United States

Military operations, particularly in the littorals, have been contested and challenging. It is imperative to develop tools and methods to help tactical units execute distributed operations. Distributed, collaborative and networked agents have been associated with peer-to-peer models. 
The military operation applications require each tactical unit to prioritize requests, recommend content and services to balance the load of a whole peer-to-peer network without the total knowledge and communication with the whole network, therefore, effectively reduce the operation signatures of individual agents and avoid the detection by the adversaries. This objective can not be achieved using the traditional collaborative filters or distributed bandit algorithms. 

We show innovative collaborative learning agents (CLAs) applied to distributed operations. In a distributed operation, each unit or node is represented as a single CLA. A unit can be a knowledge supplier (e.g., capability or service), or knowledge consumer (e.g., a demand or request from its peer units or environment). When a unit receives a new request, it searches its peer network for the best match to fulfil the request, meanwhile the whole network constantly self-organizes and balances the work load of the nodes, lowers the signatures, and avoids detection. By employing CLAs, we first map the need of lowering operation signatures to a load-balancing problem, then apply lexical link analysis (LLA) and principle of quantum entanglement and superposition into a framework of LLA quantum intelligence game (LLAQIG). LLAQIG optimizes the value of an agent itself and in the same time helps a peer network achieve the Nash Equilibrium and attain the optimal total social welfare. We show a use case and data set for distributed transportation units to handle transportation movement requests. We demonstrate that the resulted newly formed peer groups using LLAQIG have the characteristics of smaller load mean range between peer groups, lower load standard deviation within groups, higher number of unique equipment utilized than other methods and the random configuration. These discovered metrics indicate new peer groups are less likely to be detected with less movement of units within peer groups, therefore maintaining lower operation signatures.

The military tactical units can potentially leverage the results for flexible command and control (C2), organizational structures, and modernization. The peer-to-peer and self-organizing DMO and EABO equipped with CLAs allow units, with traditional warfare capabilities of sensors, platforms, networks, weapons, and emerging technologies, optimize their value or load in an autonomous and self-organizing fashion with smaller footprint.


NAML 2023

Self-Organizing and Load-balancing via Quantum Intelligence Game for Peer-to-Peer Collaborative Learning Agents and Flexible Organizational Structures

llaqig

lla quantum intelligence game

small footprints

association patterns

load-balancing

peer-to-peer network

lexical link analysis

lower signatures

self-organizing

quantum machine learning

data mining

Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific is partnering with AFCEA San Diego chapter to host the workshop.

The NAML workshop is an opportunity for researchers from Navy research and development centers and our partner organizations to exchange technical ideas and to come together as a team.

The goals of NAML are:

* To spread awareness of current machine learning research relevant to Naval applications

* To connect machine learning researchers with experts in military requirements

* To build and strengthen collaborations within the defense research community

**Watch this video to hear about the AFCEA purpose.**

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NAML 2021

poster

### Welcome to the 7th annual workshop on Naval Applications of Machine Learning!

The NAML workshop is an opportunity for researchers from Navy research and development centers and our partner organizations to exchange technical ideas and to come together as a team.

The goals of NAML are:

* To spread awareness of current machine learning research relevant to Naval applications

* To connect machine learning researchers with experts in military requirements

* To build and strengthen collaborations within the defense research community

Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific is partnering with AFCEA San Diego chapter to host the workshop.

**General Chairs:**

Katie Rainey, Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific

Nicole Isoda, Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific<br><br>

<button name="button" onclick="window.open('https://sites.google.com/go.spawar.navy.mil/naml/','blank')">**NAML 2023 Website**</button>

<br><br><br>

To access the site please register [**here**](https://events.r20.constantcontact.com/register/eventReg?oeidk=a07ejmzkc5g71584a82&oseq=&c=&ch=). 

The 7th annual workshop on Naval Applications of Machine Learning is an opportunity for researchers from Navy research and development centers and our partner organizations to exchange technical ideas and to come together as a team. The goals of NAML are to spread awareness of current machine learning research relevant to Naval applications, to connect machine learning researchers with experts in military requirements and to build and strengthen collaborations within the defense research community.


Advanced numerical methods and neural networks are explored as part of a procedure to improve the performance of trained decision trees without requiring access to training, validation, or test data. By using only the information contained within a trained decision tree, a model's performance can be improved by more than 5% over the original trained tree. There are many applications of this technique such as when data may not be retained, where federated learning is employed, or where models are housed on edge devices.

