimulus modality in one task and sensory action consequences in the concurrently performed task. This study (N = 54) employs functional neuroimaging, multivariate pattern analysis, and modality-specific interventions to investigate neural overlap in multitasking, emphasizing modality compatibility. Noteworthy, differences in single-task representations were found in the auditory cortex but not in fronto-parietal regions. Improved auditory decoding accuracy in modality-incompatible tasks predicted dual-task performance gains, eliminating modality-specific costs, exclusively for the modality-incompatible intervention group. This study provides neural evidence for modality-based crosstalk in sensory regions.

**Authors:**

Marie Mueckstein: University of Potsdam; Kai Görgen: Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Carité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Stephan Heinzel: Freie Universität Berlin; Urs Granacher: University of Potsdam; Michael A. Rapp: University of Potsdam; Christine Stelzel: International Psychoanalytic University

Mitigating Modality-Based Interference: Multitasking practice and the distinctiveness of task representation in sensory brain regions

Social isolation (SI) is a modifiable factor, thought to impact cognitive resilience, with the potential to impact cognition up to ADRD diagnosis and throughout disease duration. MMSE and/or MoCA cognitive function measurements, demographic (including marital and accommodation status SI proxies) and diagnosis data were extracted, using natural language processing, from electronic health records from Oxford NHS patients aged 50+ years. Longitudinal multilevel models were used to predict cognition as a function of the interaction between diagnosis duration and SI proxies, controlling for age and sex. Using MoCA, ‘lifelong single’ marital status significantly predicted reduced cognition intercept scores (𝛽 = -2.84, SE = 0.82, t = -3.52, p < 0.001) and ‘no fixed abode’ accommodation status significantly predicted steeper slopes for cognition (𝛽 = -3.26, SE = 1.63, t = -2.00, p = 0.046). SI proxies should be considered with regard to ADRD patient cognitive change and care.

**Authors:**

James A C Myers: University of Sheffield; Tom Stafford: University of Sheffield; Nemanja Vaci: University of Sheffield

Longitudinal multilevel models for predicting cognitive change in Alzheimer's and related dementia patients

Searching through memory is mediated by complex interactions between the underlying mental lexicon and the processes that operate on this lexicon. However, these interactions are difficult to study due to the effortless manner in which neurotypical individuals perform cognitive tasks. In this work, we examine these interactions within a sample of prelingually deaf individuals with cochlear implants who were administered the verbal fluency task. Specifically, we test how two potential candidates for mental lexicons constructed from textual (word2vec) versus speech-based (speech2vec) information, when combined with different process models of memory search account for search behavior within the verbal fluency task for CIs and normal hearing individuals. Our findings show that semantic and phonological information jointly influences search behavior at the structural and process level and highlight the delicate balance of different lexical sources that produces successful search outcomes.

**Authors:**

Abhilasha Kumar: Bowdoin College; Mingi Kang: Bowdoin College; William G. Kronenberger: Indiana University; Michael N. Jones: Indiana University; David Pisoni: Indiana University

Structure and process-level lexical interactions in memory search: A case study of individuals with cochlear implants and normal hearing

Having a correct mental model of a technical system facilitates interaction and problem solving. To assess such mental models of system functioning, appropriate methods are needed. We tested whether concept mapping with a focus on functional means-ends relations leads to valid representations of participants’ mental models of system functioning. Automotive and utility vehicle apprentices constructed concept maps of two simple, everyday systems (bike, traffic) and one complex, domain-specific system (fuel temperature control). However, only one group of participants had previously covered the complex system in class. Aspects of participants’ concept maps regarding content (correct functional propositions) and structure (intersection over union) were assessed and related to a reference map. Results indicated that concept maps for the complex system validly represented mental model content, but not mental model structure. We argue that the applied functional structure might need to be adapted to participants’ domain and typical tasks.

