Modulation recognition of radio frequency signals has become a canonical example of radio frequency machine learning (RFML). State-of-the-art approaches employ convolutional neural networks applied to input examples batched into a fixed set of timesteps and run on GPUs. For power limited or edge applications, emerging neuromorphic hardware promises enhanced flexibility and energy savings for RFML. However, straightforward transforms of CNNs onto neuromorphic processors result in networks with too many neurons relative to current hardware. To address this, we developed a transform which takes a trained artificial neural network operating on batched inputs to a neuromorphic-ready network operating on streaming data. This streaming transform trades neuron count for synapses, making it possible to fit larger neural networks onto current neuromorphic processors. We discuss the current status and future plans, as the project is ongoing.

Streaming Modulation Recognition for Neuromorphic RF Applications

**Scoring is only possible in the semifinals hall**

**Abstract:**



Guidelines and Recommendations for Providing Disability-Competent Care for Individuals with Physical Disabilities: A Narrative Review

There appears to be an association between musculoskeletal (MSK) symptoms and computer use leading to sick leave, efficiency loss, and work-related sickness (Oha 2014, Khan 2012). Earlier studies by Bernard et al in 1994 found a dose-response relationship between the duration of computer work and musculoskeletal complaints. In 2012 musculoskeletal disorders were responsible for 34% of all workplace injuries and illnesses and cost $45-54 billion to the US economy (Bureau of Labour Statistics 2014, National Research Council 2001). 

Laptop use specifically has been steadily increasing since 2005-52.8%, 2007-75.8% (Jacobs 2009), and in 2014, 95.4% of University students reported using a laptop (Dockrell 2015). The laptop's "face down forward head posture" may compromise the resting spinal columns' double "S-shape" affecting the entire spine and neck (Annetts 2012, Toosizadeh 2012) including lumbar and pelvic areas which allow stability during sitting (Annetts 2012). 

The mass of the head falls in front of the center of gravity for the C-spine which passively stretches ligaments and joint capsules resulting in chronic neck pain (turtle neck posture, text neck) (Cho 2008). This chronic stress may lead to prominent exostosis projecting from the occipital squama (Shahar 2018).

Medical Residents at The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education are involved in high-intensity medical management of patients in our FQLA facility and the standard tools used in the facility are laptops that are signed in, and out daily and used at home. This RCT trial randomizes a laptop stand, USB mouse, and keyboard to determine if there is an effect on MSK pain using a modified NORDIC questionnaire combined with a Visual Analogue Scale distributed via Google Docs at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months involving half of the incoming first-year residents in Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, Physical Medicine and Rehab and Psychiatry (n=57).


Randomized Controlled Trial of Laptop Stand, USB Keyboard/Mouse to Reduce Upper Body/Spine Pain in First-Year Medical Residents

Background
As a student, it is no easy task to endure the pace, rigor, and responsibility of medical school. Prior studies have well established that medical students experience higher rates of stress, depression, anxiety, and burnout compared to the general population. However, the most effective techniques to combat these alarming rates remain unclear. In this paper, we sought to identify the benefits of psychotherapy for medical students experiencing stress-induced mood disorders. These include an array of mental health concerns, ranging from perfectionism to suicidal ideation. Psychotherapy (I.e., talk therapy) is a method of discussing one’s life events in order to identify ways to improve their own beliefs, thoughts, and actions. Therapy can be targeted for certain mood disorders or psychopathology, and has been shown to be very effective for many people. We sought to discuss and evaluate the potential successes of therapy in reducing mental health concerns amongst medical students, while also discussing the barriers and issues that stand between the utilization of therapy in this population.
Methods
A literature review regarding the relationship between medical students and therapy was conducted using the following sites: PubMed, Google Scholar, NIH, and ASA Psych. There were no exclusion criteria, allowing inclusion of an array of articles, including primary literature, clinical trials, and case-studies. Articles and websites deemed to contain peer-reviewed evidence were read carefully and used as relevant citations.
Results
While overall current data is limited, several studies showed improvement in medical student mental health after trials with therapy and therapy-learned techniques including mindfulness. The primary barrier from pursuing therapy as a means of mental health support was stigma. This stigma is a result of the competitive and invasive nature of medical education, with students fearing that seeking mental health help would make them perceived as weak by their peers and evaluators. Students also attribute issues such as accessibility, busy schedules, and financial cost to their hesitancy to try therapy. 
Conclusion
While still relatively underexplored, the preliminary outcomes of medical students participating in therapy is promising for improvement of stress-induced mood disorders. Medical school curriculums must prioritize student wellness by dismantling barriers of stigma, accessibility, and negative self-perception in order to promote options such as therapy. We believe this research should be taken further by looking into patient outcomes after seeing providers who have previously gone to or are currently in therapy. 




