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Graph neural networks are a promising architecture for learning and inference with graph-structured data. Yet, how to generate informative, fixed dimensional features for graphs with varying size and topology can still be challenging. Typically, this is achieved through graph-pooling, which summarizes a graph by compressing all its nodes into a single vector. Is such a â€œcollapsing-styleâ€ graph-pooling the only choice for graph classification? From complex system&#39;s point of view, properties of a complex system arise largely from the interaction among its components. Therefore, we speculate that preserving the interacting relation between parts, instead of pooling them together, could benefit system level prediction. To verify this, we propose SLIM, a graph neural network model for Structural Landmarking and Interaction Modelling. The main idea is to compute a set of end-to-end optimizable sub-structure landmarks, so that any input graph can be projected onto these (spatially) local structural representatives for a faithful, global characterization. By doing so, explicit interaction between component parts of a graph can be leveraged directly in generating discriminative graph representation. Encouraging results are observed on benchmark datasets for graph classification, demonstrating the value of interaction modelling in the design of graph neural networks.

AAAI 2022

Structural Landmarking and Interaction Modelling: A “SLIM” Network for Graph Classification

Graph neural networks are a promising architecture for learning and inference with graph-structured data. Yet, how to generate informative, fixed dimensional features for graphs with varying size and topology can still be challenging. Typically, this is achieved through graph-pooling, which summarizes a graph by compressing all its nodes into a single vector. Is such a â€œcollapsing-styleâ€ graph-pooling the only choice for graph classification? From complex system's point of view, properties of a complex system arise largely from the interaction among its components. Therefore, we speculate that preserving the interacting relation between parts, instead of pooling them together, could benefit system level prediction. To verify this, we propose SLIM, a graph neural network model for Structural Landmarking and Interaction Modelling. The main idea is to compute a set of end-to-end optimizable sub-structure landmarks, so that any input graph can be projected onto these (spatially) local structural representatives for a faithful, global characterization. By doing so, explicit interaction between component parts of a graph can be leveraged directly in generating discriminative graph representation. Encouraging results are observed on benchmark datasets for graph classification, demonstrating the value of interaction modelling in the design of graph neural networks.

technical paper

The purpose of the AAAI conference is to promote research in artificial intelligence (AI) and scientific exchange among AI researchers, practitioners, scientists, and engineers in affiliated disciplines. 

Optimizing the combustion efficiency of a thermal power generating unit (TPGU) is a highly challenging and critical task in the energy industry. We develop a new data-driven AI system, namely DeepThermal, to optimize the combustion control strategy for TPGUs. At its core, is a new model-based offline reinforcement learning (RL) framework, called MORE, which leverages historical operational data of a TGPU to solve a highly complex constrained Markov decision process problem via purely offline training. In DeepThermal, we first learn a data-driven combustion process simulator from the offline dataset. The RL agent of MORE is then trained by combining real historical data as well as carefully filtered and processed simulation data through a novel restrictive exploration scheme. DeepThermal has been successfully deployed in four large coal-fired thermal power plants in China. Real-world experiments show that DeepThermal effectively improves the combustion efficiency of TPGUs. We also report the superior performance of MORE by comparing with the state-of-the-art algorithms on the standard offline RL benchmarks.

DeepThermal: Combustion Optimization for Thermal Power Generating Units Using Offline Reinforcement Learning

Traditionally, when recommender systems are formalized as multi-armed bandits, the policy of the recommender system influences the rewards accrued, but not the length of interaction. However, in real-world systems, dissatisfied users may depart (and never come back). In this work, we propose a novel multi-armed bandit setup that captures such policy-dependent horizons. Our setup consists of a finite set of user types, and multiple arms with Bernoulli payoffs.
Each (user type, arm) tuple corresponds to an (unknown) reward probability. Each user's type is initially unknown 
and can only be inferred through their response to recommendations. Moreover, if a user is dissatisfied with their recommendation, they might depart the system. We first address the case where all users share the same type, 
demonstrating that a recent UCB-based algorithm is optimal. We then move forward to the more challenging case,
where users are divided among two types. While naive approaches cannot handle this setting, 
we provide an efficient learning algorithm that achieves O(sqrt(T)ln(T)) regret, where T is the number of users.

