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Obtaining large-scale radiology reports can be difficult for medical images due to ethical concerns, limiting the effectiveness of contrastive pre-training in the medical image domain and underscoring the need for alternative methods. In this paper, we propose eye-tracking as an alternative to text reports, as it allows for the passive collection of gaze signals without ethical issues. By tracking the gaze of radiologists as they read and diagnose medical images, we can understand their visual attention and clinical reasoning. When a radiologist has similar gazes for two medical images, it may indicate semantic similarity for diagnosis, and these images should be treated as positive pairs when pre-training a computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) network through contrastive learning. Accordingly, we introduce the Medical contrastive Gaze Image Pre-training (McGIP) as a plug-and-play module for contrastive learning frameworks. McGIP uses radiologist gaze to guide contrastive pre-training. We evaluate our method using two representative types of medical images and two common types of gaze data. The experimental results demonstrate the practicality of McGIP, indicating its high potential for various clinical scenarios and applications.

AAAI 2024

Mining Gaze for Contrastive Learning toward Computer-Assisted Diagnosis

mining of spatial

temporal or spatio-temporal data

representation learning for vision

contrastive learning

eye-tracking

technical paper

We are pleased to announce the Thirty-Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-24), which will be held in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Vancouver Convention Centre – West Building from 20-27 February, 2024.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-24 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.

We expect for AAAI-24 to be an in-person conference – one author of all accepted papers will be expected to present work in person unless there are exceptional circumstances that prevent this.<br><br><br><br>

In order to access the AAAI-24 event page you need to register [here](https://aaai.org/aaai-conference/registration/)

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. 

Temporal sentence localization (TSL) aims to localize a target segment in a video according to a given sentence query. Though respectable works have made decent achievements in this task, they severely rely on abundant yet expensive manual annotations for training. Moreover, these trained data-dependent models usually can not generalize well to unseen scenarios because of the inherent domain shift. To facilitate this issue, in this paper, we target another more practical but challenging setting: unsupervised domain adaptative temporal sentence localization (UDA-TSL), which explores whether the localization knowledge can be transferred from a fully-annotated data domain (source domain) to a new unannotated data domain (target domain). Particularly, we propose an effective and novel baseline for UDA-TSL to bridge the multi-modal gap across different domains and learn the potential correspondence between the video-query pairs in target domain. We first develop separate modality-specific domain adaptation modules to smoothly balance the minimization of the domain shifts in cross-dataset video and query domains. Then, to fully exploit the semantic correspondence of both modalities in target domain for unsupervised localization, we devise a mutual information learning module to adaptively align the video-query pairs which are more likely to be relevant in target domain, leading to more truly aligned target pairs and ensuring the discriminability of target features. In this way, our model can learn domain-invariant and semantic-aligned cross-modal representations. Three sets of migration experiments show that our model achieves competitive performance compared to existing methods.

Unsupervised Domain Adaptative Temporal Sentence Localization with Mutual Information Maximization

Federated learning encounters substantial challenges with heterogeneous data, leading to performance degradation and convergence issues. While considerable progress has been achieved in mitigating such an impact, the reliability aspect of federated models has been largely disregarded. In this study, we conduct extensive experiments to investigate the reliability of both generic and personalized federated models. Our exploration uncovers a significant finding: federated models exhibit unreliability when faced with heterogeneous data, demonstrating poor calibration on in-distribution test data and low uncertainty levels on out-of-distribution data. This unreliability is primarily attributed to the presence of biased projection heads, which introduce miscalibration into the federated models. Inspired by this observation, we propose the "Assembled Projection Heads" (APH) method for enhancing the reliability of federated models. By treating the existing projection head parameters as priors, APH randomly samples multiple initialized parameters of projection heads from the prior and further performs targeted fine-tuning on locally available data under varying learning rates. Such a head ensemble introduces parameter diversity into the deterministic model, eliminating the bias and producing reliable predictions via head averaging. We evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed APH method across three prominent federated benchmarks. Experimental results validate the efficacy of APH in model calibration and uncertainty estimation. Notably, APH can be seamlessly integrated into various federated approaches but only requires less than 30% additional computation cost for 100x inferences within large models.

