CREST Center for Dynamic Multiscale and Multimodal Brain Mapping over the Lifespan [D-MAP]

A large portion of energy consumption (50%) in buildings arises from heat transfer to buildings, specifically through windows due to solar illumination. Energy-efficient thermochromic smart windows, which are composed of special materials that enable them to adjust light transmission dynamically based on the ambient temperature, can allow energy demand for building cooling to be reduced. Hybrid halide perovskites are promising candidates for thermochromic smart windows owing to their capability to undergo reversible color and phase transitions between low and high temperatures. Furthermore, a new concept for smart photovoltaic windows has been realized based on inorganic perovskite CsPbI3-xBrx thin films, which possess both photovoltaic and thermochromic features. However, the perovskite-based thermochromic smart windows require relatively high transition temperatures (>50°C), and this hinders their practical application in buildings since in most places the window temperatures do not reach 50°C in direct sunlight. Therefore, a configuration based on a thermochromic perovskite layer integrated with an external heating source is needed for the activation of thermochromism. Transparent heaters are a key component in thermochromic smart window devices that employ transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) to provide electric heating. Low resistance and high optical transparency of TCEs are two essential prerequisites for the fabrication of thermochromic smart windows. Among various TCEs, indium tin oxide (ITO) is most commonly used; but the brittle nature limits its application in flexible optoelectronics, and the scarcity of indium results in high material cost. Transparent and conductive metal nanomesh (NM) films, which are composed of periodic nanostructured metal networks, have gained considerable attention as high-performance TCEs offering several advantages, including excellent mechanical flexibility, high conductivity, tunable transmittance, and low fabrication cost. In this study, we introduce a new class of dielectric/metal/dielectric nanomesh films based on ZnO/Au/Al2O3 with periodicities of 200 nm and 370 nm which are fabricated using nanosphere lithography. For the metal mesh film design, an Au (15nm) thin film is chosen as the electrode material due to its malleability and high electrical conductivity. Thin layers of Al2O3 film (20 nm) and ZnO film (20 nm) are used as high refractive index dielectric layers to induce antireflective effect and suppress surface plasmons. We use relatively smaller metal mesh periodicities of 200 nm and 370 nm as compared to previously reported nanomesh films to create a potential pathway to optoelectronic applications, such as smart windows. As a result, the ZnO/Au/Al2O3 NM film with a 370-nm periodicity exhibits a transmittance over 90% at 550 nm and sheet resistance lower than 20 Ω/sq. Based on a standard figure of merit, this structure outperforms current state-of-the-art nanomesh films. Moreover, we integrate the ZnO/Au/Al2O3 NM film into thermochromic perovskite smart windows that operate by inducing a thermochromic transition from transparent to opaque state via electric heating of ZnO/Au/Al2O3 NM film at 50°C, which can be then maintained solely by 1-sun AM 1.5G solar illumination. This climate-adaptive, low power-activated, and fast-switching smart window structure opens new pathways toward its practical application in the real world.

Climate-Adaptive Thermochromic Perovskite Smart Window Structures

**Author(s):** Tamura, K; Noshita, K; Nakagawa, T; Kaneda, A; Nakao, H Introduction
Datasets on prehistoric human activities have been used to investigate cultural evolution in the past. Although information included in much of these datasets are coded by experts and aggregated at a population level for cross-cultural studies, data on individual artifacts and biological remains can be efficient in answering questions related to cultural variation within a population and to facilitate transparency by testing different coding schemes. 
Materials and Methods
We digitized over 700 pottery and 1,300 human skulls in prehistoric Japan to construct 3D models. As an example, by quantifying morphological variation in the 3D models of pottery using geometric morphometrics, we investigated the spreading process of pottery associated with the spread of rice farming in the western part of the prehistoric Japanese archipelago. 
Results
Pottery in the same geographical regions, though loosely, formed clusters and clusters in geographically neighboring regions tended to be morphologically similar. 
Discussion
Our results are consistent with the route of the spread of rice farming, suggesting that morphological variation in pottery was at least partly shaped through the process of descent with modification. We further discuss possible applications of our dataset, such as quantifying the relative importance of demic and cultural diffusion in the spread of agriculture.