Psychotherapy Usage by Medical Students: ​A Review of Potential Benefits and Barriers

Background
Gender disparities are well established in the surgical field, despite increasing prevalence of women in surgical specialties. Currently in otolaryngology, 33% of residents and 28% of faculty in academic programs are women. Women comprise 13% of full professor positions, 12% of otolaryngology program director positions, and 3.5% of otolaryngology department chair positions. Disparities in woman’s career can be seen in the manner in which they are evaluated. A public method of evaluation is through the distribution of awards. Professional awards are intended to identify and reward those that are considered the best in their field. Externally, awards are beneficial to an individual by adding more value to their resumes or curriculum vitae. Internally, these awards allow for improved self-perception and self-confidence. This study aims to evaluate gender disparities in otolaryngology residency training with a focus on awards in residency.

Methods
122 OHNS training programs were sent emails with a survey link requesting participation. Questions including number of women residents as well as questions pertaining to specific awards were detailed. Primary outcome measures were total number and percentages of awardrecipients that were women. Further analysis stratification was completed for geographic location and award type.

Results
15% of programs contacted participated in our survey. Data was gathered from 2010-2019. The percentage of women in a given OHNS residency program ranged from 0% to 55%. Awards distributed to women in a program ranged from 6% to 50%. Women were disproportionately awarded in all residency program except one, in which they were over-awarded. Overall, women were found to be 42% less likely to receive a residency award compared to men (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.81; P = 0.001). Statistical significance was identified in awards of academic excellence, where women residents were found to be 54% less likely to receive an award, as well as in teaching awards, where women were 51% less likely to receive an award. When addressing whether the responder believed gender bias existed in otolaryngology residency, 58% felt there may be some bias, while 24% responded yes, and 12% responded no.

Conclusion
Gender inequalities exist at several stages within an individual’s academic career including at the resident trainee level. This study demonstrates that women are disproportionately distributed residency awards when compared to their male colleagues in OHNS. Knowledge of these disparities must be made to prevent a negative long-standing impact on women residents within OHNS programs.

Gender Disparities in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Residency Awards

Background: Fellowship Directors (FDs) and Division Chiefs (DCs) have a profound impact on the current and future trainees in orthopaedics, yet no previous study has analyzed the academic, leadership, and demographic characteristics of FDs and DCs in arthroplasty. This study’s purpose was to evaluate the demographic characteristics, scholarly work, and educational training of FDs and DCs in academic orthopaedic arthroplasty divisions in the United States.

Methods: Orthopaedic arthroplasty fellowships were identified using the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Directory. Data on each FD and DC was gathered via the program’s respective websites, personal profiles, curriculum vitae, and online searches. Information collected included sex, race/ethnicity, fellowship training institution, time since fellowship graduation, academic rank, additional degrees, time at current institution, time in current role, additional leadership positions held, h-index, ResearchGate score, and ResearchGate interest score. H-index was compared between FDs and DCs and the correlation between h-index and academic rank was calculated. 

Results: There were 116 FDs and 77 DCs from 137 orthopaedic arthroplasty programs included. Of these, 20 were co-FDs and 22 were both FD and DC. Overall, 98.3% were males. For race/ethnicity, 83.8% were Caucasian, 11.0% Asian, 3.5% Hispanic, and 1.7% African American. Average age in years was 52.7, years since fellowship graduation was 18.1, years at current institution was 13.9, years in current role was 9.8. Thirty had additional degrees. Average h-index, RG, and RI scores were 16.9, 27.6, and 1309.5, respectively. Overall, 29.6% were full Professor, 26.6% Associate Professor, and 23.1% Assistant Professor. There was a moderate positive correlation between academic rank and h-index. The top fellowship programs to produce future FDs and DCs were Massachusetts General Hospital (17), Hospital for Special Surgery (17) and Mayo Clinic (13). 

Conclusion: A striking lack of diversity exists in orthopaedic arthroplasty leadership, with most FDs and DCs being white males. There was a moderate positive correlation between professorship and h-index. Furthermore, there are specific fellowship programs that play an important role in producing future arthroplasty leaders. Greater efforts are needed to increase diversity among arthroplasty leadership in United States academic orthopaedic programs.

