United States

Background
Major depressive disorder is a relatively common comorbidity among patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). However, it is not clear if its impact on the outcomes of cardiovascular diseases is modified by other coexisting conditions. We aimed to stratify the differences in outcomes, based on certain high-risk behaviors, between PLWH with and without depression, who have been hospitalized due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Methods
Using the International Classification of Diseases, tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM), we queried the national inpatient sample (NIS) database to identify PLWH who have been hospitalized with AMI from 2010 to 2019. Mortality rate, frequency of home disposition (HD), length of hospital stay (LOS), and total hospital charge (THC) were compared between PLWH with AMI and depression and those without depression. A similar comparison was stratified based on co-existence of sleep disorder (SD), drug abuse (DA), and alcohol dependence (AD).
Results
Data of 1,816,567 admission cases were identified for PLWH, from which 1.8% of patients had a discharge diagnosis of AMI. Of the 29,203 admissions for PLWH with AMI, 10.8% had a diagnosis of depression, 2.7% with a diagnosis of a SD, 44.7% with DA, and 3.7% with AD. Overall, 9.4% of PLWH with AMI died during the hospital stay. Co-existence of depression was associated with a significantly lower mortality rate compared to those without depression (4.9% vs. 9.9%, p&lt;0.0001). Similarly, HD was more frequent among those with depression than those without depression (61.7% vs. 56.9%, p=0.02). The presence of depression was associated with a significantly shorter LOS (6.2 days vs. 7.8 days, p=0.003) and lower THC ($94,385.2 vs. $114,808.7, p=0.01). Among PLWH with AMI and depression, the co-existence of SD was associated with a lower prevalence of HD while co-existence of DA was associated with a higher frequency of HD. Co-existence of DA was also associated with a shorter LOS and lower THC among the cohorts of PLWH and AMI with and without depression. Such a pattern was not significantly different between the same cohort based on AD.
Conclusion
PLWH who are hospitalized due to AMI have a lower mortality rate in the presence of depression, sleep disorder, drug abuse, and alcohol dependence. However, co-existence of these comorbidities is associated with variable impact on the chance of home disposition, length of stay, and hospital charge.


AMA Research Challenge 2023

Paradoxical Effect of Depression on the Outcomes of Patients Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH) who were Hospitalized due to Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Retrospective Analysis of the National Inpatient Sample Database Between 2010 and 2019

Background
Major depressive disorder is a relatively common comorbidity among patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). However, it is not clear if its impact on the outcomes of cardiovascular diseases is modified by other coexisting conditions. We aimed to stratify the differences in outcomes, based on certain high-risk behaviors, between PLWH with and without depression, who have been hospitalized due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Methods
Using the International Classification of Diseases, tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM), we queried the national inpatient sample (NIS) database to identify PLWH who have been hospitalized with AMI from 2010 to 2019. Mortality rate, frequency of home disposition (HD), length of hospital stay (LOS), and total hospital charge (THC) were compared between PLWH with AMI and depression and those without depression. A similar comparison was stratified based on co-existence of sleep disorder (SD), drug abuse (DA), and alcohol dependence (AD).
Results
Data of 1,816,567 admission cases were identified for PLWH, from which 1.8% of patients had a discharge diagnosis of AMI. Of the 29,203 admissions for PLWH with AMI, 10.8% had a diagnosis of depression, 2.7% with a diagnosis of a SD, 44.7% with DA, and 3.7% with AD. Overall, 9.4% of PLWH with AMI died during the hospital stay. Co-existence of depression was associated with a significantly lower mortality rate compared to those without depression (4.9% vs. 9.9%, p<0.0001). Similarly, HD was more frequent among those with depression than those without depression (61.7% vs. 56.9%, p=0.02). The presence of depression was associated with a significantly shorter LOS (6.2 days vs. 7.8 days, p=0.003) and lower THC ($94,385.2 vs. $114,808.7, p=0.01). Among PLWH with AMI and depression, the co-existence of SD was associated with a lower prevalence of HD while co-existence of DA was associated with a higher frequency of HD. Co-existence of DA was also associated with a shorter LOS and lower THC among the cohorts of PLWH and AMI with and without depression. Such a pattern was not significantly different between the same cohort based on AD.
Conclusion
PLWH who are hospitalized due to AMI have a lower mortality rate in the presence of depression, sleep disorder, drug abuse, and alcohol dependence. However, co-existence of these comorbidities is associated with variable impact on the chance of home disposition, length of stay, and hospital charge.

