Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions, pMTJs, with a composite free layer have been developed and utilized in embedded memories and magnetic sensors. Such applications rely on fast current-induced switching of the free layer. Investigating the switching dynamics of the pMTJ free layer allows researchers to predict and optimize their switching speed. Experimental and micromagnetic simulation studies have been conducted toward this goal [1-3]. However, there continue to be challenges to overcome that are significant for technological applications. One major challenge in prediction and understating the spin transfer torque switching of the free layer is that its magnetic properties, such as magnetic anisotropy and magnetic exchange interaction, depends strongly on the details of the fabrication process and the materials involved. Recent studies suggest that the composite free layer, where a non-magnetic interlayer is inserted to enhance the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and thermal stability of the free layer, the magnetic exchange constant is significantly lower than the bulk values [1]. The question is how does the reduced exchange interaction affect the spin torque switching dynamics and the switching speed of the free layer? Here we have investigated the effect of reduced exchange interaction on the spin torque switching dynamics and switching speed of the free layer of disk-shaped pMTJs. Our results show that when undergoing spin-transfer torque switching, the exchange interaction plays an important role in determining the switching path[4]: 1) the sequence of the micromagnetic events depends on the exchange interaction strength (see figure 1), and 2) the switching speed is greatly reduced when for lower exchange constants (see figure 2). Figure 1: A 30-nm pMTJ free layer undergoes a spin-torque switching when a long duration current pulse is applied to it (current is 1.6 times the critical current for switching). Material parameters are those mentioned in reference [1]. When exchange interaction is large (A=19 pJ/m), the switching is domain wall mediated [4]. For the same size element, when the exchange constant is smaller (A=8.5 pJ/m), the center of the element switches first, and this switched region moves to and hits the edge of the disk, and a domain wall is created across the element. By further reduced the exchange interaction (A=4 pJ/m), a droplet is formed at the center of the disk (fully reversed cells at the center), then this droplet hits the edge, and one or more domain walls form across the element. If the diameter of the disk is below a critical value [5], dc=16/π √(A/Keff ) where A is the exchange constant, and Keff is the uniaxial anisotropy that includes demagnetization energy and uniaxial perpendicular anisotropy, spin-torque switching of the free layer is expected to be a uniform macrospin model like switching. When the diameter of the disc is greater than dc, one or more domain walls (where the magnetization on one side of the wall is reversed and the other side is in the initial magnetic state) can form across the element, and dynamics are more complex. The structure of this domain wall and the magnetization profile of the free layer is very complex and gets even more complex for elements with smaller exchange interaction. In this presentation, I will present our results on how the reduced exchange interaction results in different (and more complex) dynamics that lead to a delayed switching [6]. I will also show that increasing the current does not necessarily make switching more coherent. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research supported by Spin Memory Inc.

**References:**

 1. J. B. Mohammadi, B. Kardasz and A. D. Kent, ACS Applied Electronic Materials 1, 2025 (2019) 2. C. Hahn, G. Wolf and A. D. Kent, Phys. Rev. B94, 214432(2016) 3. Devolder, A. Le Goff and V. Nikitin, Phys. Rev. B93, 224432 (2016) 4. J. Beik Mohammadi and A. D. Kent, arXiv:2003.13875, 2020 (2020) 5. G. D. Chaves-O’Flynn, G. Wolf and A. D. Kent, Phys. Rev. Applied4, 024010 (2015) 6. N. Statuto, J. B. Mohammadi and A. D. Kent, Phys. Rev. B 103, 014409 (2021)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/f68c74c5ec5e7db532f030fdd1e876ea.jpg)
Figure 1: A 30-nm pMTJ free layer undergoes a spin-torque switching when a long duration current pulse is applied to it (current is 1.6 times the critical current for switching). Material parameters are those mentioned in reference [1]. When exchange interaction is large (A=19 pJ/m), the switching is domain wall mediated [4]. For the same size element, when the exchange constant is smaller (A=8.5 pJ/m), the center of the element switches first, and this switched region moves to and hits the edge of the disk, and a domain wall is created across the element. By further reduced the exchange interaction (A=4 pJ/m), a droplet is formed at the center of the disk (fully reversed cells at the center), then this droplet hits the edge, and one or more domain walls form across the element.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/82849609136ca71b06e87913fb1a3f58.jpg)
Figure 2: Switching speed of a 30-nm pMTJ free layer vs. overdrive (that is applied voltage divided by the critical/minimum voltage required to switch the free layer). Different color symbols represent the simulated data for different exchange constant, and the solid lines are linear fit to each data set. As seen in this figure, the switching speed is greatly reduced as the exchange interaction is reduced. One interesting result is that although the switching sped vs. overdrive for each exchange constant value is fairly linear, as macrospin model suggests, the slope of the line is greatly reduced for elements with reduced exchange interaction (For example, compare the slope of the red line, that is for A=8.5 pJ/m, with the slope of the purple line, that represents the data with A=2 pJ/m).

 The Effect of Reduced Exchange Interactions on Switching of Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junctions

Spin torque switching mechanisms and switching speed of perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions(pMTJs) free layers are of significant interest for industrial applications and understand the fundamental physics of magnetic material’s response to a spin-polarized voltage across it. A voltage pulse, with an amplitude above the critical voltage Vc0[1], is applied across the junction to switch the magnetization of the pMTJ free layer. The pulse width must be long enough for guaranteed switching and short enough to avoid unnecessary energy consumption and unwanted heating. We have simulated zero-temperature domain wall mediated spin-torque switching of disk-shaped pMTJs with CoFeB free layer[2] to study the optimum pulse width for successful spin-torque switching. Our data show that 1) below a minimum pulse width(tmin), spin-torque switching does not occur, 2) above a maximum pulse width(tmax) switching is deterministic, and 3) for tmin&lt;tpulse&lt;tmax, final magnetization state depends on the pulse width (see Figure 1). Previous research has shown that the domain wall structure and position at the beginning of simulation affect the switching dynamics and the final magnetization state[3]. Since the exchange interaction sets the magnetic structure of the domain wall, we varied the exchange interaction strength to investigate its effect on the final magnetization state. Our results confirm that exchange interaction impacts the pulse width required for switching (Figure 2). We will present our results on the effect of the exchange constant of the free layer on pulse width required for switching and discuss the implications of such effects in pMTJ devices.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/508e7d1271f47716bb6d7de92f1feb71.jpg)

Figure 1: Time evolution of spatially averaged magnetization along the axis perpendicular to a 30nm pMTJ disk when applied pulse voltage is 1.6Vc0. Blue(red) represent (un)successful switching.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/78ffc3ac1f2d1e61ffbe30330dcfd426.jpg)

Figure 2: The free layer exchange constant and pulse duration(tpulse) determine the final magnetization state of the junction. When exchange interaction is weaker, longer pulses are needed for switching. Blue(red) represent (un)successful switching.

Nontrivial Relationship Between Current Pulse Width and Spin Torque Switching of Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junctions

*Session Chair: Guohan Hu, IBM*

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The Effect of Reduced Exchange Interactions on Switching of Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junctions

Nontrivial Relationship Between Current Pulse Width and Spin Torque Switching of Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junctions

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