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Attention computes the dependency between representations, and it encourages the model to focus on the important selective features. Attention-based models, such as Transformer and graph attention network (GAT), are widely utilized for sequential data and graph-structured data. This paper suggests a new interpretation and generalized structure of the attention in Transformer and GAT. For the attention in Transformer and GAT, we derive that the attention is a product of two parts: 1) the RBF kernel to measure the similarity of two instances and 2) the exponential of L2 norm to compute the importance of individual instances. From this decomposition, we generalize the attention in three ways. First, we propose implicit kernel attention with an implicit kernel function instead of manual kernel selection. Second, we generalize L2 norm as the Lp norm. Third, we extend our attention to structured multi-head attention. Our generalized attention shows better performance on classification, translation, and regression tasks.

AAAI 2021

Implicit Kernel Attention

### Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Welcome to the 2025 meeting of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics! I am proud to help organize the first NAACL conference to carry the new name of our organization, one that emphasizes inclusion for all of the Americas. I am also pleased to welcome you to Albuquerque, New Mexico, a state whose unique blend of cultural influences will make for an excellent backdrop for NAACL 2025, especially with this year’s special theme on NLP in a Multicultural World. 
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NAACL 2025

Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

technical paper

The purpose of the AAAI conference is to promote research in artificial intelligence (AI) and scientific exchange among AI researchers, practitioners, scientists, and engineers in affiliated disciplines. 

Unsupervised active learning has been an active research topic in machine learning community, with the purpose of choosing representative samples to be labelled in an unsupervised manner. Previous works usually take the minimization of data reconstruction loss as the criterion to select representative samples which can better approximate original inputs. However, data are often drawn from  low-dimensional subspaces embedded in an arbitrary high-dimensional space in many scenarios, thus it might severely bring in noise if attempting to precisely reconstruct all entries of one observation, leading to a suboptimal solution. In view of this, this paper proposes a novel unsupervised Active Learning model via Subspace Learning, called ALSL. In contrast to previous approaches, ALSL aims to discovery the low-rank structures of  data, and then perform sample selection based on learnt low-rank representations. To this end, we devise two different strategies and propose two corresponding formulations to perform unsupervised active learning with and under low-rank sample representations respectively. Since the proposed formulations involve several non-smooth regularization terms, we develop a simple but effective optimization procedure to solve them. Extensive experiments are performed on five publicly available datasets, and experimental results  demonstrate the proposed first formulation achieves comparable performance with the state-of-the-arts, while the second formulation significantly outperforms them, achieving a 13\% improvement over the second best baseline at most.

Unsupervised Active Learning via Subspace Learning

News recommendation is important for online news services. Existing news recommendation models are usually learned from users' news click behaviors. Usually the behaviors of users with the same sensitive attributes (e.g., genders) have similar patterns and news recommendation models can easily capture these patterns. It may lead to some biases related to sensitive user attributes in the recommendation results, e.g., always recommending sports news to male users, which is unfair since users may not receive diverse news information. In this paper, we propose a  fairness-aware news recommendation approach with decomposed adversarial learning and orthogonality regularization, which can alleviate unfairness in news recommendation brought by the biases of sensitive user attributes.
In our approach, we propose to decompose the user interest model into two components. One component aims to learn a bias-aware user embedding that captures the bias information on sensitive user attributes, and the other aims to learn a bias-free user embedding that only encodes attribute-independent user interest information for fairness-aware news recommendation. In addition, we propose to apply an attribute prediction task to the bias-aware user embedding to enhance its ability on bias modeling, and we apply adversarial learning to the bias-free user embedding to remove the bias information from it. Moreover, we propose an orthogonality regularization method to encourage the bias-free user embeddings to be orthogonal to the bias-aware one to better distinguish the bias-free user embedding from the bias-aware one. For fairness-aware news ranking, we only use the bias-free user embedding. Extensive experiments on benchmark dataset show that our approach can effectively improve fairness in news recommendation with minor performance loss.

