United States

Sharing medical reports is essential for patient-centered care. A recent line of work has focused on automatically generating reports with NLP methods. However, different audiences have different purposes when writing/reading medical reports – for example, healthcare professionals care more about pathology, whereas patients are more concerned with the diagnosis (&quot;Is there any abnormality?&quot;). The expectation gap results in a common situation where patients find their medical reports to be ambiguous and therefore unsure about the next steps. In this work, we explore the audience expectation gap in healthcare and summarize common ambiguities that lead patients to be confused about their diagnosis into three categories: medical jargon, contradictory findings, and misleading grammatical errors. Based on our analysis, we define a disambiguation rewriting task to regenerate an input to be unambiguous while preserving information about the original content. We further propose a rewriting algorithm based on contrastive pretraining and perturbation-based rewriting. In addition, we create two datasets, OpenI-Annotated based on chest reports and VA-Annotated based on general medical reports, with available binary labels for ambiguity and abnormality presence annotated by radiology specialists. Experimental results on these datasets show that our proposed algorithm effectively rewrites input sentences in a less ambiguous way with high content fidelity. Our code and annotated data will be released to facilitate future research.

AAAI 2023

Nothing Abnormal: Disambiguating Medical Reports via Contrastive Knowledge Infusion

snlp: applications

medicine & wellness

app: healthcare

snlp: generation

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-23 is the Thirty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The theme of this conference is to create collaborative bridges within and beyond AI. Like previous AAAI conferences, AAAI-23 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and two new activities: a Bridge Program and a Lab Program. Many of these activities are tailored to the theme of bridges and all are selected according to the highest standards, with additional programs for students and young researchers. 
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The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines.

Sharing medical reports is essential for patient-centered care. A recent line of work has focused on automatically generating reports with NLP methods. However, different audiences have different purposes when writing/reading medical reports – for example, healthcare professionals care more about pathology, whereas patients are more concerned with the diagnosis ("Is there any abnormality?"). The expectation gap results in a common situation where patients find their medical reports to be ambiguous and therefore unsure about the next steps. In this work, we explore the audience expectation gap in healthcare and summarize common ambiguities that lead patients to be confused about their diagnosis into three categories: medical jargon, contradictory findings, and misleading grammatical errors. Based on our analysis, we define a disambiguation rewriting task to regenerate an input to be unambiguous while preserving information about the original content. We further propose a rewriting algorithm based on contrastive pretraining and perturbation-based rewriting. In addition, we create two datasets, OpenI-Annotated based on chest reports and VA-Annotated based on general medical reports, with available binary labels for ambiguity and abnormality presence annotated by radiology specialists. Experimental results on these datasets show that our proposed algorithm effectively rewrites input sentences in a less ambiguous way with high content fidelity. Our code and annotated data will be released to facilitate future research.

poster

LiDAR-based 3D object detection, semantic segmentation, and panoptic segmentation are usually implemented in specialized networks with distinctive architectures that are difficult to adapt to each other. This paper presents LidarMultiNet, a LiDAR-based multi-task network that unifies these three major LiDAR perception tasks. Among its many benefits, a multi-task network can reduce the overall cost by sharing weights and computation among multiple tasks. However, it typically underperforms compared to independently combined single-task models. The proposed LidarMultiNet aims to bridge the performance gap between the multi-task network and multiple single-task networks. At the core of LidarMultiNet is a strong 3D voxel-based encoder-decoder architecture with a Global Context Pooling (GCP) module extracting global contextual features from a LiDAR frame. Task-specific heads are added on top of the network to perform the three LiDAR perception tasks. More tasks can be implemented simply by adding new task-specific heads while introducing little additional cost. A second stage is also proposed to refine the first-stage segmentation and generate accurate panoptic segmentation results. LidarMultiNet is extensively tested on both Waymo Open Dataset and nuScenes dataset, demonstrating for the first time that major LiDAR perception tasks can be unified in a single strong network that is trained end-to-end and achieves state-of-the-art performance. Notably, LidarMultiNet reaches the official 1 place in the Waymo Open Dataset 3D semantic segmentation challenge 2022 with the highest mIoU and the best accuracy for most of the 22 classes on the test set, using only LiDAR points as input. It also sets the new state-of-the-art for a single model on the Waymo 3D object detection benchmark and three nuScenes benchmarks.

