Canada

Most planners are based on grounding, that is, generating all instances of a parameterized action during a preprocessing phase.
For some problems the number of ground actions is too high, causing a performance bottleneck.
Building upon an existing approach, we present an enhanced method to split action schemas automatically during the grounding phase, to reduce the number of ground actions.
First, we propose to exploit the structural knowledge of the problems to have a more informative dependency graph.
Then, we suggest a better objective function to define and choose the best split.
Finally, we present a more effective search to find it.
We experimentally measure the impact of each of these improvements, and show that our approach significantly outperforms the state of the art.

AAAI 2024

Optimizing the Optimization of Planning Domains by Automatic Action Schema Splitting

action splitting

deterministic planning

model-based reasoning

technical paper

We are pleased to announce the Thirty-Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-24), which will be held in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Vancouver Convention Centre – West Building from 20-27 February, 2024.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-24 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.

We expect for AAAI-24 to be an in-person conference – one author of all accepted papers will be expected to present work in person unless there are exceptional circumstances that prevent this.<br><br><br><br>

In order to access the AAAI-24 event page you need to register [here](https://aaai.org/aaai-conference/registration/)

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. 

We study online learning and equilibrium computation in games with polyhedral decision sets, a property shared by normal-form games (NFGs) and extensive-form games (EFGs), when the learning agent is restricted to utilizing a best-response oracle. We show how to achieve constant regret in zero-sum games and $O(T^{1/4})$ regret in general-sum games while using only $O(\log t)$ best-response queries at a given iteration $t$, thus improving over the best prior result, which required $O(T)$ queries per iteration. Moreover, our framework yields the first last-iterate convergence guarantees for self-play with best-response oracles in zero-sum games. This convergence occurs at a linear rate, though with a condition-number dependence. We go on to show a $O(1/\sqrt{T})$ best-iterate convergence rate without such a dependence. Our results build on linear-rate convergence results for variants of the Frank-Wolfe (FW) algorithm for strongly convex and smooth minimization problems over polyhedral domains. These FW results depend on a condition number of the polytope, known as facial distance. In order to enable application to settings such as EFGs, we show two broad new results: 1) the facial distance for polytopes of the form $\{\boldsymbol{x} \in \mathbb{R}^n_{\geq 0} \mid \mathbf{A}\boldsymbol{x} = \boldsymbol{b}\}$ is at least $\gamma / \sqrt{k}$ where $\gamma$ is the minimum value of a nonzero coordinate of a vertex in the polytope and $k\leq n$ is the number of tight inequality constraints in the optimal face, and 2) the facial distance for polytopes of the form $\mathbf{A}\boldsymbol{x} = \boldsymbol{b}, \mathbf{C} \boldsymbol{x} \leq \boldsymbol{d}, \boldsymbol{x} \geq \mathbf{0}$ where $\boldsymbol{x} \in \mathbb{R}^n$, $\mathbf{C} \geq \mathbf{0}$ is a nonzero integral matrix, and $\boldsymbol{d} \geq \boldsymbol{0}$, is at least $1/(\|\mathbf{C}\|_\infty \sqrt{n})$. This yields the first such results for several problems, such as sequence-form polytopes, flow polytopes, and matching polytopes.

Efficient Learning in Polyhedral Games via Best-Response Oracles

Active learning (AL) aims to improve model performance within a fixed labeling budget by choosing the most informative data points to label. Existing AL focuses on the single-domain setting, where all data come from the same domain (e.g., the same dataset). However, many real-world tasks often involve multiple domains. For example, in visual recognition, it is often desirable to train an image classifier that works across different environments (e.g., different backgrounds), where images from each environment constitute one domain. Such a multi-domain AL setting is challenging for prior methods because they (1) ignore the similarity among different domains when assigning labeling budget and (2) fail to handle distribution shift of data across different domains. In this paper, we propose the first general method, dubbed composite active learning (CAL), for multi-domain AL. Our approach explicitly considers the domain-level and instance-level information in the problem; CAL first assigns domain-level budgets according to domain-level importance, which is estimated by optimizing an upper error bound that we develop; with the domain-level budgets, CAL then leverages a certain instance-level query strategy to select samples to label from each domain. Our theoretical analysis shows that our method achieves a better error bound compared to current AL methods. Our empirical results demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art AL methods on both synthetic and real-world multi-domain datasets.

