Simulations that produce three-dimensional data are ubiquitous in science, ranging from fluid flows to plasma physics. We propose a similarity model based on entropy, which allows for the creation of physically meaningful ground truth distances for the similarity assessment of scalar and vectorial data, produced from transport and motion-based simulations. Utilizing two data acquisition methods derived from this model, we create collections of fields from numerical PDE solvers and existing simulation data repositories. Furthermore, a multiscale CNN architecture that computes a volumetric similarity metric (VolSiM) is proposed. To the best of our knowledge this is the first learning method inherently designed to address the challenges arising for the similarity assessment of high-dimensional simulation data. Additionally, the tradeoff between a large batch size and an accurate correlation computation for correlation-based loss functions is investigated, and the metric's invariance with respect to rotation and scale operations is analyzed. Finally, the robustness and generalization of VolSiM is evaluated on a large range of test data, as well as a particularly challenging turbulence case study, that is close to potential real-world applications.

Learning Similarity Metrics for Volumetric Simulations with Multiscale CNNs

This pandemic-motivated lab was created to explore ideas of&nbsp;buoyancy, static equilibrium, and experimental uncertainty for the introductory physics student. The unknown density of an object was determined by weighing&nbsp;it in and out of water. A make-shift scale was created using a ruler and nickels.&nbsp;Particular attention was paid to&nbsp;uncertainties of measurements with the propagation of error&nbsp;carried out&nbsp;using Python.</p>

Determining density with water, a ruler, floss, and some nickels

Resistance training is well known to induce adaptive changes in the morphology and architecture of human skeletal muscle, while also leading to adaptive changes in nervous system function (Aagaard 2003, Aagaard et al. 2020). These changes contribute to the marked increase in maximal contractile muscle force and power that can be seen with resistance (strength) training not only in athletes but also in previously untrained persons, including frail and very old (>80 yrs) adults and patients.Importantly,the training induced improvements in skeletal muscle size/architecture and neuromuscular function are translated into improved athletic performance in younger adults, while correspondingly leading to an enhanced functional capacity during activities of daily living in aging individuals and patients, respectively.

Changes in Muscle Morphology, Neuromuscular Capacity and Tendon Function with Training: Implications for Athletic Performance, Patient Rehabilitation and Aging Individuals

In this lecture, I will present what we know so far about the biomechanics or hydrodynamics of front crawl, focusing on propulsive and resistive forces at different speeds. Recent studies show that the resistive force increases in proportion to the cube of the velocity, which implies that a proficient technique to miminise the resistive (and maximise the propulsive) force is particularly important in sprinters. To increase the velocity in races, swimmers increase their stroke frequency. However, experimental and simulation studies have revealed that there is a maximum frequency beyond which swimmers cannot further increase swimming velocity due to a change in the angle of attack of the hand that reduces its propulsive force. While the results of experimental and simulation studies are consistent regarding the effect of the arm actions on propulsion, the findings of investigations into the effect of the kicking motion are conflicting. Some studies have indicated a positive effect of kicking on propulsion at high swimming velocities while the others have yielded the opposite result. Therefore, in this lecture, I would like to integrate the results of previous studies and explain how swimmers control their swimming speed from various perspectives.

How do Swimmers Control their Front Crawl Swimming Velocity?

The Rayleigh-Taylor instability involving accelerated fluid layers with differing densities is well known in fluid physics. A similar instability can arise within the silicate mantles of terrestrial planets because they are typically hot in their interiors and cold at their top boundaries. The strength of the instability is enhanced by the fact that the strength of silicate minerals is a strong function of shear stress and temperature. The instability is expressed by portions of the upper and lower boundary layers detaching to form plume-like diapirs that move through the mantle to the opposite boundary. This talk will present both illustrative numerical examples and observational evidence that it has occurred in the Earth’s past and is responsible for a major mass extinction. The Magellan mission to Venus in the early 1990’s documented that a catastrophic episode of mantle instability had also occurred within Venus in the relatively recent past.

Mass Extinction Caused by Gravitational Instability inside the Earth

Unified theory for granular and gas-solid suspensions

Flows of cohesive granular media

A brief review of (multi-scale) modelling approaches to segregation

Here, you will learn all about motion and forces applied to liquids and gases. You will learn about Pascal's law, Archimedes Principle and Bernoulli's principle.

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Learning Similarity Metrics for Volumetric Simulations with Multiscale CNNs

Determining density with water, a ruler, floss, and some nickels

Changes in Muscle Morphology, Neuromuscular Capacity and Tendon Function with Training: Implications for Athletic Performance, Patient Rehabilitation and Aging Individuals

How do Swimmers Control their Front Crawl Swimming Velocity?

Mass Extinction Caused by Gravitational Instability inside the Earth

Unified theory for granular and gas-solid suspensions

Flows of cohesive granular media

A brief review of (multi-scale) modelling approaches to segregation

Fluids Segment 4: Absolute Pressure and Gauge Pressure

Fluids Segment 6: Bernoulli's Equation

Fluids Segment 5: Hydrodynamics

Fluids Segment 1: Fluids and Hydrostatic Pressure

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