A new dataset of three-dimensional models in prehistoric Japan

**Abstract:**

Floating platform wind projects are being considered for waters overlying the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) of California. Most existing offshore wind projects are fixed to the bottom in shallow, nearshore, Atlantic waters. Avian studies conducted at these sites have involved primarily nearshore species in areas with relatively uniform oceanography and bathymetry. While results from these studies have been informative, the California OCS represents a very different environment supporting much higher numbers and a more diverse array of seabirds due to the high productivity characteristic of eastern boundary currents (e.g., the California Current System; CCS). Many of these species migrate long distances to exploit the abundant resources of the CCS. A number of these eastern Pacific species have flight behaviors adapted for the high winds associated with the CCS. This flight behavior includes dynamic soaring and high "arcing" above the water's surface during strong winds, flight behaviors quite different from the rapidly flapping, direct, low-altitude flight typical of many nearshore seabirds. We review some of the potential wind energy/avian issues associated with the seabird species occupying the outer CCS, the current development of a 3D model of avian species occupancy in space and time across this region, and testing of innovative technology for monitoring birds in the remote offshore environment.

**Authors:**

Scott Terrill¹, Sharon Kramer¹, David Ainley¹, Stephanie Schneider¹

¹H. T. Harvey & Associates

Potential floating wind projects and associated avian issues in California's Outer Continental Shelf waters

**Abstract:**

Renewable energy deployments, including wind farms, are a key part of government strategies to mitigate the impacts of anthropogenic climate change. Wind farms, however, pose a potential collision risk to air-borne taxa, that may be influenced by the individual behaviour of species, flight altitude, speed and exposure time. Nevertheless, we have limited understanding of how species behave within wind farms, and lack empirical evidence for avoidance/attraction responses at different spatial scales. We used GPS telemetry and accelerometry to examine how adult Lesser Black-backed Gulls Larus fuscus breeding at South Walney (Cumbria, UK) used offshore wind farms during the breeding season. The variation in spatial and temporal use of wind farms was first assessed across the years of study (2014-2019), within the breeding season (ca. March-August) and by time of day. We then used a range of classification methods to determine behaviour of birds, including Hidden Markov Models, Expectation-Maximization Binary Clustering, and accelerometry. Methods were also compared for their congruence in behavioural classification. A randomisation approach was used to investigate 3D avoidance and attraction to wind turbines at two different spatial scales: macro (wide-scale) avoidance of wind farms and meso (near-scale) avoidance of turbines. Birds frequently commuted through wind farms to reach foraging locations. However, many slower sinuous movements and 'stopped' behaviours were recorded around turbines and other associated platforms. Macro-avoidance was evident outside the wind farm, but varied spatially and weakened nearer to wind farms. Within wind farms, birds avoided the 3D rotor sweep volume of individual turbines, driven by a meso-avoidance response within and above the vertical rotor-sweep zone, but below this zone, birds exhibited attraction to turbine bases or platforms. These findings are providing robust site-specific collision estimates, in turn reducing uncertainty within impact assessments, and informing the conservation of a species that has experienced notable declines in coastal populations in recent years.

**Authors:**

Chris Thaxter¹, Daniel Johnston¹, Willem Bouten², Gary Clewley¹, Viola Ross-Smith¹, Nigel Clark¹, Elizabeth Masden³, Emily Scragg¹, Elizabeth Humphreys¹, Greg Conway¹, Lee Barber¹, Ros Green¹, Aonghais Cook¹, Niall Burton¹

¹British Trust for Ornithology, ²University of Amsterdam, ³Environmental Research Institute

How do gulls interact with offshore wind farms? Assessing avoidance and behaviour of lesser black-backed gulls using GPS telemetry and accelerometry

