Canada

The emergence of various medical large language models (LLMs) in the medical domain has highlighted the need for unified evaluation standards, as manual evaluation of LLMs proves to be time-consuming and labor-intensive. To address this issue, we introduce MedBench, a comprehensive benchmark for the Chinese medical domain, comprising 40,041 questions sourced from authentic examination exercises and medical reports of diverse branches of medicine. In particular, this benchmark is composed of four key components: the Chinese Medical Licensing Examination, the Resident Standardization Training Examination, the Doctor In-Charge Qualification Examination, and real-world clinic cases encompassing examinations, diagnoses, and treatments. MedBench replicates the educational progression and clinical practice experiences of doctors in Mainland China, thereby establish- ing itself as a credible benchmark for assessing the mastery of knowledge and reasoning abilities in medical language learning models. We perform extensive experiments and conduct an in-depth analysis from diverse perspectives, which culminate in the following findings: (1) Chinese medical LLMs underperform on this benchmark, highlighting the need for significant advances in clinical knowledge and diagnostic precision. (2) Several general-domain LLMs surprisingly possess considerable medical knowledge. These findings elucidate both the capabilities and limitations of LLMs within the context of MedBench, with the ultimate goal of aiding the medical research community.

AAAI 2024

MedBench: A Large-Scale Chinese Benchmark for Evaluating Medical Large Language Models

analysis of nlp models

natural language processing

language models

## Welcome to EMNLP 2024! 
We are excited to welcome you to one of the most prominent conferences in the field of Natural Language Processing. This year, EMNLP 2024 is being held in a hybrid format,
offering both virtual and in-person participation in beautiful Miami. Due to a record-breaking number of submissions, we've expanded the total number of accepted papers to accommodate more cutting-edge research from around the globe.
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EMNLP 2024

EMNLP 2024 will take place in Miami, Florida from Nov 12th to Nov 16th, 2024, at the Hyatt Regency Miami Hote and on Underline for remote participants.

technical paper

We are pleased to announce the Thirty-Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-24), which will be held in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Vancouver Convention Centre – West Building from 20-27 February, 2024.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-24 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.

We expect for AAAI-24 to be an in-person conference – one author of all accepted papers will be expected to present work in person unless there are exceptional circumstances that prevent this.

In order to access the AAAI-24 event page you need to register [here](https://aaai.org/aaai-conference/registration/)

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. 

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is a powerful tool to address the challenge of insufficient annotated data in medical segmentation problems. However, existing semi-supervised methods mainly rely on internal knowledge for pseudo labeling, which is biased due to the distribution mismatch between the highly imbalanced labeled and unlabeled data. Segmenting left atrial appendage (LAA) from transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) images is a typical medical image segmentation task featured by scarcity of professional annotations and diverse data distributions, for which existing SSL models cannot achieve satisfactory performance. In this paper, we propose a novel strategy to mitigate the inherent challenge of distribution mismatch in SSL by, for the first time, incorporating a large foundation model (i.e. SAM in our implementation) into an SSL model to improve the quality of pseudo labels. We further propose a new self-reconstruction mechanism to generate both noise-resilient prompts to demonically improve SAM’s generalization capability over TEE images and self-perturbations to stabilize the training process and reduce the impact of noisy labels. We conduct extensive experiments on an in-house TEE dataset; experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves better performance than state-of-the-art SSL models.

Semi-supervised TEE Segmentation via Interacting with SAM Equipped with Noise-Resilient Prompting

Generalized Category Discovery (GCD) is a crucial real-world task that aims to recognize both known and novel categories from an unlabeled dataset by leveraging another labeled dataset with only known categories. Despite the improved performance on known categories, current methods perform poorly on novel categories. We attribute the poor performance to two reasons: biased knowledge transfer between labeled and unlabeled data and noisy representation learning on the unlabeled data. The former leads to unreliable estimation of learning targets for novel categories and the latter hinders models from learning discriminative features. To mitigate these two issues, we propose a Transfer and Alignment Network (TAN), which incorporates two knowledge transfer mechanisms to calibrate the biased knowledge and two feature alignment mechanisms to learn discriminative features.
Specifically, we model different categories with prototypes and transfer the prototypes in labeled data to correct model bias towards known categories. On the one hand, we pull instances with known categories in unlabeled data closer to these prototypes to form more compact clusters and avoid boundary overlap between known and novel categories. On the other hand, we use these prototypes to calibrate noisy prototypes estimated from unlabeled data based on category similarities, which allows for more accurate estimation of prototypes for novel categories that can be used as reliable learning targets later. After knowledge transfer, we further propose two feature alignment mechanisms to acquire both instance- and category-level knowledge from unlabeled data by aligning instance features with both augmented features and the calibrated prototypes, which can boost model performance on both known and novel categories with less noise. Experiments on three benchmark datasets show that our model outperforms SOTA methods, especially on novel categories. Theoretical analysis is provided for an in-depth understanding of our model in general.
Our code and data are available at https://github.com/Lackel/TAN.