Modeling the Model: Improving Trained Decision Trees Without Access to Data

Icarus is an applied research project aimed at developing a model for deep object detectors from unmanned aerial system (UAS) imagery. We applied edge-based algorithms to a real world task-specific application of passive tracking for littoral unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) from the UAS. The detection algorithm runs on the onboard processor on the UAS which also includes flight controls to follow the detected UUV. A two-stage object detection algorithm, Thundernet, was used to maximize throughput and accuracy on small objects.

Icarus

Jupiter, the Naval Enterprise Data and Analytics Environment, enables Sailors, Marines, and Civilians to integrate, share, and exploit data at speed and scale across the Warfighting, Business, and Readiness pillars for operational advantage and increased efficiency. It enables Artifical Intellegence across the Department of Navy.


Jupiter - Use Cases & Capabilities

Accurate and efficient corrosion detection is a difficult but important issue with immediate relevance to maintenance of Naval ships. Current practice requires an inspector to search for defects in a space, however the process requires a time-consuming manual inspection and physical access to the space. Considering both the inspector's and the ship’s schedule, this is not always a straightforward process. 
There is a significant amount of research into automatic detection of corrosion via computer vision algorithms but performing pixel level segmentation introduces added difficulty. There are two key reasons for this: the lack of annotated data and the inherent difficulty in the type of problem. In this work, we utilized a combination of annotated data from a different domain and a small hand labeled dataset of panoramic images from our target domain: the inside of empty ship tanks. 
We trained two High-Resolution Network (HRNet) models for our corrosion detector; the first with a dataset outside our target domain, the second with our hand annotated panoramic tank images. By ensembling our two models, we were able to increase the F1-Score by ~120% and mIOU score by ~176% with respect to the single baseline corrosion detector. 
The data collection process via LiDAR scanning allows the inspection process to be performed remotely. Additionally, the setup of the detector leads to a natural expansion of the corrosion dataset as panoramas are continually fed through the detector and detections are validated. This allows for the corrosion models to be later retrained for potential improvement in accuracy and robustness.

Shipboard Tank Corrosion Segmentation via Deep Learning 

An overview of the NAVWAR Data Science Learning Program discussing course available to all Navy personnel

NAVWAR Digital Transformation Learning Program

Neural networks and ensemble techniques achieve state-of-the-art results but often incur a considerable resource cost. Decision trees, in contrast, require comparatively fewer resources, to the detriment of model performance. To bridge this gap, soft trees are introduced. Soft trees represent a novel variant of decision trees which incorporate additional contextual information into the predictions. Under this methodology, predictions comprise a summation of leaf values weighted by threshold distance and probability. Such predictions provide a significant improvement over the performance of standard trees while retaining trees’ reduced-resource properties. Soft tree models may then allow applications to realize the resource benefits of using a decision tree while also producing improved results within a constrained environment.

Soft Trees: Smoothing Decision Thresholds for Improved Performance

Unsupervised Degrader Ranking

An algorithm that can accurately rank Naval Aviation Support Equipment (SE) top degraders is a desired product to allocate resources effectively. This project utilized Factor Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD), Isometric Mapping (ISOMAP), and Magnetic Properties and Correlation (URMC) to calculate the ranking of top SE degraders for two different Program/Project Manager (PMA) programs. The current methodology for ranking top degraders relies on a z-scores and Subject Matter Expert (SME) provided weights used by the existing degrader ranking products. The goal of the project would be to optimize the degrader ranking solution to use a method that is less subjective in nature and more flexible, which can be automated and applied across a variety of equipment.

Research to date in this project tackled the main issue by looking into two ways to calculate degrader ranking in an unsupervised fashion: FAMD and ISOMAP. Factor Analysis of Mixed Data reduces the dimensionality of both categorical and numerical data to that of N-dimensions specified by the user before finding a best way to fit all data points on a line in each dimension. ISOMAP, like FAMD, reduces the dimensionality of the data, but in a non-linear methodology, and is only used for numerical variables that are statistically significant. For both algorithms, data obtained from the current degrader products is reduced to a varying range of two to four dimensions while being assigned a degrader percentile label (Rank/Total) to aid in the algorithms’ potencies.