Academic, Leadership, and Demographic Characteristics of Orthopaedic Arthroplasty Leadership in the United States

Background
The ability to reduce ice growth and inhibit ice recrystallization has become a key factor in cryopreserving biological specimens, such as cells and tissues, for cell-based therapeutics like vaccines. However, current cryopreservation protocols can result in loss of cell viability due to cellular damage related to the freezing and thawing process. The use of cryoprotective agents has been effective in increasing post-thaw recoveries and functionality in appropriate models. Nevertheless, many cryoprotectant compounds demonstrate toxicity to cells, preventing their clinical application. Betaine is an organic molecule which has the potential to function as a cryoprotectant due to its physiological role in the body as an osmolyte. Therefore, the goal of this preliminary study was to observe the ability of betaine to inhibit ice recrystallization and to assess its cryopreservation properties. 

Methods
Ice recrystallization was assessed through a splat cooling assay. The betaine sample was dissolved in phosphate buffered saline at concentrations of 0.5, 2, 10, 15, 18, 20, 25, 50 mM. 10 𝜇 L of dissolved betaine was dropped from a height of 2m onto a -80 °C aluminum block forming an ice wafer which was transferred to a Peltier unit at -6.4°C for 5 minutes. The wafer was placed under a microscope and the ice crystals were photographed. Mean ice crystal size was obtained and compared to the negative control; phosphate buffered saline. A dose response curve representing the ice recrystallization inhibition activity was obtained. 

The cytotoxicity of betaine was assessed through a resazurin assay with HEPG2 liver cells. Cytotoxicity of Betaine was assessed at 0.5, 2, 10, 15, 18, 20, 25, and 50 mM. 1%- Triton-X was used as a negative control. 

Results
Dose response curves obtained from splat cooling assays indicated that betaine could reduce ice crystal growth at concentrations above 200mg/mL. However, it was unable to completely inhibit ice recrystallization. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) calculated from the dore response curves was found to be between 119.9mg/mL and 226.4mg/mL, which is not comparable to cryo-additives used in current cryoprotective protocols. In vitro cytotoxicity studies performed indicated biocompatibility up to 10mg/mL.

Conclusion
Our quantitative assessment suggests that the cryoprotective properties of betaine are not sufficient for its use as a cryoprotectant alone. Future directions include assessing the post-thaw viability of betaine and its cryoprotective abilities when combined with another cryoprotectant-like compound. 


A quantitative assessment of the cryopreservation properties of betaine

Introduction:

Hispanic women pursue breast augmentation surgery more than any other minority group.1 Additionally, breast implant removals increased by 34.4% in 2019 and by 8% in 2020, perhaps due to rising concerns for breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma.2 However, this trend may not be reflected in all racial segments. Patient education materials (PEMs) with advanced readability can limit Hispanic patients’ health literacy and understanding of treatment plans, increasing barriers to breast implant removal and worsening health outcomes. When compared to non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics attain less highschool and college education, have less household income, and face higher poverty rates.3 These factors negatively influence health literacy. Despite the National Institutes of Health recommending PEMs be written at the 6th-7th grade readability level, online PEMs are often difficult to read. This study assessed and compared the readability of Spanish and English online breast implant removal PEMs.


Methods:

The English and Spanish terms “breast implant removal” and “extracción de implantes mamarios” were queried on Google and the first fifty Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) for each search term were selected. Included resources were non-video, free articles. Each URL was categorized into private business (private clinics, independent practice), institutional (governmental agencies, medical schools/teaching hospitals, medical sources), and academic (journal article, book chapter) groups. To ensure analyses provided useful insights into resources used by patients rather than surgeons, academic articles were regarded as a separate entity and analyzed independently. Readability scores were generated using the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) and the Spanish SMOG scales.


Results:

PEMs published by private businesses comprised the majority (> 60%) of both English and Spanish articles. Overall, online breast implant removal PEMs surpassed recommended reading levels in both English (x̄ = 12.2, highschool senior) and Spanish (x̄ = 11.0, high school junior). Among PEMs in the private business category, those written in English were more difficult to read than Spanish (p < 0.00001). As a whole, English PEMs were similarly more difficult to read than Spanish PEMs (p < 0.00001, excluding academic). There were no significant differences in readability when comparing English and Spanish institutional PEMs, English private business and English institutional PEMs, or Spanish private business and Spanish institutional PEMs.


