United States

The daily practice of sharing images on social media raises a severe issue about privacy leakage. To address the issue, privacy-leaking image detection is studied recently, with the goal to automatically identify images that may leak privacy. Recent advance on this task benefits from focusing on crucial objects via pretrained object detectors and modeling their correlation. However, these methods have two limitations: 1) they neglect other important elements like scenes, textures, and objects beyond the capacity of pretrained object detectors. 2) the correlation among objects is fixed, but a fixed correlation is not appropriate for all the images. To overcome the limitations, we propose the Dynamic Region-Aware Graph Convolutional Network (DRAG) that dynamically finds out crucial regions including objects and other important elements, and model their correlation adaptively for each input image. To find out crucial regions, we cluster spatially-correlated feature channels into several region-aware feature maps. Furthermore, we dynamically model the correlation with the self-attention mechanism and explore the interaction among the regions with a graph convolutional network. The DRAG achieved an accuracy of 87% on the largest dataset for privacy-leaking image detection, which is 10 percentage points higher than the state of the art. The further case study demonstrates that it found out crucial regions containing not only objects but other important elements like textures. The code and more details are in https://github.com/guang-yanng/DRAG.

AAAI 2022

DRAG: Dynamic Region-Aware GCN for Privacy-Leaking Image Detection

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-23 is the Thirty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The theme of this conference is to create collaborative bridges within and beyond AI. Like previous AAAI conferences, AAAI-23 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and two new activities: a Bridge Program and a Lab Program. Many of these activities are tailored to the theme of bridges and all are selected according to the highest standards, with additional programs for students and young researchers. 
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AAAI 2023

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines.

technical paper

The purpose of the AAAI conference is to promote research in artificial intelligence (AI) and scientific exchange among AI researchers, practitioners, scientists, and engineers in affiliated disciplines. 

Human child trafficking has become a global epidemic with over 10 million children forced into labor or prostitution. In this paper, we propose the ChildrEN SafEty and Rescue (CENSER) system used by the Guria non-profit organization to retrieve trafficked children from brothels in India. The CENSER system is formed of the proposed Memory Augmented ScatterNet ResNet Hybrid (MSRHN) network trained on three databases containing images of trafficked children at different ages, their kins, and their sketches. The CENSER system encodes the input image of a child using the proposed Memory Augmented ScatterNet ResNet Hybrid (MSRHN) network and queries the encoding with the (i) Age, (ii) Kinship, and (iii) Sketch databases to establish the child's identity. The CENSER system can also predict if a child is a minor, which is used along with their identity to convince law enforcement to initiate the rescue operation. The MSRHN network is pre-trained on the KinFace database and then fine-tuned on the three databases. The performance of the proposed model is compared with several state-of-the-art methods.

ChildrEN SafEty and Rescue (CENSER) System for Trafficked Children from Brothels in India

Multilingual neural machine translation architectures mainly differ in the number of sharing modules and parameters applied among languages. In this paper, and from an algorithmic perspective, we explore whether the chosen architecture, when trained with the same data, influences the level of gender bias. Experiments conducted in three language pairs show that language-specific encoder-decoders exhibit less bias than the shared architecture. We propose two methods for interpreting and studying gender bias in machine translation based on source embeddings and attention. Our analysis shows that, in the language-specific case, the embeddings encode more gender information, and their attention is more diverted. Both behaviors help in mitigating gender bias.

Interpreting Gender Bias in Neural Machine Translation: Multilingual Architecture Matters

Object detection in high-resolution satellite imagery is emerging as a scalable alternative to on-the-ground survey data collection in many environmental and socioeconomic monitoring applications. However, performing object detection over large geographies can still be prohibitively expensive due to the high cost of purchasing imagery and compute. Inspired by traditional survey data collection strategies, we propose an approach to estimate object count statistics over large geographies through sampling. Given a cost budget, our method selects a small number of representative areas by sampling from a learnable proposal distribution. Using importance sampling, we are able to accurately estimate object counts after processing only a small fraction of the images compared to an exhaustive approach. We show empirically that the proposed framework achieves strong performance on estimating the number of buildings in the United States and Africa, cars in Kenya, brick kilns in Bangladesh, and swimming pools in the U.S., while requiring as few as 0.01% of satellite images compared to an exhaustive approach.