Transfer and Alignment Network for Generalized Category Discovery | VIDEO

Instrumental variables (IVs), widely applied in economics and healthcare, enable consistent counterfactual prediction in the presence of hidden confounding factors, effectively addressing endogeneity issues. The prevailing IV-based counterfactual prediction methods typically rely on the availability of valid IVs (satisfying \textbf{Relevance}, \textbf{Exclusivity}, and \textbf{Exogeneity}), a requirement which often proves elusive in real-world scenarios. Various data-driven techniques are being developed to create valid IVs (or representations of IVs) from a pool of IV candidates. However, most of these techniques still necessitate the inclusion of valid IVs within the set of candidates. This paper proposes a distribution-conditioned adversarial variational autoencoder to tackle this challenge. Specifically: 1) for \textbf{Relevance} and \textbf{Exclusivity}, we deduce the corresponding evidence lower bound following the Bayesian network structure and build the variational autoencoder accordingly; 2) for \textbf{Exogeneity}, we design an adversarial game to encourage latent factors originating from the marginal distribution, compelling the independence between IVs and other outcome-related factors. Extensive experimental results validate the effectiveness, stability and generality of our proposed model in generating valid IV factors in the absence of valid IV candidates.

Distribution-Conditioned Adversarial Variational Autoencoder for Valid Instrumental Variable Generation

Coalitions naturally exist in many real-world systems involving multiple decision makers such as ridesharing, security, and online ad auctions, but the coalition structure among the agents is often unknown. We propose and study an important yet previously overseen problem -- Coalition Structure Learning (CSL), where we aim to carefully design a series of games for the agents and infer the underlying coalition structure by observing their interactions in those games. We establish a lower bound on the sample complexity  -- defined as the number of games needed to learn the structure -- of any algorithms for CSL and propose the Iterative Grouping (IG) algorithm for designing normal-form games to achieve the lower bound. We show that IG can be extended to other succinct games such as congestion games and graphical games. Moreover, we solve CSL in a more restrictive and practical setting: auctions. We show a variant of IG to solve CSL in the auction setting even if we cannot design the bidder valuations. Finally, we conduct experiments to evaluate IG in the auction setting and the results align with our theoretical analysis.

Learning Coalition Structures with Games

Answer Set Programming (ASP) is a generic problem modeling
and solving framework with a strong focus on knowledge
representation and a rapid growth of industrial applications.
So far, the study of complexity resulted in characterizing hardness
and determining their sources, fine-grained insights in
the form of dichotomy-style results, as well as detailed parameterized
complexity landscapes. Unfortunately, for the
well-known parameter treewidth disjunctive programs require
double-exponential runtime under reasonable complexity assumptions.
This quickly becomes out of reach. We deal with
the classification of structural parameters for disjunctive ASP
on the program’s rule structure (incidence graph). First, we
show how vertex cover size enables a single-exponential runtime,
despite subset-minimization being not represented in
the program’s structure. We provide a polynomial kernel and
then turn our attention to strictly better structural parameters
between vertex cover size and treewidth, while still avoiding
double-exponential runtime. Unfortunately, there is not much
hope in finding such significantly better parameters, which we
underline by double-exponential lower bounds for the most
prominent parameters in that range: treedepth, feedback vertex
size, and cliquewidth. Our results provide an in-depth
hardness study, relying on a novel reduction from normal to
disjunctive programs, trading the increase of complexity for
an exponential parameter compression.

On the Structural Hardness of Answer Set Programming: Can Structure Efficiently Confine the Power of Disjunctions?

This paper introduces a novel approach for topic modeling utilizing latent codebooks from Vector-Quantized Variational Auto-Encoder~(VQ-VAE), discretely encapsulating the rich information of the pre-trained embeddings such as the pre-trained language model.
From the novel interpretation of the latent codebooks and embeddings as conceptual bag-of-words, we propose a new generative topic model called Topic-VQ-VAE~(TVQ-VAE) which inversely generates the original documents related to the respective latent codebook.
The TVQ-VAE can visualize the topics with various generative distributions including the traditional BoW distribution and the autoregressive image generation.
Our experimental results on document analysis and image generation demonstrate that TVQ-VAE effectively captures the topic context which reveals the underlying structures of the dataset and supports flexible forms of document generation.
Official implementation of the proposed TVQ-VAE is available at https://github.com/clovaai/TVQ-VAE.