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Background: Bariatric surgery (BS) has proved to reduce comorbidity burden among patients with established cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, its impact on mortality and hospital outcomes remains to be investigated among this population of patients.
Methods: National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was queried to identify admission cases with CVD during 2019. Mortality rate and hospital outcomes were compared according to the types of CVD and history of BS.
Results: Out of 7,803,805 hospitalizations during 2019, data of 38,354 patients with a history of BS was stratified according to the types of CVD (Table1). History of BS was associated with lower mortality among all CVD subtypes. However, its impact on reducing the length of stay was only statistically significant among established cases of heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular diseases, and aortic dissection/aneurysm. Regardless, previous BS was not associated with lower cost of hospitalization among patients admitted with CVD. Among BS procedures, sleeve gastrectomy played a more beneficial role than gastric bypass among CVD patients.
Conclusion: Bariatric surgery is associated with reduced mortality and length of hospitalization among patients with established CVD with sleeve gastrectomy having a more desirable outcome. However, its impact on acute cases of CVD such as myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident remains unclear. 


Bariatric Surgery is Associated with Better Outcomes Among Hospitalized Patients with Established Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States: An Insight from the National Inpatient Sample Data 2019

Background: Sleep disorder (SD) is a common condition in patients suffering cardiovascular conditions. However, its impact on the outcome of certain cardiac events and in the context of co-existing depression has not been studied.
Hypothesis: We wanted to investigate if SD and associated comorbidities affect the outcomes of hospitalized patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Methods: Using the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD-10) codes, we identified admission cases with AMI and SD from the national inpatient sample dataset from 2016 to 2019. Related comorbidities such as depression, drug abuse (DA), and alcohol-related disorders (AD) were also identified using the same approach. Weighted data was analyzed to cross tabulate the mortality rate and frequency of home disposition according to the SD and related comorbidities. A student t-test was also performed to compare the length of hospital stay and total hospital charge between different cohorts of AMI patients.
Results: Data pertinent to 4,483,509 admission cases with AMI was analyzed from 2016 to 2019. Of this, 507,825 patients (11.3%) had a diagnosis of SD, 426,350 patients had depression (9.5%), 919,645 patients (20.5%) had DA, and 174,395 patients (3.9%) had AD. Overall, 362,290 patients (8.1%) died. Mortality rate was significantly higher among AMI patients without SD than in those with SD (8.5% vs. 5.1%, p<0.0001). Among AMI patients with SD, mortality rate and cost of hospitalization was significantly higher in those without depression than in those with depression. On the contrary, AMI patients with SD and depression had a longer LOS and were less likely to be discharged home than AMI patients with SD but without depression. While co-existing DA had a similar effect on these outcome measures as depression, the presence of AD did not affect the mortality rate but reversed other endpoints in AMI patients with SD.
Conclusion: Co-existence of sleep disorder and related comorbidities (depression, drug abuse, and alcohol-related disorder) among patients hospitalized with AMI variably affects the length of stay, hospital charge, destination outcome, and mortality rate. Such paradoxical role play might highlight the variation in other risky behaviors or optimized management among hospitalized AMI patients.

