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Explaining the decision process of machine learning algorithms is nowadays crucial for both model’s performance enhancement and human comprehension. This can be achieved by assessing the variable importance of single variables, even for high-capacity non-linear methods, e.g. Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). While only removal-based approaches, such as Permutation Importance (PI), can bring statistical validity, they return misleading results when variables are correlated. Conditional Permutation Importance (CPI) bypasses PI’s limitations in such cases. However, in high-dimensional settings, where high correlations between the variables cancel their conditional importance, the use of CPI as well as other methods leads to unreliable results, besides prohibitive computation costs. Grouping variables statistically via clustering or some prior knowledge gains some power back and leads to better interpretations. In this work, we introduce BCPI (Block-Based Conditional Permutation Importance), a new generic framework for variable importance computation with statistical guarantees handling both single and group cases. Furthermore, as handling groups with high cardinality (such as a set of observations of a given modality) are both time-consuming and resource-intensive, we also introduce a new stacking approach extending the DNN architecture with sub-linear layers adapted to the group structure. We show that the ensuing approach extended with stacking controls the type-I error even with highly-correlated groups and shows top accuracy across benchmarks. Furthermore, we perform a real-world data analysis in a large-scale medical dataset where we aim to show the consistency between our results and the literature for a biomarker prediction.

AAAI 2024

Variable Importance in High-Dimensional Settings Requires Grouping

explainable ml

interpretable

statistics

transparent

deep learning

technical paper

We are pleased to announce the Thirty-Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-24), which will be held in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Vancouver Convention Centre – West Building from 20-27 February, 2024.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-24 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.

We expect for AAAI-24 to be an in-person conference – one author of all accepted papers will be expected to present work in person unless there are exceptional circumstances that prevent this.<br><br><br><br>

In order to access the AAAI-24 event page you need to register [here](https://aaai.org/aaai-conference/registration/)

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. 

In light of the advances in big data, high-dimensional datasets are often encountered. Incorporating them into data-driven models can enhance performance; however, this comes at the cost of high computation and the risk of overfitting, particularly due to abundant redundant features. Identifying an informative subset of the features helps in reducing the dimensionality and enhancing model interpretability. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for unsupervised feature selection, called Selective Deep Auto-Encoder (SDAE). It aims to reduce the number of features used in unlabeled datasets without compromising the quality of information obtained. It achieves this by selecting sufficient features - from the original feature set - capable of representing the entire feature space and reconstructing them. Architecturally, it leverages the use of highly nonlinear latent representations in deep Autoencoders and intrinsically learns, in an unsupervised fashion, the relevant and globally representative subset of features through a customized Selective Layer. Extensive experimental results on three high-dimensional public datasets have shown promising feature selection performance by SDAE in comparison to other existing state-of-the-art unsupervised feature selection methods.

Selective Deep Autoencoder for Unsupervised Feature Selection

Recent unsupervised anomaly detection methods often rely on feature extractors pretrained with auxiliary datasets or on well-crafted anomaly-simulated samples. However, this might limit their adaptability to an increasing set of anomaly detection tasks due to the priors in the selection of auxiliary datasets or the strategy of anomaly simulation. To tackle this challenge, we first introduce a prior-less anomaly generation paradigm and subsequently develop an innovative unsupervised anomaly detection framework named GRAD, grounded in this paradigm. GRAD comprises three essential components: (1) a diffusion model (PatchDiff) to generate contrastive patterns by preserving the local structures while disregarding the global structures present in normal images, (2) a self-supervised reweighting mechanism to handle the challenge of long-tailed and unlabeled contrastive patterns generated by PatchDiff, and (3) a lightweight patch-level detector to efficiently distinguish the normal patterns and reweighted contrastive patterns. The generation results of PatchDiff effectively expose various types of anomaly patterns, e.g. structural and logical anomaly patterns. In addition, extensive experiments on both MVTec AD and MVTec LOCO datasets also support the aforementioned observation and demonstrate that GRAD achieves competitive anomaly detection accuracy and superior inference speed.

