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Classical planning considers a given task and searches for a plan to solve it. Some tasks are harder to solve than others. We can measure the &#39;hardness&#39; of a task with the novelty width and the correlation complexity. In this work, we compare these measures.
Additionally, we introduce the river measure, a new measure that is based on potential heuristics and therefore similar to the correlation complexity but also comparable to the novelty width.
We show that the river measure is upper bounded by the correlation complexity and by the novelty width +1. 
Furthermore, we show that we can convert a planning task with a polynomial blowup of the task size to ensure that a heuristic of dimension 2 exists that gives rise to backtrack-free search.

AAAI 2024

Novelty vs. Potential Heuristics: A Comparison of Hardness Measures for Satisficing Planning

search and optimization

heuristic search

local search

Classical planning considers a given task and searches for a plan to solve it. Some tasks are harder to solve than others. We can measure the 'hardness' of a task with the novelty width and the correlation complexity. In this work, we compare these measures.
Additionally, we introduce the river measure, a new measure that is based on potential heuristics and therefore similar to the correlation complexity but also comparable to the novelty width.
We show that the river measure is upper bounded by the correlation complexity and by the novelty width +1. 
Furthermore, we show that we can convert a planning task with a polynomial blowup of the task size to ensure that a heuristic of dimension 2 exists that gives rise to backtrack-free search.

technical paper

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The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. 

In this paper, we consider an infinite horizon average reward Markov Decision Process (MDP). Distinguishing itself from existing works within this context, our approach harnesses the power of the general policy gradient-based algorithm, liberating it from the constraints of assuming a linear MDP structure. We propose a vanilla policy gradient-based algorithm and show its global convergence property. We then prove that the proposed algorithm has O(T^3/4) regret. Remarkably, this paper marks a pioneering effort by presenting the first exploration into regret bound computation for the general parameterized policy gradient algorithm in the context of average reward scenarios.

Regret Analysis of Policy Gradient Algorithm for Infinite Horizon Average Reward Markov Decision Processes

Successful machine learning involves a complete pipeline of data, model, and downstream applications. Instead of treating them separately, there has been a prominent increase of attention within the constrained optimization (CO) and machine learning (ML) communities towards combining prediction and optimization models. The so-called end-to-end (E2E) learning captures the task-based objective for which they will be used for decision making. Although a large variety of E2E algorithms have been presented, it has not been fully investigated how to systematically address uncertainties involved in such models. Most of the existing work considers the uncertainties of ML in the input space and improves robustness through adversarial training. We extend this idea to E2E learning and prove that there is a robustness certification procedure by solving augmented integer programming. Furthermore, we show that neglecting the uncertainty of COs during training causes a new trigger for generalization errors. To include all these components, we propose a unified framework that covers the uncertainties emerging in both the input feature space of the ML models and the COs. The framework is described as a robust optimization problem and is practically solved via end-to-end adversarial training (E2E-AT). Finally, the performance of E2E-AT is evaluated by a real-world end-to-end power system operation problem, including load forecasting and sequential scheduling tasks.

E2E-AT: A Unified Framework for Tackling Uncertainty in Task-Aware End-to-End Learning | VIDEO

Recent studies reveal the connection between GNNs and the diffusion process, which motivates many diffusion based GNNs to be proposed. However, since these two mechanisms are closely related, one fundamental question naturally arises: Is there a general diffusion framework that can formally unify these GNNs? The answer to this question can not only deepen our understanding of the learning process of GNNs, but also may open a new door to design a broad new class of GNNs. In this paper, we propose a general diffusion equation framework with the fidelity term, which formally establishes the relationship between the diffusion process with more GNNs. Meanwhile, with this framework, we identify one characteristic of graph diffusion networks, i.e., the current neural diffusion process only corresponds to the first-order diffusion equation. However, by an experimental investigation, we show that the labels of high-order neighbors actually appear monophily property, which induces the similarity based on labels among high-order neighbors without requiring the similarity among first-order neighbors. This discovery motives to design a new high-order neighbor-aware diffusion equation, and derive a new type of graph diffusion network (HiD-Net) based on the framework. With the high-order diffusion equation, HiD-Net is more robust against attacks and works on both homophily and heterophily graphs. We not only theoretically analyze the relation between HiD-Net with high-order random walk, but also provide a theoretical convergence guarantee. Extensive experimental results well demonstrate the effectiveness of HiD-Net over state-of-the-art graph diffusion networks.

A Generalized Neural Diffusion Framework on Graphs

Graph contrastive learning (GCL), learning the node representation by contrasting two augmented graphs in a self-supervised way, has attracted considerable attention. GCL is usually believed to learn the invariant representation. However, does this understanding always hold in practice? In this paper, we first study GCL from the perspective of causality. By analyzing GCL with the structural causal model (SCM), we discover that traditional GCL may not well learn the invariant representations due to the non-causal information contained in the graph. How can we fix it and encourage the current GCL to learn better invariant representations? The SCM offers two requirements and motives us to propose a novel GCL method. Particularly, we introduce the spectral graph augmentation to simulate the intervention upon non-causal factors. Then we design the invariance objective and independence objective to better capture the causal factors. Specifically, (i) the invariance objective encourages the encoder to capture the invariant information contained in causal variables, and (ii) the independence objective aims to reduce the influence of confounders on the causal variables. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on node classification tasks.

