Background 
Benefits of early skin-to-skin contact (SSC) are widely documented, including improved breastfeeding outcomes. While promoting immediate SSC is standard practice for vaginal birth, it happens less often after cesarean birth.  It is not known how changes in hospital practices and staff shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic have influenced the practice of SSC in the operating room.  This study aims to identify the relationship between SSC after cesarean birth and breastfeeding and compare SSC rates before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. 
Methods 
This was a retrospective, cohort chart review. Sample was 244 subjects who had scheduled cesarean deliveries at term during April-October 2019 and April-October 2020. Primary outcome was exclusive breastfeeding on discharge. Secondary outcomes were time to initiate breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding at postpartum visit and rate of SSC in the OR in 2019 compared to 2020. 
Results 
SSC in the first 3 days after birth was associated with feeding type on discharge (p<0.001) and/or at the postpartum visit (p=0.04). The study did not identify a statistically significant association between location of SSC and feeding type either on discharge (p=0.55) or at the postpartum visit (p=0.55). Infants who had SSC in the OR had significantly earlier initiation of breastfeeding (p<0.001). There was an increase in SSC in the OR between 2019 and 2020 (27% and 39%, respectively).  
Conclusion 
SSC practices after cesarean birth are associated with breastfeeding outcomes. Knowledge of this relationship will be important for optimizing surrounding SSC practices and breastfeeding support in the future. 

Skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding after cesarean birth at UIHC, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: 
Sunscreen use in people of color is less common than sunscreen use in people with lighter pigmentation, often due to low perceived risk. However, it is still recommended that people of color wear sunscreen to lower the risk of skin cancer, dyspigmentation and pigmentary disorders, and sunburns. Thus, public health efforts should be utilized to improve sunscreen use in people of color. TikTok, a popular social media platform, has been used by health professionals to disseminate educational information and for the purpose of public health outreach. This study looks at the discussion of sunscreen use in this population on this popular social media platform with the goal of understanding what information is being disseminated by and for this target population.

Objective: 
To understand the discussion of sunscreen-related topics on popular social media created for or by people of color.

Methods: 
The term “sunscreen” was searched on TikTok and the top 100 related hashtags were reviewed. Of these two hashtags, #SunscreenforBlackPeople and #Sunscreen for POC, were directed towards people of color. The top 50 videos for each of those hashtags were reviewed for content, creator characteristics including Fitzpatrick skin type and qualifications, and qualities of sunscreen discussed in the video. Analysis was performed to identify key themes in the videos.

Results: 
Most of the content creators discussing the topic of sunscreen for people of color were influencers without medical background. The majority of videos were focused on recommending or sampling different sunscreen brands. Common criteria for reviewing sunscreen brands included presence of “whitecasting”, the final finished look after sunscreen application, cost, and sunscreen density in regard to if the sunscreen feels heavy or lightweight. Only 5 of the top 50 videos contained an educational component. Educational topics included how much sunscreen to put on, importance of reapplication, and reasons to wear sunscreen. Additionally, few videos discussed reasons people of color should wear sunscreen. Of the reasons to wear sunscreen, most commonly discussed were anti-aging and prevention of hyperpigmentation.

Conclusions: 
The discussion of sunscreen for people of color is limited on TikTok. Of the top posts, few contained educational information and the majority were created by dermatologists. Given the popularity of TikTok and its use to promote other sources of health information, there is room to improve the outreach related to sunscreen on the popular social media platform. 


Analysis of Sunscreen-Related Posts Directed Toward People of Color (POC) on TikTok

Obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis (OHVIRA) is a rare congenital anomaly that is characterized by the triad of uterus didelphys, obstructed hemivagina, and ipsilateral renal dysplasia. It is also known as Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome. 

OHVIRA is typically diagnosed after menarche and is often associated with recurrent severe dysmenorrhea and vague lower abdominal pain, although the presentation can be variable. Due to the normal onset of menarche from the non-obstructed side, diagnosis of OHVIRA can easily be missed, which can lead to complications such as infection, pelvic inflammatory disease, and endometriosis. 