Composite Active Learning: Towards Multi-Domain Active Learning with Theoretical Guarantees | VIDEO

Data augmentation plays a crucial role in improving the data efficiency of reinforcement learning (RL). However, the generation of high-quality augmented data remains a significant challenge. To overcome this, we introduce ACAMDA (Adversarial Causal Modeling for Data Augmentation), a novel framework that integrates two causality-based tasks: causal structure recovery and counterfactual estimation. The unique aspect of ACAMDA lies in its ability to recover temporal causal relationships from limited non-expert datasets. The identification of the sequential cause-and-effect allows the creation of realistic yet unobserved scenarios. We utilize this characteristic to generate guided counterfactual datasets, which, in turn, substantially reduces the need for extensive data collection. By simulating various state-action pairs under hypothetical actions, ACAMDA enriches the training dataset for diverse and heterogeneous conditions. Our experimental evaluation shows that ACAMDA outperforms existing methods, particularly when applied to novel and unseen domains.

ACAMDA: Improving Data Efficiency in Reinforcement Learning through Guided Counterfactual Data Augmentation | VIDEO

Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in training machines with reasoning ability, which deeply relies on accurately and clearly presented clue forms. The clues are usually modeled as entity-aware knowledge in existing studies. However, those entity-aware clues are primarily focused on commonsense, making them insufficient for tasks that require knowledge of temporary facts or events, particularly in logical reasoning for reading comprehension. To address this challenge, we are motivated to cover both commonsense and temporary knowledge clues hierarchically. Specifically, we propose a general formalism of knowledge units by extracting backbone constituents of the sentence, such as the subject-verb-object formed ``facts''. We then construct a supergraph on top of the fact units, allowing for the benefit of sentence-level (relations among fact groups) and entity-level interactions (concepts or actions inside a fact). Experimental results on logical reasoning benchmarks and dialogue modeling datasets show that our approach improves the baselines substantially, and it is general across backbone models.

Fact-Driven Logical Reasoning for Machine Reading Comprehension

Sequential recommendation (SR) models based on Transformers have achieved remarkable successes. The self-attention mechanism of Transformers for computer vision and natural language processing suffers from the oversmoothing problem, i.e., hidden representations becoming similar to tokens. In the SR domain, we, for the first time, show that the same problem occurs. We present pioneering investigations that reveal the low-pass filtering nature of self-attention in the SR, which causes oversmoothing. To this end, we propose a novel method called Beyond Self-Attention for Sequential Recommendation (BSARec), which leverages the Fourier transform to i) inject an inductive bias by considering fine-grained sequential patterns and ii) integrate low and high-frequency information to mitigate oversmoothing. Our discovery shows significant advancements in the SR domain and is expected to bridge the gap for existing Transformer-based SR models. We test our proposed approach through extensive experiments on 6 benchmark datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that our model outperforms 7 baseline methods in terms of recommendation performance. Our code is available at https://github.com/yehjin-shin/BSARec.

An Attentive Inductive Bias for Sequential Recommendation beyond the Self-Attention

Gradient inversion attacks can leak data privacy when clients share weight updates with the server in federated learning (FL). Existing studies mainly use L2 or cosine distance as the loss function for gradient matching in the attack. Our empirical investigation shows that the vulnerability ranking varies with the loss function used. Gradient norm, which is commonly used as a vulnerability proxy for gradient inversion attack, cannot explain this as it remains constant regardless of the loss function for gradient matching. In this paper, we propose a loss-aware vulnerability proxy (LAVP) for the first time. LAVP refers to either the maximum or minimum eigenvalue of the Hessian with respect to gradient matching loss at ground truth. This suggestion is based on our theoretical findings regarding the local optimization of the gradient inversion in proximity to the ground truth, which corresponds to the worst case attack scenario. We demonstrate the effectiveness of LAVP on various architectures and datasets, showing its consistent superiority over the gradient norm in capturing sample vulnerabilities. The performance of each proxy is measured in terms of Spearman's rank correlation with respect to several similarity scores. This work will contribute to enhancing FL security against any potential loss functions beyond L2 or cosine distance in the future.