Evidence for the Early Jurassic Western Tethys rifting is in the Alps and the Apennines. This normal faulting phase dismembered a vast carbonate platform (Calcari Grigi and Calcare Massiccio platform) and produced a complex paleogeographic setting made of intrabasinal morphostructural highs and deeper-water basins (i.e. pelagic carbonate platform or PCP/basin system). Basin-fill pelagites and their geometrical and facies variations highlight this complex architecture. There are growing clues for Early Cretaceous, post-rift, synsedimentary normal faults affecting and displacing the margins of PCP, as in the Umbria-Marche-Sabina Domain and the Trento Plateau-Lombardy Basin. Typical stratigraphic and sedimentological features of this syndepositional tectonic phase include: i) the back-stepping of PCP margins, ii) the deposition of calciclastic bodies, iii) the occurrence of neptunian dykes, and iv) the development of angular unconformities. Geological mapping in the Narni-Amelia Ridge allowed to identify field-evidence for this Cretaceous normal faulting. A polygenic breccia (“Mt. Cosce Breccia”) made of clasts of lithologies not younger than the Early Cretaceous, dispersed in a matrix of Maiolica-type facies, rests through an erosional surface on a Jurassic horst-block of Calcare Massiccio. Comparable clastic deposits are embedded in the uppermost part of the Maiolica in hangingwall-basin successions, associated with soft-sediment deformation. Lower Cretaceous pelagites (Maiolica+Marne a Fucoidi) are locally seen onlapping the unroofed Calcare Massiccio, as well as infilling neptunian dykes. Impressive similarities were recognized along the Jurassic western margin (Ballino escarpment) of the Trento Plateau, albeit at a larger scale. Here, a Lower Cretaceous polygenic breccia (Ballino, Pregasio and Prabione breccias) bearing heterometric (up to >20 m across) blocks of Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous deposits referable to the Calcari Grigi Group, the basinal Lombardy Succession and the horst block-top Venetian Succession, occurs. The clasts are dispersed in a Maiolica-type matrix. The breccia rests unconformably on the Calcari Grigi Group and on several Jurassic units of the Lombardy basin-margin succession, and is accompanied by neptunian dykes made of Maiolica facies. Where preserved by Neogene Alpine deformations, Cretaceous normal faults were locally observed, sealed by the calciclastics and the uppermost part of Maiolica. Field-evidence suggests a phase of tectonic instability during the late Early Cretaceous, coeval with the deposition of the uppermost part of Maiolica, affecting PCP-basin systems in both Central Apennines and Southern Alps. Cretaceous faults locally re-activated Jurassic ancestors, locally had a higher angle than Jurassic faults, locally developed as new faults. The result was the displacement and rejuvenation of inherited Early Jurassic escarpments, or the backstepping of PCP-margins producing exhumation of Jurassic structural highs.

Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of Jurassic Tethyan rift basins in the Early Cretaceous: a comparison between the Central Apennines and the Southern Alps

The NNW-SSE trending Malta Escarpment (MESC) offshore eastern Sicily is accounted to have a significant role in the recent seismotectonic picture of the Western Ionian Basin and the Hyblean foreland domain, where some of the largest and most destructive Mediterranean earthquakes occurred (Boschi et al., 1995; Piatanesi&Tinti, 1998; Bianca et al., 1999; Azzaro&Barbano, 2000; Tinti et al., 2001, 2004; Rovida et al., 2016). Seismic data and bathymetric grids allow to better constrain the recent/active deformation pattern affecting the northern sector of the MESC. Accurate seafloor mapping and seismic profiling point to a 60 km-long, roughly N–S trending and E-dipping extensional faults belt slicing across the Ionian offshore between CataniaSiracusa.The fault belt deformed the seafloor producing up to 60 m-high fault scarps. Near-fault sediment pattern and displacement analysis provide constraints on the through-time faults activity and deformation rate. Fault parameters were achieved by 3D modeling and then used to derive expected magnitudes and their reactivation propensity. Moreover, empirical scaling relationships (Wells & Coppersmith, 1994; Leonard, 2010) point to a high seismic potential for the detected fault. This combined analysis pointed out how the longest (~60 km) and most continuous fault could be capable of generating M > 7 seismic events, putting forward strong seismotectonic implications for the adjacent and densely populated Hyblean Plateau. The expected magnitude and the estimated recurrence time interval (470-537yrs) are compatible with those inferred for large historical earthquakes that occurred in the area. However, by comparing the depicted tectonic pattern with other structural settings concerning passive margin worldwide (e.g., along the Pará-Maranhão Basin in the Brazilian equatorial margin, see Matos, 2000) and considering the occurrence of ductile layers in the sediment section (e.g. evaporites), part of the observed deformations (i.e. the seafloor scarps) should be also charged to large-scale slope instability or generated by accommodation space following salt migration in response to the overlying sediment load. Accordingly, seafloor deformation could be (partially)the result of this kind of process and this issue should be seriously considered in the seismotectonic analysis. Although our study highlights that classical tools used by marine geologists(i.e. high-resolution seismic data and bathymetric grids) work well in detecting offshore faulting, some other significant faults parameters, which are essential in the seismotectonic analysis (e.g. size parameters and slip rate,), need additional approaches to be achieved. In this view, computer-based 3Dmodelling can represent a starting point for further elaborations such as stress/strain analysis, back/forward and dislocation modeling, sediment decompaction, etc.