In this report, we present a case of OHVIRA syndrome in a 16-year-old girl who presented with lower abdominal pain and constipation. This case underscores the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for OHVIRA syndrome in adolescents with non-specific abdominal or pelvic symptoms.



When Constipation is More than Just Constipation: A Rare Case of OHVIRA Syndrome

This study introduces an advanced software tool designed for personalized diagnosis and comprehensive guidance in both the medical and surgical management of Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA). Developed through machine learning techniques, the software provides enhanced diagnostic accuracy and offers individualized follicular distribution guidance. The research is built upon a systematic review of 40 studies encompassing hair density measurements across multiple ethnicities. The software demonstrates good predictive accuracy in different scalp regions, with R2 values ranging from 0.42 to 0.67 and MAE values varying from 22.70 to 38.04 hairs/cm2. Compared to current clinical solutions, this software enables longitudinal response to treatment monitoring and delivers a personalized, data-driven diagnostic approach. It addresses existing gaps in the field by generating reliable predictions of normative scalp hair density, thereby assisting in tailored surgical planning and medical management. Future work aims to refine the model through real-world testing and integration of additional clinical variables.

Advanced Software for Personalized Diagnosis and Comprehensive Guidance in Medical and Surgical Management of Androgenetic Alopecia

Background
Vitiligo is a common autoimmune condition characterized by patchy skin depigmentation, affecting nearly 3 million individuals in the United States with nearly half of cases in both adolescents and adults remaining undiagnosed [1,2]. This condition is often associated with other autoimmune and connective tissue comorbidities and mental health problems, further complicating patients' overall health and quality of life [3,4]. Recent studies have also suggested a potential correlation between vitiligo and an increased risk of obesity and renal diseases [3]. Renal disease patients often require dialysis or kidney transplant as part of their treatment and thus, these individuals may be at higher risk of systemic infections due to various factors, including vascular and catheter access and immunosuppression [5,6]. Due to the disrupted epidermal barrier composition and recovery in vitiligo patients, it is reasonable to hypothesize that these patients undergoing dialysis may be more susceptible to systemic infections [7,8]. However, there is a lack of research exploring the relationship between dialysis patients with vitiligo and their risk of infection. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a retrospective analysis utilizing data from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) to determine if vitiligo presents as a risk factor for increased risk of bacteremia, septicemia, cellulitis, herpes zoster, and conjunctivitis.

Methods
All end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in the USRDS who started dialysis between 2004 and 2019 were eligible for inclusion in the study. Those who were less than 18 years or greater than 100 years of age, or had missing or unknown data on age, race, sex, ethnicity, access type or dialysis type were excluded. The total sample size was 1,526,270. Infectious outcomes of interest included bacteremia, septicemia, cellulitis, herpes zoster, and conjunctivitis. Among those included in the sample, a diagnosis of vitiligo after the incident date of dialysis was determined. All statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.4. Descriptive statistics on all variables were determined overall, by vitiligo status, and by each type of infection.

Results
A total of 676 subjects had a vitiligo diagnosis. Based on a simple logistic regression model, vitiligo was associated with an increased risk of bacteremia (adjusted relative risk = 1.28), septicemia (1.20), cellulitis (1.27), and herpes zoster (1.69) but not conjunctivitis (1.22). Controlling for demographics and clinical covariates, vitiligo was no longer significantly associated with septicemia.

Conclusion
These results indicate that vitiligo-ESRD patients may have an increased risk of bacteremia, cellulitis, and herpes zoster but not significantly associated with septicemia and conjunctivitis. These findings justify further research into tailored care plans for patients with vitiligo receiving dialysis and improved prevention and monitoring of infection in these patients.