IS-Count: Large-Scale Object Counting from Satellite Images with Covariate-Based Importance Sampling

Air pollution is one of the leading causes of mortality globally, resulting in millions of deaths each year. Efficient monitoring is important to measure exposure and enforce legal limits. New low-cost sensors can be deployed in greater numbers and in more varied locations, motivating the problem of efficient automated placement. Previous work suggests Bayesian optimisation is an appropriate method, but only considered a satellite data set, with data aggregated over all altitudes. It is ground-level pollution, that humans breathe, which matters most. We improve on those results using hierarchical models and evaluate our models on urban pollution data in London to show that Bayesian optimisation can be successfully applied to the problem.

Bayesian Optimisation for Active Monitoring of Air Pollution

Fairness related to locations (i.e., "where") is critical for the use of machine learning in a variety of societal domains involving spatial datasets (e.g., agriculture, disaster response, urban planning). 
Spatial biases incurred by learning, if left unattended, may cause or exacerbate unfair distribution of resources, social division, spatial disparity, etc. The goal of this work is to develop statistically-robust formulations and model-agnostic learning strategies to understand and promote spatial fairness. The problem is challenging as locations are often from continuous spaces with no well-defined categories (e.g., gender), and statistical conclusions from spatial data are fragile to changes in spatial partitionings and scales. Existing studies in fairness-driven learning have generated valuable insights related to non-spatial factors including race, gender, education level, etc., but research to mitigate location-related biases still remains in its infancy, leaving the main challenges unaddressed. To bridge the gap, we first propose a robust space-as-distribution (SPAD) representation of spatial fairness to reduce statistical sensitivity related to partitioning and scales in continuous space. Furthermore, we propose a new SPAD-based stochastic strategy to efficiently optimize over an extensive distribution of fairness criteria, and a bi-level training framework to enforce fairness via adaptive adjustment of priorities among locations. Experiments on real-world crop monitoring show that SPAD can effectively reduce sensitivity in fairness evaluation and the stochastic bi-level training framework can greatly improve the fairness.

Fairness by "Where": A Statistically-Robust and Model-Agnostic Bi-Level Learning Framework

High-resolution daytime satellite imagery has become a promising source to study economic activities. These images display detailed terrain over large areas and allow zooming into smaller neighborhoods. Existing methods, however, have utilized images only in a single-level geographical unit. This research presents a deep learning model to predict economic indicators via aggregating traits observed from multiple levels of geographical units. The model first measures hyperlocal economy over small communities via ordinal regression. The next step extracts district-level features by summarizing interconnection among hyperlocal economies. In the final step, the model estimates economic indicators of districts via aggregating the hyperlocal and district information. Our new multi-level learning model substantially outperforms strong baselines in predicting key indicators such as population, purchasing power, and energy consumption. The model is also robust against data shortage; the trained features from one country can generalize to other countries when evaluated with data gathered from Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. We discuss the multi-level model's implications for measuring inequality, which is the essential first step in policy and social science research on inequality and poverty.