Watch Your Head: Assembling Projection Heads to Save the Reliability of Federated Models

Collecting and labeling real datasets to train the person search networks not only requires a lot of time and effort, but also accompanies privacy issues. 
The weakly-supervised and unsupervised domain adaptation methods have been proposed to alleviate the labeling burden for target datasets, however, their generalization capability is limited. 
We introduce a novel person search method based on the domain generalization framework, that uses an automatically labeled unreal dataset only for training but is applicable to arbitrary unseen real datasets. 
To alleviate the domain gaps when transferring the knowledge from the unreal source dataset to the real target datasets, we estimate the fidelity of person instances which is then used to train the end-to-end network adaptively. 
Moreover, we devise a domain-invariant feature learning scheme to encourage the network to suppress the domain-related features.
Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method provides the competitive performance to existing person search methods even though it is applicable to arbitrary unseen datasets without any prior knowledge and re-training burdens.

Domain Generalizable Person Search Using Unreal Dataset

Dynamical systems are abstract models of interaction between space and time. They are often used in fields such as physics and engineering to understand complex processes, but due to their general nature, they have found applications for studying computational processes, interaction in multi-agent systems, machine learning algorithms and other computer science related phenomena. In the vast majority of applications, a dynamical system consists of the action of a continuous `transition function' on a metric space. In this work, we consider decidable formal systems for reasoning about such structures. Spatial logics can be traced back to the 1940's, but our work follows a more dynamic turn that these logics have taken due to two recent developments: the study of the topological $\mu$-calculus, and the the integration of linear temporal logic with logics based on the Cantor derivative. In this paper, we combine dynamic topological logics based on the Cantor derivative and the `next point in time' operators with an expressively complete fixed point operator to produce a combination of the topological $\mu$-calculus with linear temporal logic. We show that the resulting logics are decidable and have a natural axiomatisation. Moreover, we prove that these logics are complete for interpretations on the Cantor space, the rational numbers, and subspaces thereof.

Dynamic Tangled Derivative Logic of Metric Spaces

Aspect prediction (AP) and sentiment prediction (SP) are representative applications in fine-grained sentiment anal- ysis. They can be considered as sequential tasks, where AP identifies mentioned aspects in a sentence, and SP infers fine-grained sentiments for these aspects. Recent models perform the aspect-sentiment prediction in a joint man-ner, but heavily rely on the feature interactions of aspect and sentiment. One drawback is that they ignore correlation strength varies between aspect features and sentiment fea- tures across different sentences, and employ a fixed feature interaction strategy may limit effective knowledge transfer across tasks. To tackle this issue, in this paper, we propose an Adaptive Inter-task Feature Interaction framework, AIFI, for joint aspect-sentiment prediction. Specifically, we introduce a novel contrast-based alignment method based on contrastive learning. Our approach considers the AP-specific and SP-specific representations of a given sentence as a positive pair, while representation of another random sentence serves as a negative example. Moreover, we propose an inter-task feature correlation network to predict the contrast strength, which is determined by the temperature coefficient in the InfoNCE loss. This dynamic correlation adjustment enhances model’s ability to capture proper feature interactions more efficiently. Experimental results on three datasets validate the effectiveness of our approach.

Modeling Adaptive Inter-Task Feature Interactions via Sentiment-Aware Contrastive Learning for Joint Aspect-Sentiment Prediction

In this paper, we present UniADS, the first Universal Architecture-Distiller Search framework for co-optimizing student architecture and distillation policies. Teacher-student distillation gap limits the distillation gains. Previous approaches seek to discover the ideal student architecture while ignoring distillation settings. In UniADS, we construct a comprehensive search space encompassing an architectural search for student models, knowledge transformations in distillation strategies, distance functions, loss weights, and other vital settings. To efficiently explore the search space, we utilize the NSGA-II genetic algorithm for better crossover and mutation configurations and employ the Successive Halving algorithm for search space pruning, resulting in improved search efficiency and promising results. Extensive experiments are performed on different teacher-student pairs using CIFAR-100 and ImageNet datasets. The experimental results consistently demonstrate the superiority of our method over existing approaches. Furthermore, we provide a detailed analysis of the search results, examining the impact of each variable and extracting valuable insights and practical guidance for distillation design and implementation.