Generating and Reweighting Dense Contrastive Patterns for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection

Recent advancements in motion planning for Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) show great promise in using expert driver behaviors in non-stationary driving environments. However, learning only through expert drivers needs more generalizability to recover from domain shifts and near-failure scenarios due to the dynamic behavior of traffic participants and weather conditions. A deep Graph-based Prediction and Planning Policy Network (GP3Net) framework is proposed for non-stationary environments that encodes the interactions between traffic participants with contextual information and provides a decision for safe maneuver for AV. A spatio-temporal graph models the interactions between traffic participants for predicting the future trajectories of those participants. The predicted trajectories are utilized to generate a future occupancy map around the AV with uncertainties embedded to anticipate the evolving non-stationary driving environments. Then the contextual information and future occupancy maps are input to the policy network of the GP3Net framework and trained using Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm. The proposed GP3Net performance is evaluated on standard CARLA benchmarking scenarios with domain shifts of traffic patterns (urban, highway, and mixed). The results show that the GP3Net outperforms previous state-of-the-art imitation learning-based planning models for different towns. Further, in unseen new weather conditions, GP3Net completes the desired route with fewer traffic infractions. Finally, the results emphasize the advantage of including the prediction module to enhance safety measures in non-stationary environments.

Graph-Based Prediction and Planning Policy Network (GP3Net) for Scalable Self-Driving in Dynamic Environments Using Deep Reinforcement Learning | VIDEO

To date, a backbone of methods for unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) involves learning label-discriminative features via a label classifier and domain-invariant features through a domain discriminator in an adversarial scheme. However, these methods lack explicit control for aligning the source data and target data within the same label class, degrading the classifier's performance in the target domain. In this paper, we propose PL-Mix, a pseudo label guided Mixup method based on adversarial prompt tuning. Specifically, our PL-Mix facilitates class-dependent alignment and can alleviate the impact of noisy pseudo-labels. We then theoretically justify that PL-Mix can improve the generalization for UDA. Extensive experiments of the comparison with existing models also demonstrate the effectiveness of PL-Mix.

On Unsupervised Domain Adaptation: Pseudo Label Guided Mixup for Adversarial Prompt Tuning

Tabular data analysis is crucial in various fields, and large language models show promise in this area. However, current research mostly focuses on rudimentary tasks like Text2SQL and TableQA, neglecting advanced analysis like forecasting and chart generation. To address this gap, we developed the Text2Analysis benchmark, incorporating advanced analysis tasks that go beyond the SQL-compatible operations and require more in-depth analysis. We also develop five innovative and effective annotation methods, harnessing the capabilities of large language models to enhance data quality and quantity. Additionally, we include unclear queries that resemble real-world user questions to test how well models can understand and tackle such challenges. Finally, we collect 2249 query-result pairs with 347 tables. We evaluate five state-of-the-art models using three different metrics and the results show that our benchmark presents introduces considerable challenge  in the field of tabular data analysis, paving the way for more advanced research opportunities.

Text2Analysis: A Benchmark of Table Question Answering with Advanced Data Analysis and Unclear Queries

Multi-hop fact verification aims to detect the veracity of the given claim by integrating and reasoning over multiple pieces of evidence. Conventional multi-hop fact verification models are prone to rely on spurious correlations from the annotation artifacts, leading to an obvious performance decline on unbiased datasets. Among the various debiasing works, the causal inference-based methods become popular by performing theoretically guaranteed debiasing such as casual intervention or counterfactual reasoning. However, existing causal inference-based debiasing methods, which mainly formulate fact verification as a single-hop reasoning task to tackle shallow bias patterns, cannot deal with the complicated bias patterns hidden in multiple hops of evidence. To address the challenge, we propose Causal Walk, a novel method for debiasing multi-hop fact verification from a causal perspective with front-door adjustment. Specifically, in the structural causal model, the reasoning path between the treatment (the input claim-evidence graph) and the outcome (the veracity label) is introduced as the mediator to block the confounder. With the front-door adjustment, the causal effect between the treatment and the outcome is decomposed into the causal effect between the treatment and the mediator, which is estimated by applying the idea of random walk, and the causal effect between the mediator and the outcome, which is estimated with normalized weighted geometric mean approximation. To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method, an adversarial multi-hop fact verification dataset and a symmetric multi-hop fact verification dataset are proposed with the help of the large language model. Experimental results show that Causal Walk outperforms some previous debiasing methods on both existing datasets and the newly constructed datasets. Code and data will be released at https://github.com/zcccccz/CausalWalk.