Association of Sleep Disorder with Hospital Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction in the United States from 2016 to 2019

Introduction
In the thrombolytic era, WHO defined a MI as having 2 out of 3 features of chest pain, ST elevation, and enzyme elevation. These definitions have evolved with the advent of coronary angiography, myocardial imaging, and highly sensitive cardiac enzymes. It is unclear about the proportion of MI patients who have these features in a contemporary setting. We analyzed the MUSC STEMI-Activation database to characterize the presentations of STEMI during 2009-2022.
Method
Medical record of 1113 STEMI activation from 2009-2022 was analyzed using these definitions: 
1) Clinical STEMI- chest pain, diaphoresis, acute dyspnea, and/or cardiac arrest. 
2) EKG STEMI- ST elevation on EKG, new LBBB, reciprocal changes of posterior MI
3) Enzymatic STEMI- rise and fall of hsTroponin (> 10,000 units)
4) Angiographic STEMI-acute culprit vessel identified on angiogram
5) All four features of STEMI-1+2+3+4
Result
There were 1113 consecutive patients identified in the database. The average age was 60 +12.8 years , and they were 70.8% male. Risk factors included hypertension 69.3%, smoking 58.5%, high cholesterol 57.0%, diabetes 30.0%, and chronic kidney disease 10.6%. 
Of the 1113 STEMI activations, 42 (3.8%) patients did not go to the Cath lab (STEMI inactivated). No culprit vessel was detected in 243 patients (22.6%). Of the 1071 patients that went to the Cath lab, angiographic STEMI was detected in 828 patients (77.3%). The culprit vessels were LAD (41.1%), RCA (40.7%), LCX (11.4%), and others (6.8 %). 
Using Angiographic STEMI as the gold standard (n=828), Clinical STEMI was seen in 94.6%, Enzymatic STEMI in 55.8%, and EKG STEMI in 93.0% of this patient population. WHO-defined MI ( 2/3 criteria ) was noted in 776 patients (93.7%). All 4 features of STEMI were noted in only 50.7%.
Conclusion
After STEMI activation, Angiographic STEMI was noted in only 77.3% of cases. WHO defined MI was seen in 93.7% of patients with angiographic STEMI, and all 4 features were seen in 50.7% of patients. Clinical and EKG criteria appeared to be the best predictor of angiographic STEMI. 


Contemporary Patterns of Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting with ST- Elevation Myocardial Infarction

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Primary Care Intervention Improves Hypertension Outcomes in Urban Indian Slums

Nocturia, defined as waking to void during the hours of intended sleep, is a prevalent urologic complaint associated with non-urological conditions in both sexes. Hypertension (HTN) is among the most common associated condition in adults. Accordingly, nocturia has been proposed as a useful method to screen for HTN. Although nocturia is common in children, the relationship between blood pressure (BP) and nocturia has not been studied in the pediatric population. The objectives of this study were to determine the relation between HTN and nocturia in adolescents and to compare self-reported frequency to nocturnal voiding-diary frequencies. 100 patients aged 10-18 years were recruited. Demographic data and conventional BPs were measured. BP elevation and HTN stages were determined according to American Academy of Pediatrics height and sex-based tables. Urine collection containers were provided along with standardized nocturnal voiding diary that include times and volumes of urination voids. Voiding-diary data were collected via follow-up phone-call. Nocturia was predefined as >1 voids recorded by voiding diary. Univariate analyses and logistic regression were used to predict the dichotomous variable of nocturia and the dichotomous variable of BP elevation. Thirty-four study participants had HTN. In patients with nocturia, 17 (37.8%) had normal BP and 28 (62.2%) had elevated BP. While 37% patients self-reported waking up to urinate, voiding diaries showed 45% had >1 voids. Self-report and voiding frequencies were significantly correlated (r=.84, p<.05). On univariate analysis, patients with BP elevation were more likely to have nocturia by voiding diary (OR 13.5, 95% CI: 4.8, 38.1) and by self-report (OR 7.1, 95% CI: 3.2, 16.0). On multivariate analysis after adjusting for sex and obesity, the ORs increased (OR 26.2, 95% CI: 6.5, 106.0). Patient with nocturia were more likely to have BP elevation by voiding diary (OR 13.3, CI 4.8, 13.1) and by self-report (OR 11.3, 95% CI: 2.8, 45.4). On multivariate analysis, the likelihood of having BP elevation increased by voiding diary (OR 26.3, 6.5, 106.4) after adjusting for sex and obesity, whereas it was unchanged for nocturia by self-report (OR 8.1,95% CI: 3.2, 20.5). Our data suggest nocturia is common and is strongly related to BP elevation in adolescents. Since there is much lower prevalence of comorbid conditions such as diabetes, urological conditions, and congestive heart failure that are known to cause nocturia in adolescents as compared to adults, fewer confounding variables would strengthen the magnitude of the BP and nocturia link. Self-reported and voiding frequencies were also found to be significantly correlated. The prevalence of nocturia may also be underestimated in the pediatric population. Study findings suggest that history of nocturia can be an inexpensive and simple method of identifying adolescents at higher risk of having HTN.