Foreseeing Reconstruction Quality of Gradient Inversion: An Optimization Perspective

Recent LiDAR-based 3D Object Detection (3DOD) methods show promising results, but they often do not generalize well to target domains outside the source (or training) data distribution. To reduce such domain gaps and thus to make 3DOD models more generalizable, we introduce a novel unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) method, called CMDA, which (i) leverages visual semantic cues from an image modality (i.e., camera images) as an effective semantic bridge to close the domain gap in the cross-modal Bird's Eye View (BEV) representations. Further, (ii) we also introduce a self-training-based learning strategy, wherein a model is adversarially trained to generate domain-invariant features, which disrupt the discrimination of whether a feature instance comes from a source or an unseen target domain. Overall, our CMDA framework guides the 3DOD model to generate highly informative and domain-adaptive features for novel data distributions. In our extensive experiments with large-scale benchmarks, such as nuScenes, Waymo, and KITTI, those mentioned above provide significant performance gains for UDA tasks, achieving state-of-the-art performance.

CMDA: Cross-Modal and Domain Adversarial Adaptation for LiDAR-Based 3D Object Detection

Time-series generation has significant practical importance for decision-making under uncertainty. Existing generation methods have various limitations such as error accumulation that greatly affects downstream tasks. We develop a novel time-series generation method, DT-VAE, that specifically incorporates generalizable domain knowledge, is mathematically justified, and significantly outperforms existing methods by mitigating error accumulation through a cumulative difference learning mechanism. We evaluate the performance of DT-VAE on several downstream tasks using semi-synthetic and real time-series datasets, including benchmark datasets and our newly discovered and organized COVID-19 hospitalization datasets. These COVID-19 datasets enrich the available resources for time-series analysis in healthcare applications. Additionally, we introduce Diverse Trend Preserving (DTP), a time-series clustering-based evaluation for direct and interpretable assessments of generated samples, serving as a valuable tool for evaluating time-series models.

Cumulative Difference Learning VAE for Time-Series with Temporally Correlated Inflow-Outflow

Measuring the coherence of text is a vital aspect of evaluating the quality of written content. Recent advancements in neural coherence modeling have demonstrated their efficacy in capturing entity coreference and discourse relations, thereby enhancing coherence evaluation. However, many existing methods heavily depend on static embeddings or focus narrowly on nearby context, constraining their capacity to measure the overarching coherence of long texts.
In this paper, we posit that coherent texts inherently manifest a sequential and cohesive interplay among sentences, effectively conveying the central theme, purpose, or standpoint. To explore this abstract relationship, we introduce the "BB Score," a novel reference-free metric grounded in Brownian bridge theory for assessing text coherence. Our findings showcase that when synergized with a simple additional classification component, this metric attains a performance level comparable to state-of-the-art techniques on standard artificial discrimination tasks.
We also establish in downstream tasks that this metric effectively differentiates between human-written documents and text generated by large language models within specific domains. Furthermore, we illustrate the efficacy of this approach in detecting written styles attributed to various large language models, underscoring its potential for generalizability. In summary, we present a novel Brownian bridge coherence metric capable of measuring both local and global text coherence, while circumventing the need for end-to-end model training. This flexibility allows for its application in various downstream tasks.

BBScore: A Brownian Bridge Based Metric for Assessing Text Coherence | VIDEO

Current AI training infrastructure is dominated by single instruction multiple data (SIMD) and systolic array architectures, such as Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) and Tensor Processing Units (TPUs), that excel at accelerating parallel workloads and dense vector matrix multiplications. Potentially more efficient neural network models utilizing sparsity and recurrence cannot leverage the full power of SIMD processor and are thus at a severe disadvantage compared to today's prominent parallel architectures like Transformers and CNNs, thereby hindering the path towards more sustainable AI. 
To overcome this limitation, we explore sparse and recurrent model training on a massively parallel multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) architecture with distributed local memory. We implement a training routine based on backpropagation though time (BPTT) for the brain-inspired class of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) that feature binary sparse activations. We observe a massive advantage in using sparse activation tensors with a MIMD processor, the Intelligence Processing Unit (IPU) compared to GPUs. On training workloads, our results demonstrate 5-10x throughput gains compared to A100 GPUs and up to 38x gains for higher levels of activation sparsity, without a significant slowdown in training convergence or reduction in final model performance. Furthermore, our results show highly promising trends for both single and multi IPU configurations as we scale up to larger model sizes. 
Our work paves the way towards more efficient, non-standard models via AI training hardware beyond GPUs, and competitive large scale SNN models.

Optimizing the Optimization of Planning Domains by Automatic Action Schema Splitting

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Efficient Learning in Polyhedral Games via Best-Response Oracles

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Optimizing the Optimization of Planning Domains by Automatic Action Schema Splitting

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Next from AAAI 2024

Efficient Learning in Polyhedral Games via Best-Response Oracles

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RESOURCES

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