LidarMultiNet: Towards a Unified Multi-task Network for LiDAR Perception

Significant progress has been made in representation learning, especially with recent success on self-supervised contrastive learning. However, for time series with less intuitive or semantic meaning, sampling bias may be inevitably encountered in unsupervised approaches. Although supervised contrastive learning has shown superior performance by leveraging label information, it may also suffer from class collapse. In this study, we consider a realistic scenario in industry with limited annotation information available. A supervised contrastive framework is developed for high-frequency time series representation and classification, wherein a novel variant of supervised contrastive loss is proposed to include multiple augmentations while induce spread within each class. Experiments on four mainstream public datasets as well as a series of sensitivity and ablation analyses demonstrate that the learned representations are effective and robust compared with the direct supervised learning and self-supervised learning, notably under the minimal few-shot situation. 

Supervised Contrastive Few-shot Learning for High-frequency Time Series

Nearest neighbor-based methods are commonly used for classification tasks and as subroutines of other data-analysis methods. 
An attacker with the capability of inserting their own data points into the training set can manipulate the inferred nearest neighbor structure.
We distill this goal to the task of performing a training-set data insertion attack against \(k\)-Nearest Neighbor classification (\(k\)NN).
We prove that computing an optimal training-time (a.k.a.~poisoning) attack against \(k\)NN classification is NP-Hard, even when \(k = 1\) and the attacker can insert only a single data point.
We provide an anytime algorithm to perform such an attack, and a greedy algorithm for general \(k\) and attacker budget.
We provide theoretical bounds and empirically demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of our methods on synthetic and real-world datasets.
Empirically, we find that \(k\)NN is vulnerable in practice and that dimensionality reduction is an effective defense.
We conclude with a discussion of open problems illuminated by our analysis.

Training-Time Attacks Against k-Nearest Neighbors

Characters are essential to the plot of any story. Establishing the characters before writing a story can improve the clarity of the plot and the overall flow of the narrative. However, previous work on visual storytelling tends to focus on detecting objects in images and discovering relationships between them. In this approach, characters are not distinguished from other objects when they are fed into the generation pipeline. The result is a coherent sequence of events rather than a character-centric story. In order to address this limitation, we introduce the VIST-Character dataset, which provides rich character-centric annotations, including visual and textual co-reference chains and importance ratings for characters. Based on this dataset, we propose two new tasks: important character detection and character grounding in visual stories. For both tasks, we develop simple, unsupervised models based on distributional similarity and pre-trained vision-and-language models. Our new dataset, together with these models, can serve as the foundation for subsequent work on analysing and generating stories from a character-centric perspective.

Detecting and Grounding Important Characters in Visual Stories

Taxonomy is formulated as directed acyclic graphs or trees of concepts that support many downstream tasks.
Many new coming concepts need to be added to an existing taxonomy.
The traditional taxonomy expansion task aims only at finding the best position for new coming concepts in the existing taxonomy. 
However, they have two drawbacks when being applied to the real-scenarios.
The previous methods suffer from low-efficiency since they waste much time when most of the new coming concepts are indeed noisy concepts. They also suffer from low-effectiveness since they collect training samples only from the existing taxonomy, which limits the ability of the model to mine more hypernym-hyponym relationships among real concepts.
This paper proposes a pluggable framework called Generative Adversarial Network for Taxonomy Entering Evaluation (GANTEE) to alleviate these drawbacks.
A generative adversarial network is designed in this framework by discriminative models to alleviate the first drawback and the generative model to alleviate the second drawback.
Two discriminators are used in GANTEE to provide long-term and short-term rewards, respectively.
Moreover, to further improve the efficiency, pre-trained language models are used to retrieve the representation of the concepts quickly.
The experiments on three real-world large-scale datasets with two different languages show that GANTEE improves the performance of the existing taxonomy expansion methods in both effectiveness and efficiency.