UniADS: Universal Architecture-Distiller Search for Distillation Gap

Domain learning is the task of finding an action model that can explain given observed plan executions, so-called traces.                                                                                   
It allows us to automate the identification of actions' preconditions and effects instead of relying on hand-modeled expert knowledge.                                                                      
While previous research has put forth various techniques and covers multiple planning formalisms, the theoretical foundations of domain learning are still in their infancy.
                                                                                                                                                                                                          
We investigate the most basic setting, that is grounded classical planning without negative preconditions or conditional effects with full observability of the state variables.                            
The given traces are assumed to be justified in the sense that either no single action or no set of actions can be removed without violating correctness of the plan.                                       
Furthermore, we might be given additional constraints in the form of a propositional logical formula.                                                                                                       
We show the consequences of these assumptions for the computational complexity of identifying a satisfactory planning domain.

Learning Planning Domains from Non-redundant Fully-Observed Traces: Theoretical Foundations and Complexity Analysis

Reconstructing 3D objects from extremely sparse views is a long-standing and challenging problem. While recent techniques employ image diffusion models for generating plausible images at novel viewpoints or for distilling pre-trained diffusion priors into 3D representations using score distillation sampling (SDS), these methods often struggle to simultaneously achieve high-quality, consistent, and detailed results for both novel-view synthesis (NVS) and geometry. In this work, we present Sparse3D, a novel 3D reconstruction method tailored for sparse view inputs. Our approach distills robust priors from a multiview-consistent diffusion model to refine a neural radiance field. Specifically, we employ a controller that harnesses epipolar features from input views, guiding a pre-trained diffusion model, such as Stable Diffusion, to produce novel-view images that maintain 3D consistency with the input. By tapping into 2D priors from powerful image diffusion models, our integrated model consistently delivers high-quality results, even when faced with open-world objects. To address the blurriness introduced by conventional SDS, we introduce the category-score distillation sampling (C-SDS) to enhance detail. We conduct experiments on CO3DV2 which is a multi-view dataset of real-world objects. Both quantitative and qualitative evaluations demonstrate that our approach outperforms previous state-of-the-art works on the metrics regarding NVS and geometry reconstruction.

Sparse3D: Distilling Multiview-Consistent Diffusion for Object Reconstruction from Sparse Views

In this work, we present a novel approach to multi-view action recognition where we guide learned action representations to be separated from view-relevant information in a video. When trying to classify action instances captured from multiple viewpoints, there is a higher degree of difficulty due to the difference in background, occlusion, and visibility of the captured action from different camera angles. To tackle the various problems introduced in multi-view action recognition, we propose a novel configuration of learnable transformer decoder queries, in conjunction with two supervised contrastive losses, to enforce the learning of action features that are robust to shifts in viewpoints. Our disentangled feature learning occurs in two stages: the transformer decoder uses separate queries to separately learn action and view information, which are then further disentangled using our two contrastive losses. We show that our model and method of training significantly outperforms all other uni-modal models on four multi-view action recognition datasets: NTU RGB+D, NTU RGB+D 120, PKU-MMD, and N-UCLA. Compared to previous RGB works, we see maximal improvements of 1.5%, 4.8%, 2.2%, and 4.8% on each dataset, respectively.

DVANet: Disentangling View and Action Features for Multi-View Action Recognition

Designing suitable reward functions for numerous interacting intelligent agents is challenging in real-world applications. Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) in mean field games (MFGs) offers a practical framework to infer reward functions from expert demonstrations of large-scale multi-agent systems. While promising, the assumption of agent homogeneity in MFGs limits the capability of existing methods to handle demonstrations with heterogeneous objectives, which are common in practice. To this end, we propose a deep latent variable MFG model and an associated IRL method capable of inferring rewards from demonstrations of different yet structurally similar tasks. Our experiments, conducted on simulated scenarios and a real-world spatial taxi-ride pricing problem, demonstrate the superiority of our approach over state-of-the-art IRL methods in MFGs.

Mining Gaze for Contrastive Learning toward Computer-Assisted Diagnosis

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Mining Gaze for Contrastive Learning toward Computer-Assisted Diagnosis

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Unsupervised Domain Adaptative Temporal Sentence Localization with Mutual Information Maximization

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