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Question answering (QA) models often rely on large-scale training datasets, which necessitates the development of a data generation framework to reduce the cost of manual annotations. Although several recent studies have aimed to generate synthetic questions with single-span answers, no study has been conducted on the creation of list questions with multiple, non-contiguous spans as answers. To address this gap, we propose LIQUID, an automated framework for generating list QA datasets from unlabeled corpora. We first convert a passage from Wikipedia or PubMed into a summary and extract named entities from the summarized text as candidate answers. This allows us to select answers that are semantically correlated in context and is, therefore, suitable for constructing list questions. We then create questions using an off-the-shelf question generator with the extracted entities and original passage. Finally, iterative filtering and answer expansion are performed to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the answers. Using our synthetic data, we significantly improve the performance of the previous best list QA models by exact-match F1 scores of 5.0 on MultiSpanQA, 1.9 on Quoref, and 2.4 averaged across three BioASQ benchmarks.

AAAI 2023

LIQUID: A Framework for List Question Answering Dataset Generation

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-23 is the Thirty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The theme of this conference is to create collaborative bridges within and beyond AI. Like previous AAAI conferences, AAAI-23 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and two new activities: a Bridge Program and a Lab Program. Many of these activities are tailored to the theme of bridges and all are selected according to the highest standards, with additional programs for students and young researchers. 
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The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines.

poster

Conditional mean embedding (CME) operators encode conditional probability densities within reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS). In this paper, we present a decentralized algorithm for a collection of agents to cooperatively approximate CME over a network. Communication constraints limit the agents from sending all data to their neighbors; we only allow sparse representations of covariance operators to be exchanged among agents, compositions of which defines CME. Using a coherence-based compression scheme, we present a consensus-type algorithm that preserves the average of the approximations of the covariance operators across the network. We theoretically prove that the iterative dynamics in RKHS is stable. We then empirically study our algorithm to estimate CMEs to learn spectra of Koopman operators for Markovian dynamical systems and to execute approximate value iteration for Markov decision processes (MDPs).

Compressed Decentralized Learning of Conditional Mean Embedding Operators in Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces

Modeling what makes an advertisement persuasive, i.e.,
eliciting the desired response from consumer, is critical to
the study of propaganda, social psychology, and marketing.
Despite its importance, computational modeling of persuasion
in computer vision is still in its infancy, primarily
due to the lack of benchmark datasets that can provide
persuasion-strategy labels associated with ads. Motivated by
persuasion literature in social psychology and marketing, we
introduce an extensive vocabulary of persuasion strategies
and build the first ad image corpus annotated with persuasion
strategies. We then formulate the task of persuasion strategy
prediction with multi-modal learning, where we design a
multi-task attention fusion model that can leverage other
ad-understanding tasks to predict persuasion strategies. Further,
we conduct a real-world case study on 1600 advertising
campaigns of 30 Fortune-500 companies where we use our
model’s predictions to analyze which strategies work with
different demographics (age and gender). The dataset also
provides image segmentation masks, which marks persuasion
strategies in the corresponding ad images on the test split.
We publicly release our code and dataset.

Persuasion Strategies in Advertisements

The explosion of digital information and the growing involvement of people in social networks led to enormous research activity to develop methods that can extract meaningful information from interaction data. Commonly, interactions are represented by edges in a network or a graph, which implicitly assumes that the interactions are pairwise and static. However, real-world interactions deviate from these assumptions: (i) interactions can be multi-way involving more than two nodes or individuals (e.g., family relationships, protein interactions), and (ii) interactions can change over a period of time (e.g., change of opinions and friendship status). While pairwise interactions have been studied in a dynamic network setting and multi-way interactions have been studied using hypergraphs in static networks, there exists no method that can predict multi-way interactions or hyperedges in dynamic settings. Existing related methods cannot answer temporal queries like what type of interaction will occur next and when it will occur. This paper proposes a temporal point process model for hyperedge prediction to address these problems. Our proposed model uses dynamic representation techniques for nodes in a neural point process framework to forecast hyperedges. We present several experimental results and set benchmark results. As far as our knowledge, this is the first work that uses the temporal point process to forecast hyperedges in dynamic networks. 

Dynamic Representation Learning with Temporal Point Processes for Higher-Order Interaction Forecasting

Recently, graph neural networks (GNNs) have been applied with great success to predicting molecular properties, which is one of the most classical cheminformatics tasks with various applications. Despite their effectiveness, we empirically observe that training a single GNN model for diverse molecules with distinct structural patterns limits its prediction performance. In this paper, motivated by this observation, we propose TopExpert to leverage topology-specific prediction models (referred to as experts), each of which is responsible for each molecular group sharing similar topological semantics. That is, each expert learns topology-specific discriminative features while being trained with its corresponding topological group. To tackle the key challenge of grouping molecules by their topological patterns, we introduce a clustering-based gating module that assigns an input molecule into one of the clusters and further optimizes the gating module with two different types of self-supervision: topological semantics induced by GNNs and molecular scaffolds, respectively. Extensive experiments demonstrate that TopExpert successfully boosts the performance for molecular property prediction and also achieves better generalization for new molecules with unseen scaffolds than baselines.

Learning Topology-Specific Experts for Molecular Property Prediction

Inspired by the cognitive science theory of the explicit human memory systems, we have modeled an agent with short-term, episodic, and semantic memory systems, each of which is modeled with a knowledge graph. To evaluate this system and analyze the behavior of this agent, we designed and released our own reinforcement learning agent environment, “the Room”, where an agent has to learn how to encode, store, and retrieve memories to maximize its return by answering questions. We show that our deep Q-learning based agent successfully learns whether a short-term memory should be forgotten, or rather be stored in the episodic or semantic memory systems. Our experiments indicate that an agent with human-like memory systems can outperform an agent without this memory structure in the environment.

