The recent trends in rare-earth usage and applications are discussed. Most of the motors of electric cars use Neodymium-iron-boron magnets, resulting in 1-2 kg of NdFeB magnets per vehicle. This can push significantly the demand for NdFeB magnets. Other application that may increase the demand of NdFeB magnets are giant off-shore wind turbines. The production of light rare-earths as neodymium and praseodymium can be easily increased. However, heavy rare-earths as terbium and dysprosium are scarce, and its price has increased significantly. Many Brazilian projects are stopped in present moment, waiting cheaper methods of rare-earth separation. However, Serra Verde project (state of Goias - Brazil) was scheduled to start in 2022. Recycling should be an economical activity. This explain why the recycling of rare-earths at the present time is very small. The recycling of rare-earths is estimated to be around 1% or less. The re-use of magnets is a possibility. This can be viable only since there is a standardization of manufactured magnets. 


Influence of grain size in the coercivity of sintered magnets

Several models for explaining of the effect of grain size on the coercivity of sintered magnets are exposed and discussed. Two situations are discussed: i) grain size bellow the single domain size ii) grain size slightly above the single domain size. For the region (i), the Stoner-Wohlfarth model is the basis for the discussion, and it can sucessfully model the hysteresis of high coercivity magnets, total or partially. For the region (ii), a model based on energy balance predicts that the coercivity decreases with the inverse of the square root of the grain size. A nucleation model is able to predict the angular dependence of the coercivity. The models are general and can be applied to any magnetic material, with or without rare-earths.


An overview on Rare-Earths market and recycling

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**Session Chair:**
<br>Alex Aubert

Poster Session

poster

It is our great pleasure to invite you to attend the 26th International Workshop on Rare Earth and Future Permanent Magnets and Their Applications (REPM2021) which will be held virtually on June 7-10, 2021. Please note, this is an updated schedule due to COVID-19 travel restrictions which forced us to postpone the conference from summer of 2020. The REPM workshop takes place every two years and is the premier conference on permanent magnets covering a wide range of topics including:

* Rare earth magnets
* Rare earth-free magnets
* Raw materials, mining and recycling
* Advanced synthesis, processing and characterization techniques
* Theoretical modeling of coercivity
* Fundamental properties of advanced magnetic materials
* Thin film magnets
* Applications of permanent magnets

***Workshop***
The workshop will be chaired by Professor George C. Hadjipanayis, University of Delaware, Newark, DE and Dr. Jinfang Liu, President & COO of Electron Energy Corporation, Landisville, PA.
The objectives of the workshop are to bring together engineers and scientists who work on permanent magnets and their applications to present their latest results and exchange ideas on a wide range of relevant topics including resources, raw materials, recycling, processing, fundamental and hard magnetic properties and applications of rare earth and future magnets.

To regsiter for this event, please follow the link below.

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Influence of grain size in the coercivity of sintered magnets

An overview on Rare-Earths market and recycling

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