3D modeling and sequential back-restoration as tools for assessing faults deformation rate in offshore setting and estimation of their seismic potential

The Quaternary marks a time of important change in the tectonic regime that affected the central Apennine chain. The shift from the late Miocene-early Pliocene compressional regime to the late Pliocene-early Pleistocene extensional regime produced surface uplift of the chain, tectonic activity expressed along normal faults, and rapid evolution of the intra-montane basins. The development of several paleosurface levels in the central Apennines suggests the uplift was not constant through time; dating those paleosurfaces is critical for determining how uplift rates and landscapes changed through time. The Aterno and Tirino basins preserve a record of subplanar highlands that can be related to paleosurfaces. Recent studies on the Quaternary deposits in the L’Aquila Basin allowed the identification of the Valle Daria abandonment surface, which marks an important phase of base-level fall of the drainage system that occurred during the early Pleistocene (Gelasian). Although morphostratigraphic analysis well describes the evolution of these two basins during the Quaternary, the knowledge related to the higher paleosurfaces and their meaning in the landscape evolution is still poorly constrained. In this study, we applied advanced morphometric and morphostructural analysis to the Aterno and Tirino basins, with a focus on the identification of the main paleosurfaces, their dating, and reconstructions of the baselevel-fall variations of the drainage system through time. We used a 10-m resolution DEM to map the position and elevation ranges of the flat surfaces, extract the drainage system, and identify knickpoints and low-gradient levels. We then combined the morphometric results with the morphostratigraphy and tectonics of the area to define the paleosurfaces, correlate the levels, and assign them ages. We identified 4 main levels of paleosurfaces, the lowermost (P3 and P4) respectively related to Valle Daria (early Pleistocene, top Gelasian) and the top of Fosso Genzano Synthem (middle Pleistocene), the higher ones (P1 and P2) that have been related to the thrust-top basins of Monte Coppe (latest Messinian) and Rigopiano (late Zanclean). We finally applied linear inversion of the Aterno and Tirino drainage systems to infer the evolution of base-level and find a possible correlation with central Apennine uplift phases. Our results show three main events in the drainage baselevel-fall rate. The first two events occurred at ca. 3 Ma and 2 Ma, in accordance with the uplift and abandonment of P2 and P3, and the middle to late Pleistocene peak in base-level fall that could be related to changes in the Sulmona Basin and Pescara River systems.

Paleosurface mapping and Quaternary uplift evolution of the Aterno and Tirino Basins