Causal Walk: Debiasing Multi-Hop Fact Verification with Front-Door Adjustment

Few-shot learning (FSL) aims to enable learning models with the ability to automatically adapt to novel (unseen) domains in open-world scenarios. Nonetheless, there exists a significant disparity between the vast number of new concepts encountered in the open world and the restricted available scale of existing FSL works, which primarily focus on a limited number of novel classes. Such a gap hinders the practical applicability of FSL in realistic scenarios. To bridge this gap, we propose a new problem named Few-Shot Learning with Many Novel Classes (FSL-MNC) by substantially enlarging the number of novel classes, exceeding the count in the traditional FSL setup by over 500-fold. This new problem exhibits two major challenges, including the increased computation overhead during meta-training and the degraded classification performance by the large number of classes during meta-testing. To overcome these challenges, we propose a Simple Hierarchy Pipeline (SHA-Pipeline). Due to the inefficiency of traditional protocols of EML, we re-design a lightweight training strategy to reduce the overhead brought by much more novel classes. To capture discriminative semantics across numerous novel classes, we effectively reconstruct and leverage the class hierarchy information during meta-testing. Experiments show that the proposed SHA-Pipeline significantly outperforms not only the ProtoNet baseline but also the state-of-the-art alternatives across different numbers of novel classes.

Scaling Few-Shot Learning for the Open World

Image captioning requires numerous annotated image-text pairs, resulting in substantial annotation costs. Recently, large models (e.g. diffusion models and large language models) have excelled in producing high-quality images and text. This potential can be harnessed to create synthetic image-text pairs for training captioning models. Synthetic data can improve cost and time efficiency in data collection, allow for customization to specific domains, bootstrap generalization capability for zero-shot performance, and circumvent privacy concerns associated with real-world data. However, existing methods struggle to attain satisfactory performance solely through synthetic data. We identify the issue as generated images from simple descriptions mostly capture a solitary perspective with limited context, failing to align with the intricate scenes prevalent in real-world imagery. To tackle this, we present an innovative pipeline that introduces multi-context data generation. Beginning with an initial text corpus, our approach employs a large language model to extract multiple sentences portraying the same scene from diverse viewpoints. These sentences are then condensed into a single sentence with multiple contexts. Subsequently, we generate intricate images using the condensed captions through diffusion models. Our model is exclusively trained on synthetic image-text pairs crafted through this process. The effectiveness of our pipeline is validated through experimental results in both the in-domain and cross-domain settings, where it achieves state-of-the-art performance on well-known datasets such as MSCOCO, Flickr30k, and NoCaps.

Image Captioning with Multi-Context Synthetic Data

Artificial Intelligence for Theorem Proving (AITP) has given
rise to a plethora of benchmarks and methodologies, particularly in Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP). Research in the
area is fragmented, with a diverse set of approaches being
spread across several ITP systems. This presents a significant challenge to the comparison of methods, which are often
complex and difficult to replicate.
Addressing this, we present BAIT, a framework for the fair
and streamlined comparison of learning approaches in ITP.
We demonstrate BAIT’s capabilities with an in-depth comparison, across several ITP benchmarks, of state-of-the-art
architectures applied to the problem of formula embedding.
We find that Structure Aware Transformers perform particularly well, improving on techniques associated with the original problem sets. BAIT also allows us to assess the end-to-end proving performance of systems built on interactive
environments. This unified perspective reveals a novel end-to-end system that improves on prior work. We also provide
a qualitative analysis, illustrating that improved performance
is associated with more semantically-aware embeddings. By
streamlining the implementation and comparison of Machine
Learning algorithms in the ITP context, we anticipate BAIT
will be a springboard for future research.

BAIT: Benchmarking (Embedding) Architectures for Interactive Theorem-Proving

Multiple instance learning is an effective paradigm for whole slide image (WSI) classification, where labels are only provided at the bag level. However, instance-level prediction is also crucial as it offers insights into fine-grained regions of interest. Existing multiple instance learning methods either solely focus on training a bag classifier or have the insufficient capability of exploring instance prediction. In this work, we propose a novel model-agnostic framework to boost existing multiple instances learning models, to improve the WSI classification performance in both bag and instance levels. Specifically, we propose a counterfactual inference-based sub-bag assessment method and a hierarchical instance searching strategy to help to search reliable instances and obtain their accurate pseudo labels. Furthermore, an instance classifier is well-trained to produce accurate predictions. The instance embedding it generates is treated as a prompt to refine the instance feature for bag prediction. This framework is model-agnostic, capable of adapting to existing multiple instance learning models, including those without specific mechanisms like attention. Extensive experiments on three datasets demonstrate the competitive performance of our method. Code will be available at https://github.com/centurion-crawler/CIMIL.

Variable Importance in High-Dimensional Settings Requires Grouping

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Selective Deep Autoencoder for Unsupervised Feature Selection

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Variable Importance in High-Dimensional Settings Requires Grouping

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Selective Deep Autoencoder for Unsupervised Feature Selection

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