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The success of pre-trained contextualized representations has prompted researchers to analyze them for the presence of linguistic information. 
Indeed, it is natural to assume that these pre-trained representations do encode some level of linguistic knowledge as they have brought about large empirical improvements on a wide variety of NLP tasks, which suggests they are learning true linguistic generalization.
In this work, we focus on intrinsic probing, an analysis technique where the goal is not only to identify whether a representation encodes a linguistic attribute but also to pinpoint where this attribute is encoded.
We propose a novel latent-variable formulation for constructing intrinsic probes and derive a tractable variational approximation to the log-likelihood.
Our results show that our model is versatile and yields tighter mutual information estimates than two intrinsic probes previously proposed in the literature.
Finally, we find empirical evidence that pre-trained representations 
develop a cross-lingually entangled notion of morphosyntax.

AAAI 2023

A Latent-Variable Model for Intrinsic Probing

multilinguality

probing

natural language processing

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-23 is the Thirty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The theme of this conference is to create collaborative bridges within and beyond AI. Like previous AAAI conferences, AAAI-23 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and two new activities: a Bridge Program and a Lab Program. Many of these activities are tailored to the theme of bridges and all are selected according to the highest standards, with additional programs for students and young researchers. 
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The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines.

poster

Hand and face play an important role in expressing sign language. Their features are usually especially leveraged to improve system performance. However, to effectively extract visual representations and capture trajectories for hands and face, previous methods always come at high computations with increased training complexity. They usually employ extra heavy pose-estimation networks to locate human body keypoints or rely on additional pre-extracted heatmaps for supervision. To relieve this problem, we propose a self-emphasizing network (SEN) to emphasize informative spatial regions in a self-motivated way, with few extra computations and without additional expensive supervision. Specifically, SEN first employs a lightweight subnetwork to incorporate local spatial-temporal features to identify informative regions, and then dynamically augment original features via attention maps. It's also observed that not all frames contribute equally to recognition. We present a temporal self-emphasizing module to adaptively emphasize those discriminative frames and suppress redundant ones. A comprehensive comparison with previous methods equipped with hand and face features demonstrates the superiority of our method, even though they always require huge computations and rely on expensive extra supervision. Remarkably, with few extra computations, SEN achieves new state-of-the-art accuracy on four large-scale datasets, PHOENIX14, PHOENIX14-T, CSL-Daily, and CSL. Visualizations verify the effects of SEN on emphasizing informative spatial and temporal features.

Self-Emphasizing Network for Continuous Sign Language Recognition

Although multilingual pretrained models (mPLMs) enabled support of various natural language processing in diverse languages, its limited coverage of 100+ languages lets 6500+ languages remain ‘unseen’. One common approach for an unseen language is specializing the model for it as target, by performing additional masked language modeling (MLM) with the target language corpus. However, we argue that, due to the discrepancy from multilingual MLM pretraining, a naive specialization as such can be suboptimal. Specifically, we pose three discrepancies to overcome. Script and linguistic discrepancy of the target language from the related seen languages, hinder a positive transfer, for which we propose to maximize representation similarity, unlike existing approaches maximizing overlaps. In addition, label space for MLM prediction can vary across languages, for which we propose to reinitialize top layers for a more effective adaptation. Experiments over four different language families and three tasks shows that our method improves the task performance of unseen languages with statistical significance, while previous approach fails to.

Script, Language, and Labels: Overcoming Three Discrepancies for Low-Resource Language Specialization

Positional encoding is important for vision transformer (ViT) to capture the spatial structure of the input image. General effectiveness has been proven in ViT. In our work we propose to train ViT to recognize the positional label of patches of the input image, this apparently simple task actually yields a meaningful self-supervisory task. Based on previous work on ViT positional encoding, we propose two positional labels dedicated to 2D images including absolute position and relative position. Our positional labels can be easily plugged into various current ViT variants. It can work in two ways: (a) As an auxiliary training target for vanilla ViT (e.g., ViT-B and Swin-B) for better performance. (b) Combine the self-supervised ViT (e.g., MAE) to provide a more powerful self-supervised signal for semantic feature learning. Experiments demonstrate that with the proposed self-supervised methods, ViT-B and Swin-B gain improvements of 1.20% (top-1 Acc) and 0.74% (top-1 Acc) on ImageNet, respectively, and 6.15% and 1.14% improvement on Mini-ImageNet. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/zhangzhemin/PositionalLabel.

Positional Label for Self-Supervised Vision Transformer

We study a fundamental model of online preference aggregation, where an algorithm maintains an ordered list of $n$ elements. An input is a stream of preferred sets $R_1, R_2, \dots, R_t, \dots$. Upon seeing $R_t$ and without knowledge of any future sets, an algorithm has to rerank elements (change the list ordering), so that at least one element of $R_t$ is found near the list front. The incurred cost is a sum of the list update costs (the number of swaps of neighboring list elements) and access cost (the position of the first element of $R_t$ on the list). This scenario occurs naturally in applications such as ordering items in an online shop using aggregated preferences of shop customers. The theoretical underpinning of this problem is known as Min-Sum Set Cover.