Relation Between Nocturia and Blood Pressure Elevation in Adolescents

Background: While abnormalities in cardiac, respiratory, and autonomic function are each associated with seizures and sudden death, there is a great need for the development of a robust recording system to capture the concordance between these multi-system changes. Rare episodic health events are often not captured during inpatient hospital stays and require geographic and financial access. This barrier can result in inconclusive or delayed diagnosis and inappropriate treatments. The Equivital Eq02+ Life Monitor vest includes 2 ECG leads, strain gauge for respiratory amplitude/frequency monitoring, 3-axis accelerometry, temperature, and SpO2 plethysmography. It provides a potential out-of-hospital tool to capture rare health events and simultaneous multi-system parameters. We aimed to develop a protocol that optimized the comfort and signal quality of the vest and a Bluetooth SpO2 watch. 
Methods: Comfort levels of the vest were determined through a survey prior to the start of the study and upon completion of the study. Battery life, (re-) wetting the electrodes, fitting of the vest, and Bluetooth connectivity were all parameters that were tested to determine optimal signal quality and a protocol for fitting of the vest. 
Results: We tested the feasibility and comfort while wearing the Equivital vest in healthy adults (n=20). 80% of the subjects said they would be willing to wear the vest again, and 67% said they would be willing to wear it for ≥3 days if medically necessary. We tested the signal quality during specific physiological states and across multiple days. At each state, almost all QRS complexes were surrounded by a detected P and T wave. This enabled us to quantify standard ECG metrics of cardiac conduction and repolarization. There were no differences in signal quality when the person wore a vest that fit comfortably vs optimal fit according to the protocol. Additionally, there were no differences in signal quality when the person dampened the electrodes multiple times a day vs at the start of the study.
Conclusions: Feasibility studies indicate that the Equivital vest is comfortable and yields multi-system recordings of high signal quality. This vest may provide a future recording tool to improve access to health care and improve diagnostics.


Development of a Protocol for Multi-System Recordings Using Wearable Technology

Uncovering Subclinical Atherosclerosis: Assessing a Novel Biomarker in Low-Risk Groups

Background: Management of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) can be challenging. The role of ventricular tachycardia ablation (VTA) in cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) has been investigated in small, single-center, and few large observational studies, but the evidence remains scarce.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes of VTA in CS patients admitted with a diagnosis of VT.
Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2010 to 2020. The primary outcome was the presence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), including in-hospital mortality, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, pericardial effusion, vascular complications, hemorrhage requiring transfusion, and ischemic stroke. Propensity score matching was used to minimize confounding effects.
Results: Out of 3,999,906 patients diagnosed with VT, 86,537 (2.2%) underwent VTA, with 1,504 (0.6%) having a secondary diagnosis of CS. In unmatched cohorts, MACCE rates were significantly lower in VTA with CS patients (14.1%) compared to VTA without CS patients (35.0%). The lower MACCE rates in CS patients were attributed to a reduced incidence of in-hospital mortality, acute myocardial infarction, and hemorrhage requiring transfusion. In the propensity-matched analysis, MACCE rates remained significantly lower for VTA in CS patients (14.1% versus 30.8% in matched cohorts).
Conclusion: VTA in CS patients presents unique management challenges. However, catheter ablation appears to be a safer adjunctive treatment modality to antiarrhythmic drugs and immunosuppressive agents in this population. 


Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation in Cardiac Sarcoidosis

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is characterized by several key features, including endothelial dysfunction, the proliferation of atherosclerotic plaques, and alterations in systemic immune responses. In this pseudo-immunocompromised state, relatively ubiquitous latent bacteria and viruses may be reactivated. Up to one-third of the world’s population carries latent tuberculosis (TB), though only 10% of individuals with latent TB progress to active TB disease. Despite the substantial global burden of CVD and TB, there remains a significant research gap, as few population-based studies have systematically investigated the intricate relationship between the two.

Methods: The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was queried from 2012 to 2020 to identify adult TB patients. The primary outcome of this study was to determine the prevalence of CVD among patients with TB. Secondary outcomes were to determine predictors of CVD and mortality among TB patients and the incidence of the need for mechanical ventilation (MV), vasopressor use, acute kidney injury (AKI), sepsis, urinary tract infection (UTI), and transfusion.

Results: TB patients with CVD were older (65.3±0.5 VS 45.3±0.3, P<0.001), with 47.7% of these patients aged >70 years (p<0.001). There was a slightly higher percentage of male TB patients with CVD (21.67% versus 20.62%, p=0.0045). Arrhythmias (9.28%) and ischemic heart disease (8.17%) were the prevalent cardiovascular manifestations in TB patients (p<0.001). Chronic dialysis (aOR=2.16, 95%CI 1.437–3.250, p<0.001), chronic lung disease (aOR=1.77, 95%CI 1.519-2.068, p<0.001), and dyslipidemia (aOR=1.77, 95%CI 1.531-2.049, p<0.001) were the leading predictors of CVD in TB patients. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance (aOR=3.27, 95%CI 2.373-4.517, p<0.001) and coagulopathy (aOR=3.05, 95%CI 1.897-4.893, p<0.001) were the leading predictors of mortality in TB patients. CVD patients with TB had a higher risk for mortality than CVD patients without TB (aOR=6.17, 95% CI 4.255-8.949, p<0.001). CVD patients with TB also generally had a higher likelihood for in-hospital clinical outcomes such as the need for MCS, vasopressor use, sepsis, UTI, and transfusion than CVD patients without TB.

Conclusion: Overall, older age and male sex were linked with a higher prevalence of CVD among TB patients. Chronic dialysis and fluid and electrolyte imbalances were the leading predictors of CVD and mortality among TB patients, respectively. TB was linked with higher mortality risks among CVD patients and a higher likelihood of in-hospital clinical outcomes.

Tuberculosis and Cardiovascular Disease Perspectives from the National Inpatient Sample

Increased left ventricular mass has been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes including incident cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation. Such associations have been studied in relation to total left ventricular hypertrophy, although the regional distribution of myocardial hypertrophy is extremely variable and may impact clinical outcomes. The clinical significant and genetic associations of this variability require further study. Here, we use deep learning derived phenotypes of disproportionate patterns of hypertrophy, such as apical hypertrophy and septal hypertrophy, to study genome-wide and clinical associations in addition to and independent from total left ventricular mass within 35,268 UK Biobank participants. Adjusting for total left ventricular mass, apical hypertrophy is associated with elevated risk for cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation, and the risk for cardiomyopathy was increased for subjects with increased apical or septal mass even in the absence of global hypertrophy. We identified three unique associations with increased apical mass and three additional unique associations with increased septal mass.

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Bariatric Surgery is Associated with Better Outcomes Among Hospitalized Patients with Established Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States: An Insight from the National Inpatient Sample Data 2019

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