The Eastern Mediterranean Sea results from an alternation between extensional and contractional phases. Although several geodynamic reconstructions have been proposed, its tectonostratigraphic evolution is still a matter of debate. The main tectonic phases that affected the area were the Mesozoic rifting, followed by a Cenozoic contractional phase, due to the inception of the convergence between Africa and Eurasia and the subduction of the oceanic lithosphere. From the Miocene, the opening of the Red Sea induced a rotation and northward migration of the Arabian Plate. At the same time, the rollback of the subducting oceanic lithosphere in the Central Mediterranean area favoured a westward escape of the Anatolian plate squeezed out by the northward migration of the Arabian Plate. Our study area is located in the easternmost portion of the Mediterranean Sea, offshore Turkey, Cyprus and Syria, on the ancient passive margin of the Tethys between the Arabian continental lithosphere and the African oceanic lithosphere. Along the Cyprus Arc, the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust is subducting toward NE. Most of the authors (Symeou et al. 2018 and references therein) suggested that this system is continuous from Cyprus to Syria. In this work, multi-channel seismic reflection profiles have been used to analyze the basement nature (oceanic vs continental), to recognize potential subduction zones and their lateral continuity, and to reconstruct the contractional events. Our data suggest a continental nature of the basement, excluding a continuous ophiolite complex and subduction in eastern Cyprus offshore. Most of the recent structures evidenced in the area derive from transpressional reactivation of inherited extensional fault systems.

Structural inheritance in the Northeastern Mediterranean basin 

In the Northern Ionian Sea, the Calabrian Accretionary Wedge (CAW) is facing directly the subducting Apula plate, mainly made of Mesozoic to Tertiary Carbonate Platform (Del Ben et al., 2010; Volpi et al., 2017). This contribution illuminates the structures and stratigraphic relationships between the frontal part of the orogenic belt, the foredeep and adjacent Apulian foreland. A detailed seismic facies analysis of four multichannel seismic profiles has been carried out to define the tectonic-sedimentary evolution of the study area but without exploration wells not available for these deep offshore area. Seismic interpretation allows to identify four main structural domains: the highly tectonized CAW; the narrow foredeep basin filled by a Pliocene-Holocene subhorizontal succession laying above buried normal faults; the massive carbonate succession of the Apulian Platform showing reef and carbonate platform margin facies; the layered succession of the Apulian Platform characterized by ‘'intra-platform'’ facies in the easternmost portion of the area. Three main regional unconformities with characteristic relationships with structural trends were recognized: i) the Messinian unconformity, related to a regional and significant erosion associated to paleokarst processes on the exposed Mesozoic Apulian Platform, is cut by an array of normal faults in the Apulian foreland and by thrust in the accretionary wedge; ii) the angular and erosive middle Pliocene Unconformity truncates the Lower Pliocene reflectors and is affected by normal faults in the foreland and by compressive tectonics in the CAW; iii) a Jurassic/Cretaceous unconformity in the Apulian foreland is marked by Cretaceous reflectors onlapping the Jurassic carbonate platform. The CAW is characterized by compressive tectonics with several fore-thrusts forming a leading imbricate fan system nearby the orogenic front. The Mesozoic Apulian platform is affected by active extensional tectonics driven by flexural bending since Lower Pliocene (Volpi et al., 2017; Maesano et al., 2020), that probably reactivated old normal faults related to the Permian-Triassic rifting stage. The structural map shows that transpressive and positive inversion tectonics is a common deformational style in the central sector of the foreland, suggesting that the Apulia plate is already part of the Calabrian/Hellenic belt. According to these observations, the compressive tectonics affecting the Apula plate is interpreted as related to shortening processes of both the CAW and Hellenic wedge whose interference plays an important role in defining the tectonic-stratigraphic evolution of the Apula Plate in the Northern Ionian Sea.

The response of the Apula plate to the advancing Calabrian and Hellenic wedges (Northern Ionian Sea): implications for subduction processes and tectono-stratigraphic evolution