GANTEE: Generative Adversarial Network for Taxonomy Enterance Evaluation

Event argument extraction (EAE) aims to identify the arguments of a given event, and classify the roles that those arguments play. Due to high data demands of training EAE models, zero-shot cross-lingual EAE has attracted increasing attention, as it greatly reduces human annotation effort. Some prior works indicate that generation-based methods have achieved promising performance for monolingual EAE. However, when applying existing generation-based methods to zero-shot cross-lingual EAE, we find two critical challenges, including Language Discrepancy and Template Construction. In this paper, we propose a novel method termed as Language-oriented Prefix-tuning Network (LAPIN) to address the above challenges. Specifically, we devise a Language-oriented Prefix Generator module to handle the discrepancies between source and target languages. Moreover, we leverage a Language-agnostic Template Constructor module to design templates that can be adapted to any language. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed method achieves the best performance, outperforming the previous state-of-the-art model by 4.8% and 2.3% of the average F1-score on two multilingual EAE datasets.

Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Event Argument Extraction with Language-Oriented Prefix-Tuning

Active Directory (AD) is the default security management system for Windows domain networks.  An AD environment naturally describes an attack graph where nodes represent computers/accounts/security groups, and edges represent existing accesses/known exploits that allow the attacker to gain access from one node to another.  Motivated by practical AD use cases, we study a Stackelberg game between one attacker and one defender.  There are multiple entry nodes for the attacker to choose from and there is a single target (Domain Admin).  Every edge has a failure rate.  The attacker chooses the attack path with the maximum success rate.  The defender can block a limited number of edges (i.e., revoke accesses) from a set of blockable edges, limited by budget. The defender's aim is to minimize the attacker's success rate.

We exploit the tree-likeness of practical AD graphs to design scalable algorithms.  We propose two novel methods that combine theoretical fixed parameter analysis and practical optimisation techniques.

For graphs with small tree widths, we propose a tree decomposition based dynamic program.  We then propose a general method for converting tree decomposition based dynamic programs to reinforcement learning environments, which leads to an anytime algorithm that scales better, but loses the optimality guarantee.

For graphs with small numbers of non-splitting paths (a parameter we invent specifically for AD graphs), we propose a kernelization technique that significantly downsizes the model, which is then solved via mixed-integer programming.

Experimentally, our algorithms scale to handle synthetic AD graphs with tens of thousands of nodes.

Scalable Edge Blocking Algorithms for Defending Active Directory Style Attack Graphs

Detecting abnormal crowd motion emerging from complex interactions of individuals is paramount to ensure the safety of crowds. Crowd-level abnormal behaviors (CABs), e.g., counter flow and crowd turbulence, are proven to be the crucial causes of many crowd disasters. In the recent decade, video anomaly detection (VAD) techniques have achieved remarkable success in detecting individual-level abnormal behaviors (e.g., sudden running, fighting and stealing), but research on VAD for CABs is rather limited. Unlike individual-level anomaly, CABs usually do not exhibit salient difference from the normal behaviors when observed locally, and the scale of CABs could vary from one scenario to another. In this paper, we present a systematic study to tackle the important problem of VAD for CABs with a novel crowd motion learning framework, multi-scale motion consistency network (MSMC-Net). MSMC-Net first captures the spatial and temporal crowd motion consistency information in a graph representation. Then, it simultaneously trains multiple feature graphs constructed at different scales to capture rich crowd patterns. An attention network is used to adaptively fuse the multi-scale features for better CAB detection. For the empirical study, we consider three large-scale crowd event datasets, UMN, Hajj and Love Parade. Experimental results show that MSMC-Net could substantially improve the state-of-the-art performance on all the datasets.

Crowd-level Abnormal Behavior Detection via Multi-scale Motion Consistency Learning

How to efficiently explore in reinforcement learning is an open problem. Many exploration algorithms employ the epistemic uncertainty of their own value predictions -- for instance to compute an exploration bonus or upper confidence bound. Unfortunately the required uncertainty is difficult to estimate in general with function approximation.

We propose epistemic value estimation (EVE): a recipe that is compatible with sequential decision making and with neural network function approximators. It equips agents with a tractable posterior over all their parameters from which epistemic value uncertainty can be computed efficiently.

We use the recipe to derive an epistemic Q-Learning agent and observe competitive performance on a series of benchmarks. Experiments confirm that the EVE recipe facilitates efficient exploration in hard exploration tasks.

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Nothing Abnormal: Disambiguating Medical Reports via Contrastive Knowledge Infusion

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