Conclusion:

Our findings show that the readability of English and Spanish materials for breast implant removal exceeds recommended levels. This discrepancy may have ramifications for certain groups as breast implant removal is a procedure that can have significant cosmetic and psychological impacts.4 It is vital that these patients are provided with educational material appropriate to their literacy level in order for them to understand the procedure, its implications, and indications. Additionally, the significant proportion of PEMs authored by private businesses may be concerning due to an inherent self-serving bias. Online information for breast implant removals should be revised and/or standardized materials should be created by healthcare providers and national organizations in order to more fully educate the public and prospective patients prior to intervention.

Are Difficult to Read Patient Education Materials Problematic? A Readability Assessment of Online Patient Education Resources Related to Breast Implant Removal and Breast Implant Illness.

Background
Parkinson’s disease (PD) involves the accumulation of alpha-synuclein (αS) in Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra of the brain. αS consists of an N-terminal 100-residue membrane-binding region and a 40-residue C-terminal tail. Molecular progression of PD throughout the brain is thought to occur as αS forms toxic aggregate species that are released from neurons and subsequently internalized by surrounding neurons to further seed aggregation of endogenous protein. Although the mechanism by which neurons internalize extracellular αS is unclear, one protein that is of interest as a putative receptor for αS is the presynaptic protein neurexin 1-beta (N1β). Previous work has shown that N1β drives cellular internalization of αS in a manner dependent on αS N-terminal acetylation (NTA); N-terminally acetylated αS (αSacetyl), the primary form of the protein in vivo, exhibits increased alpha-helical structure at its N-terminus compared to unmodified αS (αSunmod). Thus, αS appears to interact with N1β on neuronal membranes in an NTA-dependent manner, leading to neuronal uptake of extracellular αS and contributing to its intercellular propagation in PD. The objective of this study is to characterize αSacetyl-N1β binding with residue-specific resolution using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We hypothesized that this interaction primarily involves the N-terminal 10 residues of αS due to their known alpha-helical propensity with NTA. Mapping the αSacetyl-N1β interaction will offer insight into the specific regions of αS involved in its recognition and neuronal internalization, as well as inform potential therapeutic targets for inhibition of internalization and slowing of PD progression.

Methods
Established bacterial transformation, growth, and purification methods were used to generate αS samples. Heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR studies were performed to generate chemical shift peaks corresponding to the local chemical environments of each residue for 15N-labeled αSunmod and αSacetyl either in the presence or absence of N1β. Changes in αS NMR peak position and/or intensity in the presence of N1β demonstrate involvement of the corresponding αS residues in αS-N1β binding.

Results
HSQC NMR studies demonstrated reduced NMR peak intensity in the N-terminal 100 residues of αSacetyl in the presence of N1β, with a more pronounced reduction in the first 11 residues.

Conclusion
αS interacts with N1β most strongly at its first 11 residues in an NTA-dependent manner, consistent with our hypothesis. However, αSacetyl also interacts with N1β across its 100-residue membrane-binding domain, suggesting that this entire region contributes to N1β-mediated αSacetyl internalization.

Structural characterization of the interaction between alpha-synuclein and neurexin-1 beta in the context of pathologic alpha-synuclein propagation in Parkinson's Disease

In recent years, there has been a decline in the rates of trabeculectomy and a rise in rates of aqueous shunts and microinvasive glaucoma surgeries. , There is concern amongst glaucoma surgical educators that low trabeculectomy volumes during training are exacerbating this trend. 
The purpose of this cross-sectional survey study was to survey recently graduated glaucoma specialists and explore how surgical volume during training, success and complication rates, practice setting, and other patient population factors might influence practice patterns of recently graduated glaucoma specialists. 
A survey was distributed to the American Glaucoma Society’s “Young Glaucoma Specialists” listserv, and 66 responses were received from members completing training within the past 5 years (2018-2022). 
Sixty four respondents (93.9%) reported feeling somewhat or entirely comfortable performing trabeculectomy as a result of their training. However, 42 (63.6%) said that they do not often perform trabeculectomy, whereas only 13 (19.7%) reported that they do. 
Respondents were offered a list of factors that might influence their choice to perform trabeculectomy and selected the degree to which they agreed with each. Those who reported performing trabeculectomy often (N = 13) were influenced by the surgery’s high success rates (92.3%), its preoperative (76.9%) and intraoperative (84.6%) processes, and low postoperative complications (61.5%). Those who reported not performing trabeculectomy often (N = 42) were most discouraged by the postoperative process of trabeculectomy, as well as the socioeconomic (66.7%) and sociocultural (52.4%) characteristics of their patients. Factors such as volume performed during training (47.6%), cost-effectiveness (19.0%), and reimbursement rates (19.0%) were not considerable contributors. 