1. Patel R, Pandya AG, Sikirica V, Gandhi K, Daniel SR, Anastassopoulos KP, Yamaguchi Y, Napatalung L, Baik R, Ezzedine K. Prevalence of Vitiligo among Children and Adolescents in the United States. Dermatology. 2023;239(2):227-234. doi: 10.1159/000528180. Epub 2023 Jan 11. PMID: 36630928; PMCID: PMC10210084.
2. Gandhi K, Ezzedine K, Anastassopoulos KP, Patel R, Sikirica V, Daniel SR, Napatalung L, Yamaguchi Y, Baik R, Pandya AG. Prevalence of Vitiligo Among Adults in the United States. JAMA Dermatol. 2022 Jan 1;158(1):43-50. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.4724. PMID: 34787670; PMCID: PMC8600454.
3. Al Houssien AO, Al Houssien RO, Al Ajroush W, Al Kahtani HS. Chronic diseases among vitiligo patients. A case control study. Saudi Med J. 2017 Apr;38(4):400-404. doi: 10.15537/smj.2017.4.17551. PMID: 28397947; PMCID: PMC5447193.
4. Lee JH, Ju HJ, Seo JM, Almurayshid A, Kim GM, Ezzedine K, Bae JM. Comorbidities in Patients with Vitiligo: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Invest Dermatol. 2023 May;143(5):777-789.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.10.021. Epub 2022 Nov 28. PMID: 36574529. 
5. Ramakrishna, P., & Rajni, T. (2014). Psychiatric morbidity and quality of life in vitiligo patients. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 36(3), 302–303. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.135385
6. Levey AS, Coresh J. Chronic kidney disease. The lancet. 2012;379 (9811):165-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60178-5
7. Suzuki M, Satoh N, Nakamura M, Horita S, Seki G, Moriya K. Bacteremia in hemodialysis patients. World J Nephrol. 2016 Nov 6;5(6):489-496. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v5.i6.489. PMID: 27872830; PMCID: PMC5099594.
8. Kovacs, D., et al., Altered epidermal proliferation, differentiation, and lipid composition: Novel key elements in the vitiligo puzzle. Sci Adv, 2022. 8(35): p. eabn9299.


Assessment of Infection Risk in vitiligo patients undergoing dialysis for end-stage renal disease: A retrospective cohort study

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune condition that leads to patchy, nonscarring hair loss. The etiology still remains unknown, and the condition can be debilitating for patients, impacting their psychosocial wellbeing. Various triggers have been reported ranging from genetic predispositions, infections, and environmental factors. Medications have also been thought to be an inciting factor in AA. Using the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS), all cases reporting AA as an adverse event were used to capture associated medications and patient characteristics. Descriptive statistics were conducted along with logistic regression analysis using patient sex as the primary outcome. There were 1,331 AA cases reported as an adverse event with medication use. With regards to the top 10 medications, 29.2% of AA cases were seen with docetaxel, 8.3% were with adalimumab, 4.7% with trastuzumab, 4.4% with cyclophosphamide, 4.3% with infliximab, 4.1% with carboplatin, 3.4% with dupilumab, 2.7% with levonorgestrel, 2.6% with etanercept, and 2.6% with from pertuzumab. Monoclonal antibodies accounted for 6 out of the top 10 drugs with the highest number of AA cases. Males were more likely to report AA when taking adalimumab (OR 1.79, p = 0.04) and dupilumab (OR 2.56, p = 0.03) compared to females. Individuals between 42-64 years old accounted for 46.7% of AA cases. Lastly, females in older age groups showed greater odds of experiencing AA compared to males (OR 1.03, p < 0.01). Based on the FAERS, there has been a steady rise in AA cases and monoclonal antibodies were the most frequently cited medication class tied to AA. Given the dearth of literature and many unanswered questions surrounding AA, our novel large dataset study highlights the most associated medications, identifies an increase in reported cases over the years, and captures age/sex related demographic trends. An awareness of notable medications and patient demographics adds granularity to the spectrum of potential AA triggers and may increase a provider’s index of suspicion to improve clinical outcomes in the future.

A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Medications Used by Patients Reporting Alopecia Areata on the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System

Background 

Early melanoma detection has profound clinical impact with distant stages having a
32% 5-year relative survival rate. Traditionally, the automation of melanoma detection prior to biopsy has relied on broad-spectrum photography, thresholding in the frequency domain or analysis of electrical impedance. The advent of deep learning (DL) has enabled automation of dermoscopy.
However, most existing end-to-end DL approaches require annotated data, which is time-consuming to produce and cannot propose novel predictive markers. To address this, we utilized the Semantic Clustering by Adopting Nearest Neighbors (SCAN) algorithm, an unsupervised learning approach that decouples feature learning and clustering, enabling the automated detection of dermatoscopic features that predict disease.

