Canada

This paper explains the generalization power of a deep neural network (DNN) from the perspective of interactions. Although there is no universally-accepted definition of the concepts encoded by a DNN, Ren et al. (2023b) have proved the sparsity of interactions in a DNN, i.e., the output score of a DNN can be well explained by a small number of interactions between input variables. In this way, to some extent, we can consider such interactions as interactive concepts encoded by the DNN. Therefore, in this paper, we derive an analytic explanation of inconsistency of concepts of different complexities. This may shed new lights on using the generalization power of concepts to explain the generalization power of the entire DNN. Besides, we discover that the DNN with stronger generalization power usually learns simple concepts more quickly and encodes fewer complex concepts. We also discover the detouring dynamics of learning complex concepts, which explains both the high learning difficulty and the low generalization power of complex concepts. The code will be released when the paper is accepted.

AAAI 2024

Explaining Generalization Power of a DNN Using Interactive Concepts | VIDEO

symbolic concept

generalization power

overfitting

technical paper

We are pleased to announce the Thirty-Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-24), which will be held in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Vancouver Convention Centre – West Building from 20-27 February, 2024.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-24 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.

We expect for AAAI-24 to be an in-person conference – one author of all accepted papers will be expected to present work in person unless there are exceptional circumstances that prevent this.<br><br><br><br>

In order to access the AAAI-24 event page you need to register [here](https://aaai.org/aaai-conference/registration/)

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. 

Accurate human shape recovery from a monocular RGB image is a challenging task because humans come in different shapes and sizes and wear different clothes. In this paper, we propose ShapeBoost, a new human shape recovery framework that achieves pixel-level alignment even for rare body shapes and high accuracy for people wearing different types of clothes. Unlike previous approaches that rely on the use of PCA-based shape coefficients, we adopt a new human shape parameterization that decomposes the human shape into bone lengths and the mean width of each part slice. This part-based parameterization technique achieves a balance between flexibility and validity using a semi-analytical shape reconstruction algorithm. Based on this new parameterization, a clothing-preserving data augmentation module is proposed to generate realistic images with diverse body shapes and accurate annotations. Experimental results show that our method outperforms other state-of-the-art methods in diverse body shape situations, as well as in varied clothing situations.

ShapeBoost: Boosting Human Shape Estimation with Part-Based Parameterization and Clothing-Preserving Augmentation

This paper proposes \textbf{UHDformer}, a general Transformer for Ultra-High-Definition (UHD) image restoration. UHDformer contains two learning spaces: \textbf{(a)} learning in high-resolution space and \textbf{(b)} learning in low-resolution space. The former learns multi-level high-resolution features and fuses low-high features and reconstructs the residual images, while the latter explores more representative features learning from the high-resolution ones to facilitate better restoration. To better improve feature representation in low-resolution space, we propose to build feature transformation from the high-resolution space to the low-resolution one. To that end, we propose two new modules: \textbf{Dual}-path \textbf{C}orrelation \textbf{M}atching \textbf{T}ransformation module (\textbf{DualCMT}) and \textbf{A}daptive \textbf{C}hannel \textbf{M}odulator (\textbf{ACM}). The DualCMT selects top $C/r~(r\ge1~\text{controls the squeezing level})$ correlation channels from the max-pooling/mean-pooling high-resolution features to replace low-resolution ones in Transformers, which can effectively squeeze useless content to improve the feature representation in low-resolution space to facilitate better recovery. The ACM is exploited to adaptively modulate multi-level high-resolution features, enabling to provide more useful features to low-resolution space for better learning. Experimental results show that our UHDformer reduces about 97\% model sizes compared with most state-of-the-art methods while significantly improving performance under different training sets on $3$ UHD image restoration tasks, including low-light image enhancement, image dehazing, and image deblurring. The source codes will be made available at https://github.com/supersupercong/UHDformer.