Learning Economic Indicators by Aggregating Multi-Level Geospatial Information

Deep learning has the potential to automate many clinically useful tasks in medical imaging. However translation of deep learning into clinical practice has been hindered by issues such as lack of the transparency and interpretability in these ``black box'' algorithms compared to traditional statistical methods. Specifically, many clinical deep learning models lack rigorous and robust techniques for conveying certainty (or lack thereof) in their predictions -- ultimately limiting their appeal for extensive use in medical decision-making. Furthermore, numerous demonstrations of algorithmic bias have increased hesitancy towards deployment of deep learning for clinical applications. To this end, we explore how conformal predictions can complement existing deep learning approaches by providing an intuitive way of expressing uncertainty while facilitating greater transparency to clinical users. In this paper, we conduct field interviews with radiologists to assess possible use-cases for conformal predictors. Using insights gathered from these interviews, we devise two clinical use-cases and empirically evaluate several methods of conformal predictions on a dermatology photography dataset for skin lesion classification. We show how to modify conformal predictions to be more adaptive to subgroup differences in patient skin tones through equalized coverage. Finally, we compare conformal prediction against measures of epistemic uncertainty.

Fair Conformal Predictors for Applications in Medical Imaging

This work studies the task of glossification, of which the aim is to em transcribe natural spoken language sentences for the Deaf (hard-of-hearing) community to ordered sign language glosses. Previous sequence-to-sequence language models trained with paired sentence-gloss data often fail to capture the rich connections between the two distinct languages, leading to unsatisfactory transcriptions. We observe that despite different grammars, glosses effectively simplify sentences for the ease of deaf communication, while sharing a large portion of vocabulary with sentences. This has motivated us to implement glossification by executing a collection of editing actions, e.g. word addition, deletion, and copying, called editing programs, on their natural spoken language counterparts. Specifically, we design a new neural agent that learns to synthesize and execute editing programs, conditioned on sentence contexts and partial editing results. The agent is trained to imitate minimal editing programs, while exploring more widely the program space via policy gradients to optimize sequence-wise transcription quality. Results show that our approach outperforms previous glossification models by a large margin,  improving the BLEU-4 score from 16.45 to 18.89 on RWTH-PHOENIX-WEATHER-2014T and from 18.38 to 21.30 on CSL-Daily.

Transcribing Natural Languages for The Deaf via Neural Editing Programs

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide. A robotic system performing autonomous breast palpation can make a significant impact on the related health sector worldwide. However, robot programming for breast palpating with different geometries is very complex and unsolved. Robot learning from demonstrations (LfD) reduces the programming time and cost. However, the available LfD are lacking the modelling of the manipulation path/trajectory as an explicit function of the visual sensory information. This paper presents a novel approach to manipulation path/trajectory planning called deep Movement Primitives that successfully generates the movements of a manipulator to reach a breast phantom and perform the palpation. We show the effectiveness of our approach by a series of real-robot experiments of reaching and palpating a breast phantom. The experimental results indicate our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art method.

Deep Movement Primitives: Toward Breast Cancer Examination Robot

Our research aims to reduce the cost of pressure sensor calibration through machine learning. Pressure sensor calibration is a standard process whereby freshly manufactured pressure sensors are subjected to various controlled temperature and pressure setpoints to compute a mapping between the sensor's output and true pressure. Traditionally this mapping is calculated by fitting a polynomial with calibration data. Obtaining this data is costly since a large spectrum of temperature and pressure setpoints are required to model the sensor's behavior.
 
 We present a machine learning approach to predict a pre-defined calibration polynomial's parameters while requiring only one-third of the calibration data. Our method learns a pattern from past calibration sessions to predict the calibration polynomial's parameters from partial calibration setpoints for any newly manufactured sensor. We design a novel polynomial hypernetwork coupled with Fourier features and a weighted loss to solve this problem. We perform extensive evaluations and show that the current industry-standard method fails under similar conditions. In contrast, our approach saves two-thirds of the calibration time and cost. Furthermore, we conduct comprehensive ablations to study the effect of Fourier mapping and weighted loss. Code and a novel calibration dataset validated by calibration engineers are also made public.

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ChildrEN SafEty and Rescue (CENSER) System for Trafficked Children from Brothels in India

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ERASER: AdvERsArial Sensitive Element Remover for Image Privacy Preservation

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