We introduce an Edit-Based Transformer with Repositioning (EDITOR), which makes sequence generation flexible by seamlessly allowing users to specify preferences in output lexical choice. Building on recent models for non-autoregressive sequence generation (Gu et al., 2019), EDITOR generates new sequences by iteratively editing hypotheses. It relies on a novel reposition operation designed to disentangle lexical choice from word positioning decisions, while enabling efficient oracles for imitation learning and parallel edits at decoding time. Empirically, EDITOR uses soft lexical constraints more effectively than the Levenshtein Transformer (Gu et al., 2019) while speeding up decoding dramatically compared to constrained beam search (Post and Vilar, 2018). EDITOR also achieves comparable or better translation quality with faster decoding speed than the Levenshtein Transformer on standard Romanian-English, English-German, and English-Japanese machine translation tasks.

EDITOR: an Edit-Based Transformer with Repositioning for Neural Machine Translation with Soft Lexical Constraints

While non-autoregressive (NAR) models are showing great promise for machine translation, their use is limited by their dependence on knowledge distillation from autoregressive models. To address this issue, we seek to understand why distillation is so effective. Prior work suggests that distilled training data is less complex than manual translations. Based on experiments with the Levenshtein Transformer and the Mask-Predict NAR models on the WMT14 German-English task, this paper shows that different types of complexity have different impacts: while reducing lexical diversity and decreasing reordering complexity both help NAR learn better alignment between source and target, and thus improve translation quality, lexical diversity is the main reason why distillation increases model confidence, which affects the calibration of different NAR models differently.

How Does Distilled Data Complexity Impact the Quality and Confidence of Non-Autoregressive Machine Translation?

Multilingual pre-trained contextual embedding models (Devlin et al., 2019) have achieved impressive performance on zero-shot cross-lingual transfer tasks. Finding the most effective fine-tuning strategy to fine-tune these models on high-resource languages so that it transfers well to the zero-shot languages is a non-trivial task. In this paper, we propose a novel meta-optimizer to soft-select which layers of the pre-trained model to freeze during fine-tuning. We train the meta-optimizer by simulating the zero-shot transfer scenario. Results on cross-lingual natural language inference show that our approach improves over the simple fine-tuning baseline and X-MAML (Nooralahzadeh et al., 2020).

Soft Layer Selection with Meta-Learning for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer

**Session Chair: ** Lemao Liu 
**Session Volunteer: ** Kalyani Roy

14B: Machine Translation and Multilinguality #9

technical paper

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EDITOR: an Edit-Based Transformer with Repositioning for Neural Machine Translation with Soft Lexical Constraints

How Does Distilled Data Complexity Impact the Quality and Confidence of Non-Autoregressive Machine Translation?

Soft Layer Selection with Meta-Learning for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer

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