Fairness-Aware News Recommendation with Decomposed Adversarial Learning

We argue that the vulnerability of model parameters is of crucial value to the study of model robustness and generalization but little research has been devoted to understanding this matter. In this work, we propose an indicator to measure the robustness of neural network parameters by exploiting their vulnerability via parameter corruption. The proposed indicator describes the maximum loss variation in the non-trivial worst-case scenario under parameter corruption. For practical purposes, we give a gradient-based estimation, which is far more effective than random corruption trials that can hardly induce the worst accuracy degradation. Equipped with theoretical support and empirical validation, we are able to systematically investigate the robustness of different model parameters and reveal vulnerability of deep neural networks that has been rarely paid attention to before. Moreover, we can enhance the models accordingly with the proposed adversarial corruption-resistant training, which not only improves the parameter robustness but also translates into accuracy elevation.

Exploring the Vulnerability of Deep Neural Networks: A Study of Parameter Corruption

Recent studies have witnessed that self-supervised methods based on view synthesis obtain clear progress on multi-view stereo (MVS). However, existing methods rely on the assumption that the corresponding points among different views share the same color, which may not always be true in practice. This may lead to unreliable self-supervised signal and harm the final reconstruction performance. To address the issue, we propose a framework integrated with more reliable supervision guided by semantic co-segmentation and data-augmentation. Specially, we excavate mutual semantic from multi-view images to guide the semantic consistency. And we devise effective data-augmentation mechanism which ensures the transformation robustness by treating the prediction of regular samples as pseudo ground truth to regularize the prediction of augmented samples. Experimental results on DTU dataset show that our proposed methods achieve the state-of-the-art performance among unsupervised methods, and even compete on par with supervised methods. Furthermore, extensive experiments on Tanks&Temples dataset demonstrate the effective generalization ability of the proposed method.

Self-Supervised Multi-View Stereo via Effective Co-Segmentation and Data-Augmentation

As an important research issue in affective computing community, multi-modal emotion recognition has become a hot topic in the last few years. However, almost all existing studies perform multiple binary classification for each emotion with focus on complete time series data. In this paper, we focus on multi-modal emotion recognition in a multi-label scenario. In this scenario, we consider not only the label-to-label dependency, but also the feature-to-label and modality-to-label dependencies. Particularly, we propose a heterogeneous hierarchical message passing network to effectively model above dependencies. Furthermore, we propose a new multi-modal multi-label emotion dataset based on partial time-series content to show predominant generalization of our model. Detailed evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach.

Multi-Modal Multi-Label Emotion Recognition with Heterogeneous Hierarchical Message Passing

Neural Architecture Search (NAS) automates and prospers the design of neural networks. Estimator-based NAS has been proposed recently to model the relationship between architectures and their performance to enable scalable and flexible search. However, existing estimator-based methods encode the architecture into a latent space without considering graph similarity. Ignoring graph similarity in node-based search space may induce a large inconsistency between similar graphs and their distance in the continuous encoding space, leading to inaccurate encoding representation and/or reduced representation capacity that can yield sub-optimal search results. To preserve graph correlation information in encoding, we propose NASGEM which stands for Neural Architecture Search via Graph Embedding Method. NASGEM is driven by a novel graph embedding method equipped with similarity measures to capture the graph topology information. By precisely estimating the graph distance and using an auxiliary Weisfeiler-Lehman kernel to guide the encoding, NASGEM can utilize additional structural information to get more accurate graph representation to improve the search efficiency. GEMNet, a set of networks discovered by NASGEM, consistently outperforms networks crafted by existing search methods in classification tasks, i.e., with 0.4%-3.6% higher accuracy while having 11%- 21% fewer Multiply-Accumulates. We further transfer GEMNet for COCO object detection. In both one-stage and twostage detectors, our GEMNet surpasses its manually-crafted and automatically-searched counterparts.

NASGEM: Neural Architecture Search via Graph Embedding Method

Generalized zero-shot Learning (GZSL) aims to recognize images from either seen or unseen domain, mainly by learning a joint embedding space to associate image features with the corresponding category descriptions. Recent methods have proved that localizing important object regions can effectively bridge the semantic-visual gap. However, these are all based on one-off visual localizers, lacking of interpretability and flexibility. In this paper, we propose a novel Semantic-guided Reinforced Region Embedding (SR2E) network that can localize important objects in the long-term interests to construct semantic-visual embedding space. SR2E consists of Reinforced Region Module (R2M) and Semantic Alignment Module (SAM). First, without the annotated bounding box as supervision, R2M encodes the semantic category guidance into the reward and punishment criteria to teach the localizer serialized region searching. Besides, R2M explores different action spaces during the serialized searching path to avoid local optimal localization, which thereby generates discriminative visual features with less redundancy. Second, SAM preserves the semantic relationship into visual features via semantic-visual alignment and designs a domain detector to alleviate the domain confusion. Experiments on four public benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed SR2E is an effective GZSL method with reinforced embedding space, which obtains averaged 6.1% improvements.