A Machine with Short-Term, Episodic, and Semantic Memory Systems

With the success of Vision Transformer (ViT) in image classification, its variants have yielded great success in many downstream vision tasks. Among those, the semantic segmentation task has also benefited greatly from the advance of ViT variants. However, most studies of the transformer for semantic segmentation only focus on designing efficient transformer encoders, rarely giving attention to designing the decoder. Several studies make attempts in using the transformer decoder as the segmentation decoder with class-wise learnable query. Instead, we aim to directly use the encoder features as the queries. This paper proposes the Feature Enhancing Decoder transFormer (FeedFormer) that enhances structural information using the transformer decoder. Our goal is to decode the high-level encoder features using the lowest-level encoder feature. We do this by formulating high-level features as queries, and the lowest-level feature as the key and value. This enhances the high-level features by collecting the structural information from the lowest-level feature. Additionally, we use a simple reformation trick of pushing the encoder blocks to take the place of the existing self-attention module of the decoder to improve efficiency. We show the superiority of our decoder with various light-weight transformer-based decoders on popular semantic segmentation datasets. Despite the minute computation, our model has achieved state-of-the-art performance in the performance computation trade-off. Our model FeedFormer-B0 surpasses SegFormer-B0 with 1.8% higher mIoU and 7.1% less computation on ADE20K, and 1.7% higher mIoU and 14.4% less computation on Cityscapes, respectively. Code will be released at: https://github.com/jhshim1995/FeedFormer.

FeedFormer: Revisiting Transformer Decoder for Efficient Semantic Segmentation

Numerical reasoning over hybrid data containing tables and long texts has recently received research attention from the AI community. To generate an executable reasoning program consisting of math and table operations to answer a question, state-of-the-art methods use a retriever-generator pipeline. However, their retrieval results are static, while different generation steps may rely on different sentences. To attend to the retrieved information that is relevant to each generation step, in this paper, we propose DyRRen, an extended retriever-reranker-generator framework where each generation step is enhanced by a dynamic reranking of retrieved sentences. It outperforms existing baselines on the FinQA dataset.

DyRRen: A Dynamic Retriever-Reranker-Generator Model for Numerical Reasoning over Tabular and Textual Data

For many applications of Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), the transition function cannot be specified exactly. Bayes-Adaptive MDPs (BAMDPs) extend Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) to consider transition probabilities governed by latent parameters. To act optimally in BAMDPs, one must maintain a belief distribution over the latent parameters. Typically, this distribution is described by a set of sample MDPs and associated weights which represent the likelihood of a sample MDP being the true underlying MDP. However, this method is sensitive to the size of the set of MDPs. As the latent parameter space’s dimension increases, the number of sample MDPs required to sufficiently cover the space of possible worlds increases exponentially. Thus, we propose an alternative approach for maintaining the belief over the latent parameters. In particular, we consider BAMDPs where the transition probabilities can be expressed in closed form as a polynomial of the latent parameters. We outline a method to maintain a closed-form belief distribution for the latent parameters which results in an accurate belief representation. Furthermore, the closed-form representation does away with the need to tune the number of sample MDPs required to represent the belief. We evaluate two domains and empirically show that the polynomial, closed-form, belief representation results in better plans than a sampling-based belief representation.

Planning with Hidden Parameter Polynomial MDPs

Prompt-based Learning has shown significant success in few-shot classification. The mainstream approach is to concatenate a template for the input text to transform the classification task into a cloze-type task where label mapping plays an important role in finding the ground-truth labels.  While current label mapping methods only use the contexts in one single input, it could be crucial if wrong information is contained in the text. Specifically, it is proved in recent work that even the large language models like BERT/RoBERTa make classification decisions heavily dependent on a specific keyword regardless of the task or the context. Such a word is referred to as a lexical cue and if a misleading lexical cue is included in the instance it will lead the model to make a wrong prediction. We propose a multi-mask prompt-based approach with Multi-Mask Label Mapping (MMLM) to reduce the impact of misleading lexical cues by allowing the model to exploit multiple lexical cues. To satisfy the conditions of few-shot learning, an instance augmentation approach for the cloze-type model is proposed and the misleading cues are gradually excluded through training. We demonstrate the effectiveness of MMLM by both theoretical analysis and empirical studies, and show that MMLM outperforms other existing label mapping approaches.

Multi-Mask Label Mapping for Prompt-based Learning

The most recent approaches for clustering single-cell RNA-sequencing data rely on deep auto-encoders. However, three major challenges remain unaddressed. First, current models overlook the impact of the cumulative errors induced by the pseudo-supervised embedding clustering task (Feature Randomness). Second, existing methods neglect the effect of the strong competition between embedding clustering and reconstruction (Feature Drift). Third, the previous deep clustering models regularly fail to consider the topological information of the latent data, even though the local and global latent configurations can bring complementary views to the clustering task. To address these challenges, we propose a novel approach that explores the interaction between local and global latent configurations to progressively adjust the reconstruction and embedding clustering tasks. We elaborate a topological and probabilistic filter to mitigate Feature Randomness and a cell-cell graph structure and content correction mechanism to counteract Feature Drift. The Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial model is also integrated to capture the characteristics of gene expression profiles. We conduct detailed experiments on real-world datasets from multiple representative genome sequencing platforms. Our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art clustering methods in various evaluation metrics. 

LIQUID: A Framework for List Question Answering Dataset Generation

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Compressed Decentralized Learning of Conditional Mean Embedding Operators in Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces

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