Correlation Matching Transformation Transformers for UHD Image Restoration

Recent studies on out-of-distribution (OOD) detection focus on designing models or scoring functions that can effectively distinguish between unseen OOD data and in-distribution (ID) data. In this paper, we propose a simple yet novel ap-
proach to OOD detection by leveraging the phenomenon that the average of feature vector elements from convolutional neural network (CNN) is typically larger for ID data than for OOD data. Specifically, the average of feature vector elements is used as part of the scoring function to further separate OOD data from ID data. We also provide mathematical analysis to explain this phenomenon. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that, when combined with a strong base-
line, our method can achieve state-of-the-art performance on several OOD detection benchmarks. Furthermore, our method can be easily integrated into various CNN architectures and requires less computation. Source code will be re-
leased publicly.

Exploiting Discrepancy in Feature Statistic for Out-of-Distribution Detection

Due to the rapid development of computer vision, single-modal (RGB) object tracking has made significant progress in recent years. Considering the limitation of single imaging
sensor, multi-modal images (RGB, infrared, etc.) are introduced to compensate for this deficiency for all-weather object tracking in complex environments. However, as acquiring sufficient multi-modal tracking data is hard while the dominant modality changes with the open environment, most existing techniques fail to extract multi-modal complementary information dynamically, yielding unsatisfactory tracking performance. To handle this problem, we propose a novel multi-modal visual prompt tracking model based on a universal bi-directional adapter, cross-prompting multiple modalities mutually. Our model consists of a universal bi-directional adapter and multiple modality-specific transformer encoder branches with sharing parameters. The encoders extract features of each modality separately by using a frozen, pre-trained foundation model. We develop a simple but effective light feature adapter to transfer modality-specific information from one modality to another, performing visual feature prompt fusion in an adaptive manner. With adding fewer (0.32M) trainable parameters, our model achieves superior tracking performance in comparison with both the full fine-tuning methods and the prompt learning-based methods. Our code is available: https://github.com/SparkTempest/BAT.

Bi-directional Adapter for Multimodal Tracking

Multivariate time series forecasting poses an ongoing challenge across various disciplines. Time series data often exhibit diverse intra-series and inter-series correlations, contributing to intricate and interwoven dependencies that have been the focus of numerous studies. Nevertheless, a significant research gap remains in comprehending the varying inter-series correlations across different time scales among multiple time series, an area that has received limited attention in the literature. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces MSGNet, an advanced deep learning model designed to capture the varying inter-series correlations across multiple time scales using frequency domain analysis and adaptive graph convolution. By leveraging frequency domain analysis, MSGNet effectively extracts salient periodic patterns and decomposes the time series into distinct time scales. The model incorporates a self-attention mechanism to capture intra-series dependencies, while introducing an adaptive mixhop graph convolution layer to autonomously learn diverse inter-series correlations within each time scale. Extensive experiments are conducted on several real-world datasets to showcase the effectiveness of MSGNet. Furthermore, MSGNet possesses the ability to automatically learn explainable multi-scale inter-series correlations, exhibiting strong generalization capabilities even when applied to out-of-distribution samples.

MSGNet: Learning Multi-Scale Inter-series Correlations for Multivariate Time Series Forecasting

3D object detection achieves good detection performance in autonomous driving. However, it requires substantial computational resources, which prevents its practical application. 2D object detection has less computational burden but lacks spatial and geometric information embedded in depth. Therefore, we present DALDet, an efficient depth-aware learning based 2D detector, achieving high-performance object detection for autonomous driving. We design an efficient one-stage detection framework and seamlessly integrate depth cues into convolutional neural network by introducing depth-aware convolution and depth-aware average pooling, which effectively improve the detector's ability to perceive 3D space. Moreover, we propose a depth-guided loss function for training DALDet, which effectively improves the localization ability of the detector. Due to the use of depth map, DALDet can also output the distance of the object, which is of great importance for driving applications such as obstacle avoidance. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority and efficiency of DALDet. In particular, our DALDet ranks 1st on both KITTI Car and Cyclist 2D detection test leaderboards among all 2D detectors with high efficiency as well as yielding competitive performance among many leading 3D detectors. Code will be available at https://github.com/hukefy/DALDet.