Semantic-Guided Reinforced Region Embedding for Generalized Zero-Shot Learning

Video classification is computationally expensive.  In this paper, we address theproblem of frame selection to reduce the computational cost of video classification.Recent work has successfully leveraged frame selection for long, untrimmed videos,where much of the content is not relevant, and easy to discard. In this work, however,we focus on the more standard short, trimmed video classification problem. Weargue that good frame selection can not only reduce the computational cost of videoclassification but also increase the accuracy by getting rid of frames that are hard toclassify. In contrast to previous work, we propose a method that instead of selectingframes by considering one at a time, considers them jointly. This results in a moreefficient selection, where â€œgood" frames are more effectively distributed over thevideo, like snapshots that tell a story. We call the proposed frame selection SMARTand we test it in combination with different backbone architectures and on multiplebenchmarks (Kinetics [5], Something-something [14], UCF101 [31]). We showthat the SMART frame selection consistently improves the accuracy compared toother frame selection strategies while reducing the computational cost by a factorof 4 to 10 times. Additionally, we show that when the primary goal is recognitionperformance, our selection strategy can improve over recent state-of-the-art modelsand frame selection strategies on various benchmarks (UCF101, HMDB51 [21],FCVID [17], and ActivityNet [4]).

SMART Frame Selection for Action Recognition

Recent progress on weakly supervised object detection (WSOD) is characterized by formulating WSOD as a Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) problem and taking online refinement with the selected region proposals from MIL. However, MIL inclines to select the most discriminative part rather than the entire instance as the top-scoring region proposals, which leads to weak localization capability for weakly supervised object detectors. We attribute this problem to the limited intra-class diversity within a single image. Specifically, due to the lack of annotated bounding boxes, the network tends to focus on the most common parts of each class and neglect the diverse parts of objects. To solve the problem, we introduce a novel Instance Mining with Class Feature Banks (IM-CFB) framework, which includes a Class Feature Banks (CFB) module and a Feature Guided Instance Mining (FGIM) algorithm. Concretely, Class Feature Banks (CFB) consist of sub-banks for each class, which are utilized to collect diversity information from a broader view. At the training stage, the RoI features of reliable region proposals are recorded and updated in the CFB. Then, FGIM leverages the features recorded in the CFB to ameliorate the region proposal selection of the MIL branch. Extensive experiments conducted on two publicly available datasets, Pascal VOC 2007 and 2012, demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. More remarkably, our method achieves 54.3% on mAP and 70.7% on CorLoc on Pascal VOC 2007. When further re-trained by a Fast-RCNN detector, we obtain to-date the best reported mAP and CorLoc of 55.8% and 72.2%, respectively.

Instance Mining with Class Feature Banks for Weakly Supervised Object Detection

Panoptic segmentation that unifies instance segmentation and semantic segmentation has recently attracted increasing attention. While most existing methods focus on designing novel architectures, we steer toward a different perspective: performing automated multi-loss adaptation (named Ada-Segment) on the fly to flexibly adjust multiple training losses over the course of training using a controller trained to capture the learning dynamics. This offers a few advantages: it bypasses manual tuning of the sensitive loss combination, a decisive factor for panoptic segmentation; allows to explicitly model the learning dynamics, and reconcile the learning of multiple objectives (up to ten in our experiments); with an end-to-end architecture, it generalizes to different datasets without the need of re-tuning hyperparameters or re-adjusting the training process laboriously. Our Ada-Segment brings 2.7% panoptic quality (PQ) improvement on COCO val split from the vanilla baseline, achieving the state-of-the-art 48.5% PQ on COCO test-dev split and 32.9% PQ on ADE20K dataset. The extensive ablation studies reveal the ever-changing dynamics throughout the training process, necessitating the incorporation of an automated and adaptive learning strategy as presented in this paper.

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Unsupervised Active Learning via Subspace Learning

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Unsupervised Active Learning via Subspace Learning

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Understanding Attention in Asymmetric Kernel Point of View

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