Unlike previous work (Fotakis et al., ICALP 2020, NIPS 2020) that mostly studied the performance of an online algorithm ALG in comparison to the static optimal solution (a single optimal list ordering), in this paper, we study an arguably harder variant where the benchmark is the provably stronger optimal dynamic solution OPT (that may also modify the list ordering). In terms of an online shop, this means that the aggregated preferences of its user base evolve with time. We construct a computationally efficient randomized algorithm whose competitive ratio (ALG-to-OPT cost ratio) is $O(r^2)$ and prove the existence of a deterministic $O(r^4)$-competitive algorithm. Here, $r$ is the maximum cardinality of sets $R_t$. This is the first algorithm whose ratio does not depend on $n$: the previously best algorithm for this problem was $O(r^{3/2} \cdot \sqrt{n})$-competitive and $\Omega(r)$ is a lower bound on the performance of any deterministic online algorithm.

An Improved Algorithm for Online Reranking

For named entity recognition (NER) in zero-resource languages, utilizing knowledge distillation methods to transfer language-independent knowledge from the rich-resource source languages to zero-resource languages is an effective means. Typically, these approaches adopt a teacher-student architecture, where the teacher network is trained in the source language, and the student network seeks to learn knowledge from the teacher network and is expected to perform well in the target language. Despite the impressive performance achieved by these methods, we argue that they have two limitations. Firstly, the teacher network fails to effectively learn language-independent knowledge shared across languages due to the differences in the feature distribution between the source and target languages. Secondly,  the student network acquires all of its knowledge from the teacher network and ignores the learning of target language-specific knowledge.
Undesirably, these limitations would hinder the model's performance in the target language. This paper proposes an unsupervised prototype knowledge distillation network (ProKD) to address these issues. Specifically, ProKD presents a contrastive learning-based prototype alignment method to achieve class feature alignment by adjusting the prototypes' distance from the source and target languages, boosting the teacher network's capacity to acquire language-independent knowledge. In addition, ProKD introduces a prototype self-training method to learn the intrinsic structure of the language by retraining the student network on the target data using samples' distance information from prototypes, thereby enhancing the student network's ability to acquire language-specific knowledge. Extensive experiments on three benchmark cross-lingual NER datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

ProKD: An Unsupervised Prototypical Knowledge Distillation Network for Zero-Resource Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition

Successful machine learning methods require a trade-off between memorization and generalization. Too much memorization and the model cannot generalize to unobserved examples. Too much over-generalization and we risk under-fitting the data. While we commonly measure their performance through cross validation and accuracy metrics, how should these algorithms cope in domains that are extremely under-determined where accuracy is always unsatisfactory? We present a novel probabilistic graphical model structure learning approach that can learn, generalize and explain in these elusive domains by operating at the random variable instantiation level. Using Minimum Description Length (MDL) analysis, we propose a new decomposition of the learning problem over all training exemplars, fusing together minimal entropy inferences to construct a final knowledge base. By leveraging Bayesian Knowledge Bases (BKBs), a framework that operates at the instantiation level and inherently subsumes Bayesian Networks (BNs), we develop both a theoretical MDL score and associated structure learning algorithm that demonstrates significant improvements over learned BNs on 40 benchmark datasets. Further, our algorithm incorporates recent off-the-shelf DAG learning techniques enabling tractable results even on large problems. We then demonstrate the utility of our approach in a significantly under-determined domain by learning gene regulatory networks on breast cancer gene mutational data available from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).

Learning the Finer Things: Bayesian Structure Learning at the Instantiation Level

Traffic signal control is safety-critical for our daily life. Roughly one-quarter of road accidents in the U.S. happen at intersections due to problematic signal timing, urging the development of safety-oriented intersection control. However, existing studies on adaptive traffic signal control using reinforcement learning technologies have focused mainly on minimizing traffic delay but neglecting the potential exposure to unsafe conditions. We, for the first time, incorporate road safety standards as enforcement to ensure the safety of existing reinforcement learning methods, aiming toward operating intersections with zero collisions. We have proposed a safety-enhanced residual reinforcement learning method (SafeLight) and employed multiple optimization techniques, such as multi-objective loss function and reward shaping for better knowledge integration. Extensive experiments are conducted using both synthetic and real-world benchmark datasets. Results show that our method can significantly reduce collisions while increasing traffic mobility.

SafeLight: A Reinforcement Learning Method toward Collision-free Traffic Signal Control

The daily practice of online image sharing enriches our lives, but also raises a severe issue of privacy leakage. To mitigate the privacy risks during image sharing, some researchers modify the sensitive elements in images with visual obfuscation methods including traditional ones like blurring and pixelating, as well as generative ones based on deep learning. However, images processed by such methods may be recovered or recognized by models, which cannot guarantee privacy. Further, traditional methods make the images very unnatural with low image quality. Although generative methods produce better images, most of them suffer from insufficiency in the frequency domain, which influences image quality. Therefore, we propose the AdvERsArial Sensitive Element Remover (ERASER) to guarantee both image privacy and image quality. 1) To preserve image privacy, for the regions containing sensitive elements, ERASER guarantees enough difference after being modified in an adversarial way. Specifically, we take both the region and global content into consideration with a Prior Transformer and obtain the corresponding region prior and global prior. Based on the priors, ERASER is trained with an adversarial Difference Loss to make the content in the regions different. As a result, ERASER can reserve the main structure and change the texture of the target regions for image privacy preservation. 2) To guarantee the image quality, ERASER improves the frequency insufficiency of current generative methods. Specifically, the region prior and global prior are processed with Fast Fourier Convolution to capture characteristics and achieve consistency in both pixel and frequency domains. Quantitative analyses demonstrate that the proposed ERASER achieves a balance between image quality and image privacy preservation, while qualitative analyses demonstrate that ERASER indeed reduces the privacy risk from the visual perception aspect.

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A Latent-Variable Model for Intrinsic Probing

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