DALDet: Depth-Aware Learning Based Object Detection for Autonomous Driving

Automatic font generation is an imitation task, which aims to create a font library that mimics the style of reference images while preserving the content from source images. Although existing font generation methods have achieved satisfactory performance, they still struggle with complex characters and large style variations. To address these issues, we propose FontDiffuser, a diffusion-based image-to-image one-shot font generation method, which innovatively models the font imitation task as a noise-to-denoise paradigm. In our method, we introduce a Multi-scale Content Aggregation (MCA) block, which effectively combines global and local content cues across different scales, leading to enhanced preservation of intricate strokes of complex characters. Moreover, to better manage the large variations in style transfer, we propose a Style Contrastive Refinement (SCR) module, which is a novel structure for style representation learning. It utilizes a style extractor to disentangle styles from images, subsequently supervising the diffusion model via a meticulously designed style contrastive loss. Extensive experiments demonstrate FontDiffuser's state-of-the-art performance in generating diverse characters and styles. It consistently excels on complex characters and large style changes compared to previous methods. The code is available at https://github.com/yeungchenwa/FontDiffuser.

FontDiffuser: One-Shot Font Generation via Denoising Diffusion with Multi-Scale Content Aggregation and Style Contrastive Learning

The synthesis of human motion has traditionally been addressed through task-dependent models that focus on specific challenges, such as predicting future motions or filling in intermediate poses conditioned on known key-poses. In this paper, we present a novel task-independent model called UNIMASK-M, which can effectively address these challenges using a unified architecture. Our model obtains comparable or better performance than the state-of-the-art in each field. Inspired by Vision Transformers (ViTs), our UNIMASK-M model decomposes a human pose into body parts to leverage the spatio-temporal relationships existing in human motion. Moreover, we reformulate various pose-conditioned motion synthesis tasks as a reconstruction problem with different masking patterns given as input. By explicitly informing our model about the masked joints, our UNIMASK-M becomes more robust to occlusions. Experimental results show that our model successfully forecasts human motion on the Human3.6M dataset while achieving state-of-the-art results in motion inbetweening on the LaFAN1 dataset for long transition periods.

A Unified Masked Autoencoder with Patchified Skeletons for Motion Synthesis

Scribble-based weakly-supervised semantic segmentation using sparse scribble supervision is gaining traction as it reduces annotation costs when compared to fully annotated alternatives. Existing methods primarily generate pseudo-labels by diffusing labeled pixels to unlabeled ones with local cues for supervision. However, this diffusion process fails to exploit global semantics and class-specific cues, which are important for semantic segmentation. In this study, we propose a class-driven scribble promotion network, which utilizes both scribble annotations and pseudo-labels informed by image-level classes and global semantics for supervision. Directly adopting pseudo-labels might misguide the segmentation model, thus we design a localization rectification module to correct foreground representations in the feature space. To further combine the advantages of both supervisions, we also introduce a distance entropy loss for uncertainty reduction, which adapts per-pixel confidence weights according to the reliable region determined by the scribble and pseudo-label's boundary.  Experiments on the ScribbleSup dataset with different qualities of scribble annotations outperform all the previous methods, demonstrating the superiority and robustness of our method. Supplementary materials containing the source code will be made available upon paper acceptance.

Scribble Hides Class: Promoting Scribble-Based Weakly-Supervised Semantic Segmentation with Its Class Label

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial in many real-
world applications. However, intelligent models are often
trained solely on in-distribution (ID) data, leading to over-
confidence when misclassifying OOD data as ID classes. In
this study, we propose a new learning framework which lever-
age simple Jigsaw-based fake OOD data and rich semantic
embeddings (‘anchors’) from the ChatGPT description of ID
knowledge to help guide the training of the image encoder.
The learning framework can be flexibly combined with exist-
ing post-hoc approaches to OOD detection, and extensive em-
pirical evaluations on multiple OOD detection benchmarks
demonstrate that rich textual representation of ID knowledge
and fake OOD knowledge can well help train a visual encoder
for OOD detection. With the learning framework, new state-
of-the-art performance was achieved on all the benchmarks.
Source code will be released publicly.

Explaining Generalization Power of a DNN Using Interactive Concepts | VIDEO

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