Methods 

We employed the SCAN algorithm to analyze 7991 training and 2024 testing
dermatoscopic images of melanoma or benign nevi from the International Skin Imaging Collaboration dataset. Images are almost all Fitzpatrick type I-III. The model was trained to learn semantically meaningful features that were employed to build clusters of similar images.

Results 

The final clusters exhibited varying levels of homogeneity, with several clusters composed exclusively of one class (melanoma/benign nevi). Several highly predictive clusters for melanoma showed an absence of color uniformity, which is a Menzies method criterion to establish melanoma diagnosis. This indicates latent-space morphology congruent with established evidence-based practice.

Conclusion 

The application of the SCAN algorithm to dermatoscopic images presents a promising methodology for unsupervised learning in melanoma detection. Previous work has shown that AI models that offer explanations to clinicians, such as photos of similar lesions in that continuous area of the model’s latent space, boost physician satisfaction. The FDA approval process also prefers explainable paradigms to ensure model predictability spanning the input space. This study presents an unsupervised approach to melanoma detection via dermoscopy, which enables explainable AI and automated detection of features that predict disease. By providing explainability, the research addresses a key challenge in machine learning paradigms’ FDA approval pathway. Future research is warranted to see if analysis of nevi on dark skin (Fitzpatrick type >3) demonstrates alternate dermoscopic features, as has been previously reported in dermoscopic
literature.

End-to-End Semantic Clustering in Dermoscopy of Melanocytic Lesions

Background
Premature ovarian failure, whether occurring spontaneously or iatrogenically, especially as a result from chemotherapy, is a challenging clinical problem in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility and Oncology. These patients have no autologous fertility-restoration options available if preemptive egg or embryo freezing was not successfully completed. Lack of endogenous hormone production has sequelae beyond reproduction, including accelerated bone loss, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and sexual dysfunction. While hormone replacement therapies exist, long-term outcomes from such treatments, especially when initiated at a young age, remain unclear. These issues are heightened in cancer survivors, who have lower baseline fertility rates and success with assisted reproduction.
Methods
A methodology for the creation of oocytes via reprogrammed granulosa cells was first performed in mouse and, to the greatest extent possible, recapitulated in human cells. Granulosa cells (GCs) were reprogrammed to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) as previously described in our lab. Human GCs and follicular fluid were obtained from the IVF lab after oocyte removal during egg retrieval procedures. Cells were labeled with GFP and differentiated into ovarian lineages using an oocyte derivation media containing follicular fluid. Stem cell and differentiated cell status was verified via RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, alkaline-phosphatase reaction, steroidogenic activity, and the formation of embryoid bodies and teratomas. Mouse GFP-labeled differentiated IPSCs were orthotopically implanted into one ovary of subfertile immunocompromised mice which also had chemotherapeutically-induced ovarian failure to assess for the restoration of hormone production and fertility.
Results
Differentiated IPSCs expressed ovarian markers (i.e. AMHR2, ZP1) and were able to produce physiologically relevant concentrations of the reproductive steroid hormones (i.e. estradiol/progesterone) in vitro. Interestingly, the addition of follicular fluid increased the steroidogenic potential of the cells in mice. Mice treated with alkylating chemotherapy to induce ovarian failure had ovarian follicular atresia and breast atrophy, which was reversed within 72 hours of transplanting terminally differentiated GFP-IPSCs into the thighs or ovaries of these mice. In subfertile nude mice, the orthotopic implantation of terminally differentiated IPSCs enhanced fertility, resulting stem cell-derived neogametogenesis and delivery of F1 and F2 litters with GFP expression.
Conclusion
New autologous methods of restoring fertility and ovarian function would be indispensable for patients with prematurity ovarian insufficiency or failure. Our work demonstrates that other populations of cells within the body may be reprogrammed for the purpose of endocrine health and fertility restoration in such patients.

The Generation of Stem Cell-Derived Functional Oocytes from Reprogrammed Granulosa Cells

Background
Pregnant women were one of the most vulnerable populations during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Understanding how the pandemic influenced prenatal care utilization and birth outcomes of pregnant populations is essential to guiding disaster preparedness in the face of future global threats. We sought to evaluate the COVID-19 pandemic’s influence on the adequacy of prenatal care and birth outcomes.