Modeling Attrition in Recommender Systems with Departing Bandits

Goal-achieving problems are puzzles that set up a specific situation with a clear objective. An example that is well-studied is the category of life-and-death (L&D) problems for Go, which helps players hone their skill of identifying region safety. Many previous methods like lambda search try null moves first, then derive so-called relevance zones (RZs), outside of which the opponent does not need to search. This paper first proposes a novel RZ-based approach, called the RZ-Based Search (RZS), to solving L&D problems for Go. RZS tries moves before determining whether they are null moves post-hoc. This means we do not need to rely on null move heuristics, resulting in a more elegant algorithm, so that it can also be seamlessly incorporated into AlphaZero's super-human level play in our solver. To repurpose AlphaZero for solving, we also propose a new training method called Faster to Life (FTL), which modifies AlphaZero to entice it to win more quickly. We use RZS and FTL to solve L&D problems on Go, namely solving 68 among 106 problems from a professional L&D book while a previous state-of-the-art program TSUMEGO-EXPLORER solves 11 only. Finally, we discuss that the approach is generic in the sense that RZS is applicable to solving many other goal-achieving problems for board games.

A Novel Approach to Solving Goal-Achieving Problems for Board Games

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents empowered by deep neural networks have been considered a feasible solution to automate control functions in a cyber-physical system. 
 In this work, we consider an RL-based agent and address the issue of learning via continual interaction with a time-varying dynamic system modeled as a non-stationary Markov decision process (MDP). 
 We view such a non-stationary MDP as a time series of conventional MDPs that can be parameterized by hidden variables. To infer the hidden parameters, we present a task decomposition method that exploits CycleGAN-based structure learning. 
 This method enables the separation of time-variant tasks from a non-stationary MDP, establishing the task decomposition embedding specific to time-varying information. 
 To mitigate the adverse effect due to inherent noises of task embedding, we also leverage continual learning on sequential tasks by adapting the orthogonal gradient descent scheme with a sliding window.
 Through various experiments, we demonstrate that our approach renders the RL agent adaptable to time-varying dynamic environment conditions, outperforming other methods including state-of-the-art non-stationary MDP algorithms.

Structure Learning-Based Task Decomposition for Reinforcement Learning In Non-Stationary Environments

In this work, we study the maximin share fairness notion for allocation of indivisible goods in the subadditive and fractionally subadditive settings. While previous work refutes the possibility of obtaining an allocation which is better than 1/2-MMS, the only positive result for the subadditive setting states that when the number of items is equal to m, there always exists an Î©(1/log m)-\MMS allocation. Since the number of items may be larger than the number of agents (n), such a bound can only imply a weak bound of Î©(1/(n log n))-MMS allocation in general.
 
 In this work, we improve this gap exponentially to an Î©(1/(log n log log n))-MMS guarantee. In addition to this, we prove that when the valuation functions are fractionally subadditive, a 1/4.6-MMS allocation is guaranteed to exist. This also improves upon the previous bound of 1/5-MMS guarantee for the fractionally subadditive setting.

Improved Maximin Guarantees for Subadditive and Fractionally Subadditive Fair Allocation Problem

Singing voice synthesis (SVS) systems are built to synthesize high-quality and expressive singing voice, in which the acoustic model generates the acoustic features (e.g., mel-spectrogram) given a music score. Previous singing acoustic models adopt a simple loss (e.g., L1 and L2) or generative adversarial network (GAN) to reconstruct the acoustic features, while they suffer from over-smoothing and unstable training issues respectively, which hinder the naturalness of synthesized singing. 
In this work, we propose DiffSinger, an acoustic model for SVS based on the diffusion probabilistic model. DiffSinger is a parameterized Markov chain that iteratively converts the noise into mel-spectrogram conditioned on the music score. By implicitly optimizing variational bound, DiffSinger can be stably trained and generate realistic outputs. 
To further improve the voice quality and speed up inference, we introduce a shallow diffusion mechanism to make better use of the prior knowledge learned by the simple loss. Specifically, DiffSinger starts generation at a shallow step smaller than the total number of diffusion steps, according to the intersection of the diffusion trajectories of the ground-truth mel-spectrogram and the one predicted by a simple mel-spectrogram decoder. Besides, we propose boundary prediction methods to locate the intersection and determine the shallow step adaptively.
The evaluations conducted on a Chinese singing dataset demonstrate that DiffSinger outperforms state-of-the-art SVS work. Extensional experiments also prove the generalization of our methods on text-to-speech task (DiffSpeech). Audio samples: https://diffsinger.github.io. Codes: https://github.com/MoonInTheRiver/DiffSinger.

DiffSinger: Singing Voice Synthesis via Shallow Diffusion Mechanism

In object re-identification (ReID), the development of deep learning techniques often involves model updates and deployment. It is unbearable to re-embedding and re-index with the system suspended when deploying new models. Therefore, backward-compatible representation is proposed to enable ``new'' features to be compared with ``old'' features directly, which means that the database is active when there are both ``new'' and ``old'' features in it. Thus we can scroll-refresh the database or even do nothing on the database to update. 