Topic-VQ-VAE: Leveraging Latent Codebooks for Flexible Topic-Guided Document Generation

Asynchronous federated learning (AFL) is a distributed machine learning technique that allows multiple devices to collaboratively train deep learning models without sharing local data. However, AFL suffer from low efficiency due to poor client model training quality and slow server model convergence speed, which are a result of the heterogeneous nature of both data and devices. To address these issues, we propose Efficient Asynchronous \textbf{Fed}erated Learning with Prospective Momentum \textbf{A}ggregation and Fine-Grained \textbf{C}orrection (\textbf{FedAC}). Our framework consists of three key components. The first component is client weight evaluation based on temporal gradient, which evaluates the client weight based on the similarity between the client and server update directions. The second component is adaptive server update with prospective weighted momentum, which uses a asynchronous buffered update strategy and a prospective weighted momentum with adaptive learning rate to update the global model in server. The last component is client update with fine-grained gradient correction, which introduces a fine-grained gradient correction term to mitigate the client drift and correct the client stochastic gradient. We conduct experiments on real and synthetic datasets, and compare with existing AFL and SFL methods. Experimental results show that our framework can effectively improve the model training efficiency and performance of AFL.

Efficient Asynchronous Federated Learning with Prospective Momentum Aggregation and Fine-Grained Correction

Currently, image generation and synthesis have remarkably progressed with generative models. Despite photo-realistic results, intrinsic discrepancies are still observed in the frequency domain. The spectral discrepancy appeared not only in generative adversarial networks but in diffusion models. In this study, we propose a framework to effectively mitigate the disparity in frequency domain of the generated images to improve generative performance of both GAN and diffusion models. This is realized by spectrum translation for the refinement of image generation (STIG) based on contrastive learning. We adopt theoretical logic of frequency components in various generative networks. The key idea, here, is to refine the spectrum of the generated image via the concept of image-to-image translation and contrastive learning in terms of digital signal processing. We evaluate our framework across eight fake image datasets and various cutting-edge models to demonstrate the effectiveness of STIG. Our framework outperforms other cutting-edges showing significant decreases in FID and log frequency distance of spectrum. We further emphasize that STIG improves image quality by decreasing the spectral anomaly. Additionally, validation results present that the frequency-based deepfake detector confuses more in the case where fake spectrums are manipulated by STIG.

Spectrum Translation for Refinement of Image Generation (STIG) Based on Contrastive Learning and Spectral Filter Profile | VIDEO

This paper tackles the problem of efficient and stable video semantic segmentation. While stability has been under-explored, prevalent work in efficient video semantic segmentation uses the keyframe paradigm. They efficiently process videos by only recomputing the low-level features and reusing high-level features computed at selected keyframes. In addition, the reused features stabilize the predictions across frames, thereby improving video consistency. However, dynamic scenes in the video can easily lead to misalignments between reused and recomputed features, which hampers performance. Moreover, relying on feature reuse to improve prediction consistency is brittle; an erroneous alignment of the features can easily lead to unstable predictions. Therefore, the keyframe paradigm exhibits a dilemma between stability and performance. We address this efficiency and stability challenge using a novel yet simple Temporal Feature Correlation (TFC) module. It uses the cosine similarity between two frames’ low-level features to inform the semantic label’s consistency across frames. Specifically, we selectively reuse label-consistent features across frames through linear interpolation and update others through sparse multi-scale deformable attention. As a result, we no longer directly reuse features to improve stability and thus effectively solve feature misalignment. This work provides a significant step towards efficient and stable video semantic segmentation. On the VSPW dataset, our method significantly improves the prediction consistency of image-based methods while being as fast and accurate.

Exploring Temporal Feature Correlation for Efficient and Stable Video Semantic Segmentation

Combinatorial Optimization (CO) problems over graphs appear routinely in many applications such as in optimizing traffic, viral marketing in social networks, and matching for job allocation. Due to their combinatorial nature, these problems are often NP-hard. Existing approximation algorithms and heuristics rely on the search space to find the solutions and become time-consuming when this space is large. In this paper, we design a neural method called COMBHelper to reduce this space and thus improve the efficiency of the traditional CO algorithms based on node selection. Specifically, it employs a Graph Neural Network (GNN) to identify promising nodes for the solution set. This pruned search space is then fed to the traditional CO algorithms. COMBHelper also uses a Knowledge Distillation (KD) module and a problem-specific boosting module to bring further efficiency and efficacy. Our extensive experiments show that the traditional CO algorithms with COMBHelper are at least 2 times faster than their original versions. Our code is available at Github.

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Semi-supervised TEE Segmentation via Interacting with SAM Equipped with Noise-Resilient Prompting

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