Methods
Retrospective cohort study compared prenatal care adequacy, diagnostic testing, and gestational age of 481 patients seen at an urban medical center in New York City during the pandemic (October 1, 2020 and October 14, 2020), and in the corresponding pre-pandemic period (October 1, 2019 and October 14, 2019) using student t-test, Mann-Whitney, and chi-squared tests.

Results
Patients seen during the pandemic were more likely to receive Adequate Prenatal Care (OR 2.634 95%CI 1.672-4.184 p < 0.001) than pre-pandemic patients (OR 0.385 95% CI 0.244-0.606 p < 0.001). Adequate Prenatal Care (OR 0.102 95%CI 0.014-0.763 p = 0.005) was negatively associated with early preterm pregnancy (32-36 weeks). There were no statistically significant differences in gestational age between the pre-pandemic and pandemic cohorts (Moderate Preterm 32-36 weeks OR 1.145 95%CI 0.532-2.465 p=0.845, Early Term 37-38 weeks OR 1.049 95%CI 0.658-1.671 p=0.905, Full Term OR 1.044 95% CI 0.689-1.581 p=0.916). 

Conclusion
Though the pandemic imposed unprecedented stresses upon expectant mothers, patients had significantly greater likelihoods of receiving adequate prenatal care during the pandemic, which may be attributed to the expansion of telehealth services and increased health awareness. Despite this increase in prenatal care adequacy, the pandemic had no statistically significant influence on preterm birth rates.

Improving Prenatal Care Adequacy in Urban Settings: Lessons from the COVID 2019 Pandemic

Background: 
Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an effective procedure to improve pain, range of motion, and function for a variety of conditions, including osteoarthritis and post-traumatic arthritis. In the absence of surgical complications, some patients have unexplained persistent pain or weakness at the operative joint. It has been shown that up to 28% of patients had persistent pain at the surgical site 12 to 18 months following THA. Importantly, more than 12% of patients had pain that limited their activities of daily living to a moderate or severe degree. Currently, there are no widely accepted non-pharmacological treatments for persistent postoperative pain for THA. The purpose of this case report is to detail a successful reduction of chronic postoperative pain and weakness with implanted peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) and physical therapy (PT) in a patient with post-traumatic THA. 

Case Presentation: 
The patient is a 53-year-old white male pilot who presented to our pain management clinic in May 2022. In February 2021 he was ejected from an airplane and had polytrauma with multiple facial fractures, an L4 vertebral compression fracture, and a right hip fracture. He had an immediate uncomplicated THA surgery followed by standard physical therapy treatment. Approximately five months following THA, he developed right-sided thigh pain, numbness, and tingling in the femoral nerve distribution, which was recalcitrant to medication and standard physical therapy. 
SPR Therapeutics single-lead percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulator was implanted near the right femoral nerve on 3/10/23. During four months of treatment, the patient attended 11 visits of physical therapy. 

Discussion: 
This case report demonstrates the effectiveness of implanted PNS in a patient with chronic pain and weakness following post-traumatic THA. This treatment improved his hip flexion strength, measured by handheld dynamometer, from 22.83lb to 50.8lb in three weeks. Limb symmetry index improved from 58.19% to 91.87%. His Lower Extremity Functional Scale improved from 35/80 (43.75%) to 54/80 (67.5%) within five weeks. 

Although peripheral nerve field stimulation has been used previously for this indication, single lead implanted PNS has not been studied. This case’s success demonstrates PNS may help eliminate post-operative persistent pain and weakness in many patients, including those with post-traumatic arthroplasty. Future randomized control trials using implanted single-lead PNS are warranted to provide robust results to guide physician clinical practice.

