Canada

The NASA Planetary Data System (PDS) hosts millions of images of planets, moons, and other bodies collected throughout many missions. The ever-expanding nature of data and user engagement demands an interpretable content classification system to support scientific discovery and individual curiosity. In this paper, we leverage a prototype-based architecture to enable users to understand and validate the evidence used by a classifier trained on images from the  Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover mission. In addition to providing explanations, we investigate the diversity and correctness of evidence used by the content-based classifier. The work presented in this paper will be deployed on the PDS Image Atlas, replacing its non-interpretable counterpart.

AAAI 2024

Interactive Mars Image Content-Based Search with Interpretable Machine Learning

interpretability and transparency

web search & information retrieval

case-based reasoning

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AAPT SM 21

technical paper

We are pleased to announce the Thirty-Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-24), which will be held in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Vancouver Convention Centre – West Building from 20-27 February, 2024.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-24 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.

We expect for AAAI-24 to be an in-person conference – one author of all accepted papers will be expected to present work in person unless there are exceptional circumstances that prevent this.<br><br><br><br>

In order to access the AAAI-24 event page you need to register [here](https://aaai.org/aaai-conference/registration/)

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. 

Fire Departments conduct inspections to prevent fires but it is unclear how to best allocate their limited inspection resources across the properties in a city. Currently, they use their intuition and experience to decide on which properties to inspect and lack a data-driven approach that could lead to a more principled use of inspection resources. The main contribution of this paper is to investigate such an approach, based on machine learning for predicting a fire risk score for properties in a city based on historical fire-incident data. These scores can then be used to help prioritize inspection resources toward higher-risk properties. We present a case study using data from a South Dakota fire department which contains information about properties in a city along with records of fire in- incidents. We use this data consisting of more than 72,000 properties to train a machine learning model to predict fire risk and evaluate its ability to rank the fire risk of properties in the city. We conduct and analyze experiments with variations of XG-Boost, which is an algorithm well-suited to the challenges in application, including missing data and a highly-skewed class distribution. Our evaluation of the model-generated rankings, based on ranking metrics, shows that the model significantly outperforms random rankings and other natural baselines. We also analyze the feature importance computed for the models, which provides further insight into the model behavior. This model has been integrated into an interface for displaying the rankings across a city and is ready for beta testing.

Data-Driven Structural Fire Risk Prediction for City Properties

Snow Water-Equivalent (SWE)—the amount of water available if snowpack is melted—is a key decision variable used by water management agencies to make irrigation, flood control, power generation, and drought management decisions. SWE values vary spatiotemporally—affected by weather, topography, and other environmental factors. While daily SWE can be measured by Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations with requisite instrumentation, such stations are spatially sparse requiring interpolation techniques to create spatiotemporal complete data. While recent efforts have explored machine learning (ML) for SWE prediction, a number of recent ML advances have yet to be considered. The main contribution of this paper is to explore one such ML advance, attention mechanisms, for SWE prediction. Our hypothesis is that attention has a unique ability to capture and exploit correlations that may exist across locations or the temporal spectrum (or both). We present a generic attention-based modeling framework for SWE prediction and adapt it to capture spatial attention and temporal attention. Our experimental results on 323 SNOTEL stations in the Western U.S. demonstrate that our attention-based models outperform other machine-learning approaches. We also provide key results highlighting the differences between spatial and temporal attention in this context and a roadmap toward deployment for generating spatially-complete SWE maps.

Attention-Based Models for Snow-Water Equivalent Prediction | VIDEO

Visual interpretation is extremely important in human geography as the primary technique for geographers to use photograph data in identifying, classifying, and quantifying geographic and topological objects or regions. However, it is also time-consuming and requires overwhelming manual effort from professional geographers. This paper describes our interdisciplinary team's efforts in integrating computer vision models with geographers' visual image interpretation process to reduce their workload in interpreting images. Focusing on the dune segmentation task, we proposed an approach featuring a deep dune segmentation model to identify dunes and label their ranges in an automated way. By developing a tool to connect our model with ArcGIS, one of the most popular workbenches for visual interpretation, geographers can further refine the automatically-generated dune segmentation on images without learning any CV or deep learning techniques. Our approach thus realized a non-invasive change to geographers' visual interpretation routines, reducing their manual efforts while incurring minimal interruptions to their work routines and tools they are familiar with. Deployment with a leading Chinese geography research institution demonstrated the potential of our approach in supporting geographers in researching and solving drylands desertification.

DCV2I: A Practical Approach for Supporting Geographers’ Visual Interpretation in Dune Segmentation with Deep Vision Models

To address the limitations of traffic prediction from location-bound detectors, we present Geographical Cellular Traffic (GCT) flow, a novel data source that leverages the extensive coverage of cellular traffic to capture mobility patterns. Our extensive analysis validates its potential for transportation. Focusing on vehicle-related GCT flow prediction, we propose a graph neural network that integrates multivariate, temporal, and spatial facets for improved accuracy. Experiments reveal our model's superiority over baselines, especially in long-term predictions. We also highlight the potential for GCT flow integration into transportation systems.