Graph Contrastive Invariant Learning from the Causal Perspective

We consider training decision trees using noisily labeled data. Through a comprehensive examination of the impurities corresponding to various loss functions, we introduce the conservative loss as a generalization of several robust functions and present several properties on the robustness of conservative losses in the context of decision tree learning. In addition, we introduce the distribution loss using a novel unifying framework for constructing robust loss functions using cumulative distribution functions. The distribution losses are shown to include several existing robust loss functions. We also instantiate our framework to introduce a new adaptive robust loss called negative exponential loss, which has a robustness parameter that can adapt to the noise rate. We perform extensive experiments on multiple classification datasets and different label noise settings. The results demonstrate the robustness of conservative losses, and show that our negative exponential loss adapts to the noise rate and is particularly effective.

Robust Loss Functions for Training Decision Trees with Noisy Labels | VIDEO

Understanding and accurately explaining compatibility relationships between fashion items is a challenging problem in the burgeoning domain of AI-driven outfit recommendations. Present models, while making strides in this area, still occasionally fall short, offering explanations that can be elementary and repetitive. This work aims to address these shortcomings by introducing the Pair Fashion Explanation (PFE) dataset, a unique resource that has been curated to illuminate these compatibility relationships. Furthermore, we propose an innovative two-stage pipeline model that leverages this dataset. This fine-tuning allows the model to generate explanations that convey the compatibility relationships between items. Our experiments showcase the model's potential in crafting descriptions that are knowledgeable, aligned with ground-truth matching correlations, and that produce understandable and informative descriptions, as assessed by both automatic metrics and human evaluation. Our code and data are released at https://github.com/wangyu-ustc/PairFashionExplanation/tree/main?tab=readme-ov-file#additional-experiments.

Deciphering Compatibility Relationships with Textual Descriptions via Extraction and Explanation

For the task of unsupervised image translation, transforming the image style while preserving its original structure remains challenging. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised image translation method with structural enhancement in frequency domain named SEIT. Specifically, a frequency dynamic adaptive (FDA) module is designed for image style transformation that can well transfer the image style while maintaining its overall structure by decoupling the image content and style in frequency domain. Moreover, a wavelet-based structure enhancement (WSE) module is proposed to improve the intermediate translation results by matching the high-frequency information, thus enriching the structural details. Furthermore, a multi-scale network architecture is designed to extract the domain-specific information using image-independent encoders for both the source and target domains. The extensive experimental results well demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

SEIT: Structural Enhancement for Unsupervised Image Translation in Frequency Domain

Large-scale text-to-image models including Stable Diffusion are capable of generating high-fidelity photorealistic portrait images. There is an active research area dedicated to personalizing these models, aiming to synthesize specific subjects or styles using provided sets of reference images. However, despite the plausible results from these personalization methods, they tend to produce images that often fall short of realism and are not yet on a commercially viable level. This is particularly noticeable in portrait image generation, where any unnatural artifact in human faces is easily discernible due to our inherent human bias. To address this, we introduce MagiCapture, a personalization method for integrating subject and style concepts to generate high-resolution portrait images using just a few subject and style references. For instance, given a handful of random selfies, our fine-tuned model can generate high-quality portrait images in specific styles, such as passport or profile photos. The main challenge with this task is the absence of ground truth for the composed concepts, leading to a reduction in the quality of the final output and an identity shift of the source subject. To address these issues, we present a novel Attention Refocusing loss coupled with auxiliary priors, both of which facilitate robust learning within this weakly supervised learning setting. Our pipeline also includes additional post-processing steps to ensure the creation of highly realistic outputs. MagiCapture outperforms other baselines in both quantitative and qualitative evaluations and can also be generalized to other non-human objects.

MagiCapture: High-Resolution Multi-Concept Portrait Customization

In partial label learning (PLL), each instance is associated with a set of candidate labels, among which only one is correct. The traditional PLL almost all implicitly assume that the distribution of the classes is balanced. However, in real-world applications, the distribution of the classes is imbalanced or long-tailed, leading to the long-tailed partial label learning problem. The previous methods solve this problem mainly by ameliorating the ability to learn in the tail classes, which will sacrifice the performance of the head classes. While keeping the performance of the head classes may degrade the performance of the tail classes. Therefore, in this paper, we construct two classifiers, i.e., a head classifier for keeping the performance of dominant classes and a tail classifier for improving the performance of the tail classes. Then, we propose a classifier weight estimation module to automatically estimate the shot belongingness (head class or tail class) of the samples and allocate the weights for the head classifier and tail classifier when making prediction. This cooperation improves the prediction ability for both the head classes and the tail classes. The experiments on the benchmarks demonstrate the proposed approach improves the accuracy of the SOTA methods by about 15.12%. Code and data are available at: https://github.com/pruirui/HTC-LTPLL.

Long-Tailed Partial Label Learning by Head Classifier and Tail Classifier Cooperation

This is the first work to look at the application of large language models (LLMs) for the purpose of model space edits in automated planning tasks. To set the stage for this union, we explore two different flavors of model space problems that have been studied in the AI planning literature and explore the effect of an LLM on those tasks. We empirically demonstrate how the performance of an LLM contrasts with combinatorial search (CS) – an approach that has been traditionally used to solve model space tasks in planning, both with the LLM in the role of a standalone model space reasoner as well as in the role of a statistical signal in concert with the CS approach as part of a two-stage process. Our experiments show promising results suggesting further forays of LLMs into the exciting world of model space reasoning for planning tasks in the future.

Novelty vs. Potential Heuristics: A Comparison of Hardness Measures for Satisficing Planning

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Regret Analysis of Policy Gradient Algorithm for Infinite Horizon Average Reward Markov Decision Processes

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