Implanted Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Improves Chronic Pain and Weakness Following Total Hip Arthroplasty

Background: Prior studies demonstrate that chronic prenatal opioid exposure leads to an increased risk for preterm labor and fetal growth restriction, both conditions associated with placenta insufficiency. Current literature also suggests that chronic prenatal opioid exposure negatively impacts the placenta (and fetus) during a critical developmental period where unyielding foundational processes for organ growth are initiated. Not only is there evidence of abnormal biochemical signaling between the placenta and fetus, but there is also histological evidence of chronic hypoxia in placentas chronically exposed to opioids. In a worsening opioid epidemic where identifying avenues for future therapeutics has become critical, the placenta may be an ideal therapeutic target for improving fetal health outcomes related to exposure. The goal of this study was to investigate histological differences in human placental tissue following chronic prenatal opioid exposure.

Methods: Placental tissue was collected from 7 opioid-exposed and 17 unexposed placentas from full-term pregnancies. Analyses were completed for 7 unexposed, control placentas by matching age and smoking history to exposed placentas. All participants in the opioid-exposed group were exclusively taking buprenorphine at some point during their third trimesters. Placental tissue samples were fixed in neutral buffered, 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin wax, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin prior to blinded histopathological analysis by an experienced pathologist. A generalized linear mixed model with a binomial outcome, paired t-tests, and linear mixed effects models were utilized to measure the frequency of a grade 2 or higher score (grade 3 or higher, villous morphology), total grade, or average grade.

Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in vascular pathology and inflammation between the opioid-exposed group and their respective matched controls. The control group placentas were found to exhibit significantly higher frequencies of grade 3, 4 or 5 villous morphology compared to the opioid-exposed placental tissue. When villous morphology was measured by total and average grade, no statistically significant differences were appreciated. 

Conclusion: The findings from this study may suggest that chronic opioid exposure, specifically chronic exposure to the partial opioid agonist buprenorphine, may not have unfavorable histopathological consequences as compared to unexposed placentas. The findings of this study may be limited by small sample size and an inability to control for other substances being used (including tobacco and illicit drugs) in the exposed group throughout pregnancy. Further investigation of microvascular changes as well as signaling changes in the placenta following chronic prenatal opioid exposure is warranted.

Histopathology of placental tissue after chronic opioid exposure

Background: Sonographic measurement of foetal biparietal diameter is a
well-accepted predictor of gestational age. However, there is a high variability
in the calculated gestational age which increases as pregnancy progresses with a
maximum difference approximating 3.6 weeks in the third trimester. Conditions
like oligohydramnios can alter the shape of the foetal skull, affect the BPD and
increase variability. The present study is being undertaken to measure the
transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) to validate it as an additional
morphological measurement of foetal growth with less variability.
The cerebellum and posterior fossa are aligned perpendicular to the plane of
maximum extrinsic compression. Hence they can withstand deformation by
extrinsic pressure than the parietal bones and can be a more accurate parameter
for determining gestational age.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in 100 healthy women with
uncomplicated pregnancy between the 28th week of gestation and 40th week of
gestation over three years in outpatient and in-patient sections of Obstetrics and
Gynaecology Department of SRM Hospital and Research Institute,
Kattankulathur, Chennai. This study was undertaken to determine a correlation
between the transverse cerebellar diameter and the gestational age as
determined by the last menstrual period and other sonographic parameters like
biparietal diameter and femur length. After satisfying the inclusion and
exclusion criteria, Transabdominal ultrasonography was performed with the
patient in a supine position. The Pearson Correlation technique was used to test
the direction and strength of the relationship between gestational age obtained
using transverse cerebellar diameter vs individual parameters such as biparietal
diameter and femoral length.
Results: A scatter diagram showing the correlation and regression analysis of
the Gestational age with BPD in the third trimester. Here TCD is correlated with
BPDby87.1 %. A scatter diagram showing the correlation and regression
analysis of the TCD with FL in the third trimester. Here TCD is correlated with
FL by 93.0 %
Conclusion: Obstetric sonography was performed in 100 pregnant women with
uncomplicated pregnancy with known LMP, previous history of normal
menstrual cycle, and no exclusion criteria were included in the study. Foetal
biometry evaluated includes BPD, FL, and TCD. The nomogram of the TCD
shows that there is a linear relationship between cerebellar growth and
gestational age. So TCD can be used as a reliable parameter for determining
gestational age

 Accuracy of transcerebellar diameter in estimation of gestational age in third trimester and its comparison with conventional parameters such as biparietal diameter and femur length

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