TelTrans: Applying Multi-Type Telecom Data to Transportation Evaluation and Prediction via Multifaceted Graph Modeling

The absence of comprehensive situational awareness information poses a significant challenge for humanitarian organizations during their response efforts. We present Flood Insights, an end-to-end system that ingests data from multiple non-traditional data sources such as remote sensing, social sensing, and geospatial data. We employ state-of-the-art natural language processing and computer vision models to identify flood exposure, ground-level damage and flood reports, and most importantly, urgent needs of affected people. We deploy and test the system during a recent real-world catastrophe, the 2022 Pakistan floods, to surface critical situational and damage information at the district level. We validated the system's effectiveness through geographic regression analysis using official ground-truth data, showcasing its strong performance and explanatory power. Moreover, the system was commended by the United Nations Development Programme stationed in Pakistan, as well as local authorities, for pinpointing hard-hit districts and enhancing disaster response.

Flood Insights: Integrating Remote and Social Sensing Data for Flood Exposure, Damage, and Urgent Needs Mapping | VIDEO

Distributed ML addresses challenges from increasing data and model complexities. Peer to peer (P2P) networks in distributed ML offer scalability and fault tolerance. However, they also encounter challenges related to resource consumption, and communication overhead as the number of participating peers grows. This research introduces a novel architecture that combines serverless computing with P2P networks for distributed training. Serverless computing enhances this model with parallel processing and cost effective scalability, suitable for resource-intensive tasks. Preliminary results show that peers can offload expensive computational tasks to serverless platforms. However, their inherent statelessness necessitates strong communication methods, suggesting a pivotal role for databases. To this end, we have enhanced an in memory database to support ML training tasks.

Incorporating Serverless Computing into P2P Networks for ML Training: In-Database Tasks and Their Scalability Implications (Student Abstract)

This paper explores proposing interpreting methods from explainable artificial intelligence to address the interpretability issues in deep learning-based models for classroom dialogue. Specifically, we developed a Bert-based model to automatically detect student talk moves within classroom dialogues, utilizing the TalkMoves dataset. Subsequently, we proposed three generic interpreting methods, namely saliency, input*gradient, and integrated gradient, to explain the predictions of classroom dialogue models by computing input relevance (i.e., contribution). The experimental results show that the three interpreting methods can effectively unravel the classroom dialogue analysis, thereby potentially fostering teachers' trust.

Opening the Black Box: Unraveling the Classroom Dialogue Analysis (Student Abstract)

We consider the problem of constrained multi-objective optimization over black-box objectives, with user-defined preferences, with a largely infeasible input space. Our goal is  to approximate the optimal Pareto set from the small fraction of feasible inputs. The main challenges include huge design space, multiple objectives, numerous constraints, and rare feasible inputs identified only through expensive experiments. We present PAC-MOO, a novel preference-aware multi-objective Bayesian optimization algorithm to solve this problem. It leverages surrogate models for objectives and constraints to intelligently select the sequence of inputs for evaluation to achieve the target goal.

Preference-Aware Constrained Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization (Student Abstract) | VIDEO

We present a new, simple and effective loss function for calibrating graph neural networks (GNNs). Miscalibration is the problem whereby a model's probabilities does not reflect it's correctness, making it difficult and possibly dangerous for real-world deployment. We compare our method against other baselines on a novel ID and OOD graph form of the Celeb-A faces dataset. Our findings show that our method improves calibration for GNNs, which are not immune to miscalibration in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD). Our code is available for review at https://github.com/dexterdley/CS6208/tree/main/Project.

MaxEnt Loss: Calibrating Graph Neural Networks under Out-of-Distribution Shift (Student Abstract) | VIDEO

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have attracted significant interest recently since they can effectively process and analyze graph-structured data commonly found in real-world applications. However, the predicament that GNNs are difficult to train becomes worse as the layers increase. The essence of this problem is that stacking layers will reduce the stability of forward propagation and gradient back-propagation. And as the increasing scale of models (measured by the number of parameters), how to efficiently and effectively adapt it to particular downstream tasks becomes an intriguing research issue. In this work, motivated by the effect of orthogonality constraints, we propose a simple orthogonal training framework to impose the orthogonality constraints on GNNs, which can help models find a solution vector in a specific low dimensional subspace and stabilize the signaling processes at both the forward and backward directions. Specifically, we propose a novel polar decomposition-based orthogonal initialization (PDOI-R) algorithm, which can identify the low intrinsic dimension within the Stiefel Manifold and stabilize the training process. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in multiple downstream tasks, showcasing its generality. The simple method can help existing state-of-the-art models achieve better performance.

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Data-Driven Structural Fire Risk Prediction for City Properties

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