At this point in time, only a FAMD implementation has been fully tested, and with reduction to three components, can explain 84% of the incoming data from the current degrader product’s rankings. Additional exploration and research is needed to evaluate the URMC algorithm’s performance and comparison against both FAMD and ISOMAP models.

Unsupervised Degrader Ranking

Longitudinal data, which is widely used in many disciplines to study cause and effect, poses significant computational challenges to both modeling and analysis. Longitudinal data is composed of readings on the same variable collected over time and is often high-dimensional with correlated features. The combinatorial search approach for identifying the optimal features is unrealistic for most applications. The alternative approaches, such as heuristics, greedy searches, and regularization techniques, including LASSO, can result in models that suffer from both low accuracy and unclear feature attribution. In this presentation, we propose a binary transformation on the data before applying LASSO for feature learning. As demonstrated in the paper, the binary transformation enhances signal in the data, resulting in highly accurate feature attribution, including associated time lags. It avoids the typical shortcomings of the LASSO algorithm, including saturation of the feature space and arbitrary or inconsistent sparse feature selection. Both synthetic data and real-world data sets were used to demonstrate the value of the proposed transformation and in every case substantial improvements in feature learning were seen. In addition, the scalability of the solution is superior to that of the standard LASSO since an integrated high performance computing (HPC) solution would utilize integer math for most of the computational effort.


LASSO Logic Engine: Harnessing the Logic Parsing Capabilities of the LASSO Algorithm for Longitudinal Feature Learning 

GPS has proven to be a valuable, highly accurate Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) solution in many military applications. Its susceptibility to jamming and interference, however, has sparked a great deal of research in PNT alternatives to address vulnerabilities in GPS-denied environments. In this study, we utilize micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) IMU sensors mounted on different parts of the body to estimate movement speed and position. MEMS IMUs are small and light enough to be wearable on a person and can accurately estimate orientation, but fails to accurately estimate position. To address this, we create a system that uses GNSS, motion capture, and inertial data to train a machine learning speed estimator. The estimated speed is paired with a main IMU and an extended Kalman filter to estimate position. We will then compare our results with two other IMU-based navigation techniques: step counting and zero-velocity update algorithm (ZUPT). Step counting works well for normal walking or running, but fails for more complex movements like crawling, strafing, or walking backwards. ZUPT requires high end IMUs mounted on the foot, which can be very cumbersome. We believe our proposed method addresses these problems and performs more accurately.

Machine Learning Aided Gait Recognition for Inertial Navigation and Orientation (MARIO)

Carrier Flight Deck Information Updates using Speech Recognition 

Naval aviation assets such as aircraft, catapults and arresting gear are tracked through information systems that provide situational awareness to sailors on aircraft carriers. The current concept of operations requires highly skilled workstation operators to manage everything from aircraft status to flight schedules in order to keep information up to date. Information is given to the operator through personnel on the flight deck by using an audio communication pipeline. This requires the operator to be dedicated to listening to updates and manually entering what they hear into workstations. Many times, there are loud noises from jets and other equipment, which will only make the operator’s job more difficult. This project proposes a way to read into the audio communication pipeline and completely automate the process of adding information into computer systems using automated speech recognition models. 

The research in this use case accomplished acquiring a model that can understand the standardized phrases said by carrier personnel and correctly identify the written equivalent of what was said. There were three Transformer-based models in total that were acquired/trained to test accuracy on pre-generated flight-deck phrases: Speechbrain, Whisper, and NemoASR. While Speechbrain was fine-tuned on our flight deck phrases, NemoASR and Whisper were used in the base forms to test relative accuracy. In order to bolster their accuracies, research was also conducted into noise cancelling and speech enhancement pipelines that almost completely erase all background noise and make the spoken instructions as loud as possible, so the model has a low fail rate. These pipelines are possible by analyzing the Short-time Fourier Transforms of the audio in question and running them through a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) or Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) to erase unwanted frequencies from the audio. 

The goal of this project was to obtain a high enough accuracy in providing a written equivalent to an audio flight deck phrase. At this moment in time, the team has a word error rate of less than 5% utilizing the state-of-the-art model, Whisper. While the team is content with the accuracy of the model, they are considering conducting additional fine-tuning on both NemoASR and Whisper to get as close to a perfect model as possible while working on syncing the model with carrier flight deck information systems.

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Self-Organizing and Load-balancing via Quantum Intelligence Game for Peer-to-Peer Collaborative Learning Agents and Flexible Organizational Structures

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