The role of sea-bottom topography in the dispersal of shallow water-derived calciturbidites across a submarine rift, as determined by the local extensional architecture, is under-investigated, namely with pelagic settings along ancient passive continental margins. A comparison with modern carbonate platform/basin analogues, or with siliciclastic systems, is not always feasible, as ancient carbonate systems were commonly home to anachronistic environments (e.g. the Western Tethyan Mesozoic). Geological mapping of the Jurassic rift basin exposed in the Apennines of Central Italy revealed a complex pattern of intrabasinal highs (pelagic carbonate platforms) and intervening basins, controlled by the high density, and oddly variable trends, of faults rooted in a shallow detachment layer corresponding to thick Triassic salt. A map pairing the occurrences of resedimented beds in pelagic successions with an updated palaeogeography becomes therefore the natural descriptor of the itineraries followed by sediment gravity flows. This qualitative method represents a companion, or even alternative, approach to the one strictly based on physical stratigraphy, and it greatly improves our knowledge of regional geology and rift-basin analysis. Our study focuses on: i) a reconstruction of the palaeotectonic architecture of the Umbria-Marche Basin in the Jurassic, and on ii) how this architecture produced a submarine topography which governed the dispersal of sediment, shed by the neighbouring Lazio-Abruzzo Carbonate Platform, for >40 million years. Geological mapping, coupled with the measurement and correlation of stratigraphic sections, shows that the marginal palaeoescarpments of pelagic carbonate platforms formed obstacles to the gravity flows as sediment load was discharged in confined basins at their toes and/or flows were deflected and forced along alternative itineraries. While turbidity currents were locally vigorous enough to climb the escarpments, leaving graded and laminated overbank deposits on the pelagic carbonate platform-tops, a “shelter” effect is evidenced by the resediment-free nature of those basins lying downflow, which were shielded by the highs. Our case study potentially represents the analogue of hydrocarbon fields both inland and in the offshore.

Role of Early Jurassic rift architecture in the dispersal of calciturbidites, as revealed by geological mapping in Central and Northern Apennines

Early Palaeozoic represents a crucial period in Earth history, marked by intervals of life spread alternated with short-lasting crisis in biological activity. The Zagros Basin (SW Iran) could be a key area for the study of this time interval, due to the widespread and well-exposed Cambrian-Ordovician successions; nevertheless, these are still poorly constrained from a sedimentological and stratigraphic point of view. This study, carried out through a high-resolution facies and microfacies analysis of the Zard Kuh section, aims to give a contribution to the palaeogeographic evolution of this area. The studied section (296 m thick) includes the upper Mila C Member and Ilebeyk Formation, referred to the late Cambrian (Furongian) based on acritarch assemblages. The upper Mila C Member (23 m thick) is mainly characterized by medium to thin-bedded bioclastic packstones to mudstones grading upward into a nodular limestone unit. A sharp horizon marks the contact with the overlying Ilebeyk Formation, represented by a shale-dominated interval in the lower part. These mudrocks grade upward into heterolithic lithofacies, generating a coarsening upward sequence with an increase of siltstone and sandstone intercalations in the lower-middle part. The coarser-grained layers display scoured basal surfaces, with common gutter casts, capped by plane parallel lamination and hummocky cross-stratification (HCS). In the middle part of Ilebeyk Formation, siliciclastic deposits are alternated with relatively thick carbonatic intervals, showing similar features with Mila C Member. The upper part of the Ilebeyk Formation is dominated by shales, overlain at the topmost by a 28 m thick unit of micaceous sandstone and siltstone. The sandstone layers include plane-parallel bedding, trough cross-stratification and long-wavelength HCS. Based on the facies and microfacies analysis, the depositional system of the studied section is interpreted as a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic ramp. In the Mila C Member and carbonatic unit of Ilebeyk Formation, small cycles characterized by erosive surfaces and fining upward fossiliferous biomicrites suggest deposition in middle ramp setting, affected by storm events. On the other hand, the nodular limestone intervals at the top of the carbonatic units point to deposition below the SWB under a transgressional regime. The shale to heterolithic parasequences from the Ilbeyk Formation are interpreted as autocyclic fluctuations of the depositional system from lower to upper offshore environment. In the uppermost part, the sandstone-dominated interval is attributed to shoreface setting, marking an abrupt change in the bathymetric conditions after a forced regression. The sedimentological features of the studied area can be correlated with other coeval depositional events at both regional (Arabian plate) and global (Laurentia and Baltica) scales, providing new constraints for the lower Palaeozoic evolution of the northeastern Gondwanan margin.

Facies analysis and depositional environment of a late Cambrian mixed carbonate-siliciclastic ramp from the Arabian Plate (Zagros Basin, Southwestern Iran)

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