**Authors:**

Judith Schmidt: Chair of Vocational Education; Eva Louise Rix: Chair of Vocational Education; Peter Hesse: Chair of Vocational Education; Stephan Abele: Chair of Vocational Education; Romy Müller: Technische Universität Dresden, Chair of Engineering Psychology and Applied Cognitive Research

Validity of Concept Mapping for Assessing Mental Models of System Functioning

Evolutionary accounts suggest that individuals readily categorize other individuals into an ingroup and an outgroup, and consequently display a strong preference for positive behaviors towards the members of the ingroup relative to the outgroup. In the current study, we tested whether the robust ingroup bias could be modulated at the perceptual level based upon differential contextual information about group characteristics and group relations. Across the four experiments, participants performed a social associative matching task within the minimal group framework. We found that while the ingroup bias is certainly robust, it gets attenuated if the outgroup is portrayed positively and also when the ingroup is depicted negatively. This may have consequences for researchers studying intergroup conflict and consequent policy making.

**Authors:**

ABHISHEK BABA: Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Ark Verma: Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Holier-Than-Thou: Can Contextual Information About Minimal Groups Modulate the Robust Ingroup Bias Effect?

The Locally Bayesian Learning (LBL) approach bridges the gap between optimal Bayesian learning and suboptimal performance that arises from human behavior. Although this learning model has considerable potential, it has been underdeveloped and has remained in original form for several decades. In this paper, we extend the original LBL model to an exemplar approach, which we refer to as the exemplar-LBL model. Two notable features of this extension are that (a) the model can take continuous features as inputs and (b) can conduct exemplar-based categorization. We report various simulations, which show that the model can generate various important predictions about category learning. Moreover, we introduce the extra-learning hypothesis, which can account for how classification and observation training can produce differential learning. Our results showcase scenarios under which classification training is superior to observation training and other instances in which the opposite holds.

**Authors:**

Yu-Wei Chang: Syracuse University; Sinem Aytac: Syracuse University; Cindy G Mendoza Gonzalez: Syracuse University ; Michael Kalish: Syracuse University; Daniel Corral: Syracuse University

Extending the Locally Bayesian Learning Model to Exemplar-Based Categorization with Continuous Features

Category learning, a fundamental cognitive ability, is significantly influenced by variability. In this research, we propose a model describing how people adjust information search in self-regulated category learning to the level of category variability. Participants in the self-regulated category learning task sampled from two categories until they felt confident in categorizing novel objects. Our model assumes an influence of the variability of the focal and counter category on sampling by considering a within-category and between-category processes. In both processes, variability is quantified using an information-theoretic measure. Within this model, we test if a between-category process can be better conceptualized as either a contrasting or an assimilation process.
The comparison of both processes support a between-category assimilation process, where the sample size adjusts to the counter category's variability. This novel focus sheds light on between-category dynamics, providing valuable insights into the mechanisms of category learning.

**Authors:**

Ann-Katrin Hosch: University of Bremen; Janina A Hoffmann: University of Bath; Bettina von Helversen: University of Bremen

Category Learning in Context: Modelling an Assimilation Process in Self-regulated Category Learning

We examined whether selective attention, which is mainly theorized as the ability to focus on the category-relevant dimension, is a sole construct in understanding category learning. As the attention literature dissociates selective attention into focusing and filtering, we argue that filtering is another component that should be considered to fully understanding category learning. In the study, we provide an experimental paradigm that can dissociate filtering from focusing. By utilizing the paradigm along with collecting individual attention control measures, we show that filtering is related to the ability to inhibit irrelevant information. We also present that the current computational models that incorporate selective attention only as an ability to focus can not explain the results from the current study.

**Authors:**

Hyungwook Yim: Hanyang University; Sejin Yoon: Hanyang University

Is focusing enough in category learning?

When people solve problems, they may try multiple invalid solutions before finally having an insight about the correct solution. Insight problem-solving is an example of the flexibility of the human mind which remains unmatched by machines. In this paper, we present a novel experimental paradigm for studying insight problem-solving behavior in a physical reasoning domain. Using this paradigm, we seek to quantify precisely what it means to have an insight during physical problem-solving and identify behavioral traces that predict subjective insight ratings collected from human participants. The project provides the first steps towards a computationally informed theory of insight problems solving.

**Authors:**

Solim LeGris: NYU; Brenden Lake: NYU; Todd M Gureckis: New York University

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