The existing backward-compatible methods either require a strong overlap between old and new training data or simply conduct constraints at the instance level. Thus they are difficult in handling complicated cluster structures and are limited in eliminating the impact of outliers in old embeddings, resulting in a risk of damaging the discriminative capability of new features.  In this work, we propose a Neighborhood Consensus Contrastive Learning (NCCL) method. With no assumptions about the new training data, we estimate the sub-cluster structures of old embeddings. A new embedding is constrained with multiple old embeddings in both embedding space and discrimination space at the sub-class level. The effect of outliers diminished, as the multiple samples serve as ``mean teachers''. Besides, we propose a scheme to filter the old embeddings with low credibility, further improving the compatibility robustness. Our method ensures the compatibility without impairing the accuracy of the new model. It can even improve the new model's accuracy in most scenarios.

Neighborhood Consensus Contrastive Learning for Backward-Compatible Representation

The recent advance in deep generative models outlines a promising perspective in the realm of Zero-Shot Learning (ZSL).  Most generative ZSL methods use category semantic attributes plus a Gaussian noise to generate visual features. After generating unseen samples, this family of approaches effectively transforms the ZSL problem into a supervised classification scheme. However, the existing models use a single semantic attribute, which contains the complete attribute information of the category. The generated data also carry the complete attribute information, but in reality, visual samples usually have limited attributes. Therefore, the generated data from attribute could have incomplete semantics. Based on this fact, we propose a novel framework to boost ZSL by synthesizing diverse features. This method uses augmented semantic attributes to train the generative model, so as to simulate the real distribution of visual features. We evaluate the proposed model on four benchmark datasets, observing significant performance improvement against the state-of-the-art.

Boosting Generative Zero-Shot Learning by Synthesizing Diverse Features with Attribute Augmentation

k-center is one of the most popular clustering models. While it admits a simple 2-approximation in polynomial time in general metrics, the Euclidean version is NP-hard to approximate within a factor of 1.93, even in the plane, if one insists the dependence on k in the running time be polynomial. Without this restriction, a classic algorithm yields a 2^{O((klog k)/{epsilon})}dn-time (1+epsilon)-approximation for Euclidean k-center, where d is the dimension.
 
 In this work, we give a faster algorithm for small dimensions: roughly speaking an O^*(2^{O((1/epsilon)^{O(d)} k^{1-1/d} log k)})-time (1+epsilon)-approximation. In particular, the running time is roughly O^*(2^{O((1/epsilon)^{O(1)}sqrt{k}log k)}) in the plane. We complement our algorithmic result with a matching hardness lower bound. 
 
 We also consider a well-studied generalization of k-center, called Non-uniform k-center (NUkC), where we allow different radii clusters. NUkC is NP-hard to approximate within any factor, even in the Euclidean case. We design a 2^{O(klog k)}n^2 time 3-approximation for NUkC, and a 2^{O((klog k)/epsilon)}dn time (1+\epsilon)-approximation for Euclidean NUkC. The latter time bound matches the bound for k-center.

Parameterized Approximation Algorithms for k-Center Clustering and Variants

Low-light image enhancement (LLE) remains challenging due to the unfavorable prevailing low-contrast and weak-visibility problems of single RGB images. In this paper, we respond to the intriguing learning-related question -- if leveraging both accessible unpaired over/underexposed images and high-level semantic guidance, can improve the performance of cutting-edge LLE models? Here, we propose an effective semantically contrastive learning paradigm for LLE (namely SCL-LLE). Beyond the existing LLE wisdom, it casts the image enhancement task as multi-task joint learning, where LLE is converted into three constraints of contrastive learning, semantic brightness consistency, and feature preservation for simultaneously ensuring the exposure, texture, and color consistency. SCL-LLE allows the LLE model to learn from unpaired positives (normal-light)/negatives (over/underexposed), and enables it to interact with the scene semantics to regularize the image enhancement network, yet the interaction of high-level semantic knowledge and the low-level signal prior is seldom investigated in previous methods. Training on readily available open data, extensive experiments demonstrate that our method surpasses the state-of-the-arts LLE models over six independent cross-scenes datasets. Moreover, SCL-LLE's potential to benefit the downstream semantic segmentation under extremely dark conditions is discussed. Source Code: https://github.com/LingLIx/SCL-LLE.

Structural Landmarking and Interaction Modelling: A “SLIM” Network for Graph Classification

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Structural Landmarking and Interaction Modelling: A “SLIM” Network for Graph Classification

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DeepThermal: Combustion Optimization for Thermal Power Generating Units Using Offline Reinforcement Learning

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RESOURCES

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