While the majority of young glaucoma specialists in our study report being comfortable performing trabeculectomy as a result of their training, the majority stated that they do not often perform trabeculectomy in practice. Notably, low trabeculectomy surgical volume during training was not cited as an notable barrier, whereas patient factors and preference for alternative procedures, depending on the clinical scenario, appeared to drive this trend.

Young Glaucoma Specialist Practice Patterns: Why do you do what you do?

Background: The recognition of cultural complications as part of the learning paradigm of medical training is slowly becoming a vital focus. An innovative cultural complications curriculum (CCM), pioneered by groups from the University of Maryland and Michigan, has been implemented within M+M teaching conferences across select institutions. Its adoption on a nationwide platform attests to its efficacy in delivering impactful social medicine education that is engaging, thought-provoking, and purpose-driven. This study aims to illuminate the journey and tangible strides achieved in integrating the CCM into our monthly M+M teaching conferences within the UPMC Plastic Surgery Department. 
Methods: We used the freely available, established, CCM toolkit online, which focuses on 12 core DEI concepts. This curriculum emphasizes an active, safe, and evidence-based discussion format. We administered pre- and post-initiation surveys to assess the department's initial interest and subsequent feedback. 
Results: We received 63 completed pre-initiation surveys that included all members of our department. 78% of respondents expressed profound initial interest in this initiative. Additionally, 64% of respondents felt positive that their colleagues are committed to learning about diversity, equity, and inclusion. We received 33 completed post-initiation survey responses from CCM attendees that represented all department members. 60% of respondents expressed either that they agreed or strongly agreed that they “learned valuable information from the CCM”. 86% and 88% of respondents either strongly agreed or agreed that “incorporating DEI principles is important for good patient care and ...for a successful workplace", respectively. 64% and 67% of respondents felt more equipped to identify Overt Bias and Implicit Bias, respectively. There was a noteworthy increase in the number of respondents who believed they possessed effective strategies to address overt bias when encountered with someone more senior in the organizational hierarchy and when it involved patients (56% vs. 46%, 77% vs. 52%; respectively). Additionally, there was a marked decrease in the number of respondents who felt ill-equipped to address implicit bias when encountering individuals at various hierarchical levels (15% vs. 38% with seniors, 6% vs. 18% with like-peers, 3% vs. 10% with juniors). 
Conclusions: Through this study, we were successful in achieving positive outcomes by implementing this established curriculum within our department. While our perspectives on this endeavor remain positive, we must acknowledge the formidable challenges we encountered during the initiation phase that could be encountered by others planning to champion this initiative within their department/division. We were able to deliver education on social medicine topics in a unique format that prioritizes sharing lived experiences and evidence-based discussion over passive learning.

Cultural ‘Complications’ Morbidity and Mortality Plastic Surgery Grand Rounds: The Pitt Plastic Surgery Experience

Introduction 
Pre-eclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality, complicating about 4% of pregnancies. Recent work has identified PERIOD3 (PER3), a gene regulating 24-hour circadian rhythms, to be downregulated in the preeclamptic placenta. The role of circadian rhythms in the placenta largely remains unknown. Our goal is to establish an organotypic placental preparation to allow screening of drugs that regulate circadian rhythms. These studies are a first step towards understanding how circadian rhythm changes are caused in the placenta and will be the basis for future studies to understand how circadian rhythm disruption in the placenta cause pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia.

Methods 
We established a novel organotypic placenta preparation allowing to study circadian rhythms in a LumiCycle using gestation day (GD) 14 and GD18 placental explants from the validated circadian reporter mouse Per2::Luciferase. Using H&E we validated the explants to be >80% enriched in either decidua (DC) which is strictly of maternal origin, labyrinth (LB) which is strictly of fetal origin, and the junctional zone (JZ) which consists of binucleated cells fused of maternal and fetal cells.

