The Cilento Group (Langhian-to-Tortonian) is a thick turbiditic succession (1200-2500 m) of the Southern Apennines foreland region that unconformably overlain the Lucanian oceanic terranes.  It has been divided into four formations from NW to SE: the Pollica, San Mauro, Torrente Bruca and Albidona formations.  Here, the post-depositional history of the upper portions of the Cilento Group, the San Mauro Formation (SMF), is discussed. The SMF consists of 1400-1600 m thick succession characterized by three main turbidite facies associations: outer-fan, middle-fan, and inner-fan. The outer-fan facies association characterizes the lower part SMF and is made by 300-500 m of thin-bedded sandstones and thick mudstones and marlstones. Numerous intrabasinal carbonate turbidite beds paired with a coarse-grained volcaniclastic layer are interbedded with the outer-fan deposits. The middle-fan facies association define the middle part of the SMF and is represented by a section of about 700 m thick sandstone-lobe turbidite beds and thin fan-fringe deposits. Two impressive intrabasinal carbonate megaturbidite beds, 65 m and 35 m in thickness, respectively, are interbedded with sandstone-lobe strata. The inner-fan facies association typify the upper part of the SMF and is characterized by 400-500 m thick succession of channelized coarse-grained sandstone and conglomerate turbidite beds. Sandstones are generally characterized by quartzolithic, volcanolithic and quartzofeldspathic composition, whereas hybrid arenites and calcarenites characterize the carbonate megabeds. Several diagenetic processes reducing porosity and permeability, such as compaction and cementation, occurred within the SMF. In particular, framework grains result deeply compacted, as testified by the common deformation of ductile grains (mainly micas) and detrital matrix. Cementation occurred through the precipitation of different minerals. The main cements are: 1) carbonate, such as calcite and less dolomite, playing an important occluding role along intergranular space, even running a quite replacement in quartz and feldspar grains ; 2) authigenic quartz occurring as little overgrowths or as minor mosaic quartz; 3) phyllosilicates, mainly developing in the upper part of SMF as pore filling chlorite cement or as small and incomplete illite coatings on skeletal grains; 4) Fe-oxides occuring as pathchy or pore-filling cements. The pore system consists of inter-intra-granular pores with a small pore radius and fractures. The relationship between the compactional porosity loss (COPL) and the cementational porosity loss (CEPL) testifies that compaction is the main reduction porosity process for SMF sandstones. Burial analysis suggests two phases of intense subsidence, interpreted as the result of syn-orogenic extension at shallow crustal levels intermitted by periods of low sedimentation rates, linked to gravitational instability of a vertically growing orogen.

Diagenetic destruction of porosity in Quartzofeldspathic sandstones, Miocene Cilento group, Southern Apennines foreland basin system

During Permian, the Pangea supercontinent experienced the most critical and dramatic restocking of its configuration. Meanwhile, in the Mediterranean region, the occurrence of late Paleozoic siliciclastic strata experienced peculiar tectonic and climatic environment. Here, we detail the Permian sedimentary succession types displayed in some portions of the circum-Mediterranean region, providing new insights about the composition of Permian siliciclastic strata of the basal Apulian Unit, in Puglia 1 well log, and the Sosio Valley succession in Sicily. Permian sandstones, and related mudrocks, record a synchronously phase of post-Variscan collision and subsequent final closure of Paleotethyan ocean. Sedimentological and stratigraphic framework, also associated to the distribution of mineralogical composition of sandstones and mudrocks, are pivotal factors to reconstruct the sedimentary evolution of the Permian paleogeography. The Apulia Unit played a critical role because it stood relatively still in the Mediterranean paleogeographical contest and received a great Permian sedimentary load. Nowadays these strata were intersected in Puglia 1 well between 7070 m to 6110 m in depth, for 960 m in thickness, with sandstone, mudstone and breccia mostly. Meanwhile a Sicily Permian succession (the San Calogero Formation) is well preserved, outcropping around the Sosio Valley (northwestern Sicily), by few tens of meters of marine sandstones and clays strata. Sandstones of the Puglia 1 Well are quartzolithic, with abundance of quartz and  metasedimentary lithic fragments (mainly phyllite and schist). Feldspars are minor. Sandstones of the San Calogero Fm. in Sicily, are more variable in composition, from quartz-rich sandstone, to hybrid arenites and calclithite, and include abundant extrabasinal carbonate fragments and metasedimentary lithic fragments, as such as important contributions of intrabasinal carbonate grains. Interbedded volcanic and volcaniclastic layers are also present. These siliciclastic strata experienced a diverse burial history. The Puglia 1 succession presents moderate carbonate cements, that are dominant, and consist of crystals of dolomite, ankerite and calcite (related to dedolomitization/calcitization processes of the first carbonates. Mudrocks display K-enrichments, intense paleoweathering under a hot, episodically humid, climate with a prolonged dry season, and sediment recycling processes. Meanwhile Sicily succession is pervaded by carbonatic poikilotopic cements mostly, siliciclastic matrix and less iron cements. Quartz overgrowths are locally present. In terms of provenance, sandstone detrital modes are typical of quartzolithic sandstones, hybrid arenite and calclithite: that should be related to the erosion of upper crustal levels of the Variscan orogenic terranes , with most of metasedimentary and sedimentary rocks occurring in Calabria-Peloritani, southern Alps and in internal domains of the Circum-Mediterranean orogens.

Detrital modes of Permian sandstones in southern Italy

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L'Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale - OGS e il Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze dell'Università di Trieste sono orgogliosi di ospitare il 90° Congresso della Società Geologica Italiana a Trieste dal 14 al 16 settembre 2021. La modalità del congresso è interamente online.

Con il motto "Geologia senza frontiere" questo evento mira a promuovere le Scienze della Terra come disciplina scientifica proiettata nel futuro, oltre i confini geografici, politici e disciplinari, per comprendere meglio l'interno del Pianeta Terra e la struttura del sottosuolo, difendere la società da pericolosi eventi geologici, comprendere meglio la variabilità climatica, pianificare l'utilizzo delle georisorse in modo etico e nel rispetto dell'ambiente.


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The National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics - OGS and the Department of Mathematics and Geosciences of the University of Trieste are proud to host the 90th Congress of the Italian Geological Society in Trieste on 14-16 September 2021.  The Congress will be held entirely online.

With the motto "Geology Without Borders" this event aims to promote Earth Sciences as a scientific discipline projected into the future, beyond geographical, political and disciplinary boundaries, to better understand the interior of Planet Earth and the structure of the subsurface, defend society from dangerous geological events, better understand climatic variability, plan the use of geo-resources in an ethical way and respecting the environment.


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Earth Sciences should be understood not only as necessary for a better understanding of the interior of the planet Earth, but also as a defense of society from dangerous geological events, for the understanding of climatic variations, for the planning and use of georesources in a ethical and respecting and protecting the environment.

Salvatore Critelli

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Diagenetic destruction of porosity in Quartzofeldspathic sandstones, Miocene Cilento group, Southern Apennines foreland basin system

Detrital modes of Permian sandstones in southern Italy

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