Results 
Through H&E staining, we validated by distinct morphology that the DC is enriched with neutrophils; the JZ contains spongiotrophoblasts and glycogen trophoblasts; whereas the LB has anucleated red blood cells. We next established a protocol to record Per2::Luciferase circadian rhythms for <6 days. We found that the Per2::Luciferase circadian rhythm shortens with increased gestational age, where the period in DC, LZ and LB in the GD14 placenta is ~4h longer than in the GD18 placenta, showing an unexpected plasticity in circadian timekeeping in the placenta. Because PER3 is downregulated in the pre-eclamptic placenta, we asked if the explants would be useful for pharmacologically screenings. We applied PF670462 (1μM), which stabilizes PER1/2/3, or epidermal growth factor (EGF, 30ng/mL), a growth factor important in placental function and a PER2 enhancer. PF670462 lengthened Per2::Luciferase period in the DC and JZ, confirming the expected circadian rhythm stabilizing effect of PF670462. Surprisingly, EGF only modulated circadian rhythms in the GD14 placental, where EGF shortened Per2::Luciferase period in DC, and lengthen the period in the JZ and LB zones in the GD14 placenta. This data suggests EGF has gestational age and placenta zone specific effects.

Conclusion 
We validated a novel ex vivo placental preparation to study circadian rhythms at GD14 and GD18. We identified a placenta zone and gestation age specific effect of EGF, an effect future studies will further expand on. This model will be useful to complete pharmacological screenings of drugs that can restore circadian rhythms in the preeclamptic placenta.

Underline digital video library

Streaming Modulation Recognition for Neuromorphic RF Applications

Guidelines and Recommendations for Providing Disability-Competent Care for Individuals with Physical Disabilities: A Narrative Review

Randomized Controlled Trial of Laptop Stand, USB Keyboard/Mouse to Reduce Upper Body/Spine Pain in First-Year Medical Residents

Psychotherapy Usage by Medical Students: A Review of Potential Benefits and Barriers

Gender Disparities in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Residency Awards

Academic, Leadership, and Demographic Characteristics of Orthopaedic Arthroplasty Leadership in the United States

A quantitative assessment of the cryopreservation properties of betaine

Are Difficult to Read Patient Education Materials Problematic? A Readability Assessment of Online Patient Education Resources Related to Breast Implant Removal and Breast Implant Illness.

Structural characterization of the interaction between alpha-synuclein and neurexin-1 beta in the context of pathologic alpha-synuclein propagation in Parkinson's Disease

Young Glaucoma Specialist Practice Patterns: Why do you do what you do?

Cultural ‘Complications’ Morbidity and Mortality Plastic Surgery Grand Rounds: The Pitt Plastic Surgery Experience

Validation of a Novel Placenta Explant Protocol Allowing Screening of Drugs Modulating Circadian Rhythms in the Mouse Placenta

Stay up to date with the latest Underline news!

PRESENTATIONS

CONFERENCES

COMPANY

RESOURCES

Underline digital video library

Streaming Modulation Recognition for Neuromorphic RF Applications

Guidelines and Recommendations for Providing Disability-Competent Care for Individuals with Physical Disabilities: A Narrative Review

Randomized Controlled Trial of Laptop Stand, USB Keyboard/Mouse to Reduce Upper Body/Spine Pain in First-Year Medical Residents

Psychotherapy Usage by Medical Students: ​A Review of Potential Benefits and Barriers

Gender Disparities in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Residency Awards

Academic, Leadership, and Demographic Characteristics of Orthopaedic Arthroplasty Leadership in the United States

A quantitative assessment of the cryopreservation properties of betaine

Are Difficult to Read Patient Education Materials Problematic? A Readability Assessment of Online Patient Education Resources Related to Breast Implant Removal and Breast Implant Illness.

Structural characterization of the interaction between alpha-synuclein and neurexin-1 beta in the context of pathologic alpha-synuclein propagation in Parkinson's Disease

Young Glaucoma Specialist Practice Patterns: Why do you do what you do?

Cultural ‘Complications’ Morbidity and Mortality Plastic Surgery Grand Rounds: The Pitt Plastic Surgery Experience

Validation of a Novel Placenta Explant Protocol Allowing Screening of Drugs Modulating Circadian Rhythms in the Mouse Placenta

Stay up to date with the latest Underline news!

PRESENTATIONS

CONFERENCES

COMPANY

RESOURCES

Psychotherapy Usage by Medical Students: A Review of Potential Benefits and Barriers