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Deep neural models (e.g. Transformer) naturally learn spurious features, which create a ``shortcut&#39;&#39; between the labels and inputs, thus impairing the generalization and robustness. This paper advances self-attention mechanism to its robust variant for Transformer-based pre-trained language models (e.g. BERT). We propose \textit{Adversarial Self-Attention} mechanism (ASA), which adversarially biases the attentions to effectively suppress the model reliance on features (e.g. specific keywords) and encourage its exploration of broader semantics. We conduct comprehensive evaluation across a wide range of tasks for both pre-training and fine-tuning stages. For pre-training, ASA unfolds remarkable performance gain compared to naive training for longer steps. For fine-tuning, ASA-empowered models outweigh naive models by a large margin considering both generalization and robustness.

AAAI 2023

Adversarial Self-Attention for Language Understanding

self-attention

adversarial training

language models

ICPR 2020 is the premier international conference on Pattern Recognition, gathering leading researchers from around the world to present their latest achievements in Pattern Analysis and Recognition, applied Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. The topic of the year is " Putting Artificial intelligence to work on Patterns". 
For the first time, ICPR has employed a two-round review process similar to journal submissions, with new papers allowed to be submitted in either the first or second round and papers submitted in the first round and not accepted allowed to be revised and re-submitted for second round review. 

In this edition of the **ICPR 2020** Conference, there are 1407 Oral/Poster presentations organized in five Tracks: 
- Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning for Pattern Analysis; 
- Biometrics, Human Analysis and Behavior Understanding; Computer Vision, Robotics and Intelligent Systems; 
- Document and Media Analysis; and 
- Image and Signal Processing. 

The **ICPR 2020** Main Conference program also includes 7 Keynotes from prominent world-renowned scientists, 8 Tutorials, 28 Demos, 8 Challenges, 2 Panels, as well as an Industry/Sponsor Exhibition. In addition, 41 Workshops on a range of important current and emerging research topics complete the ICPR 2020 program. 


ICPR 2020

Deep neural models (e.g. Transformer) naturally learn spurious features, which create a ``shortcut'' between the labels and inputs, thus impairing the generalization and robustness. This paper advances self-attention mechanism to its robust variant for Transformer-based pre-trained language models (e.g. BERT). We propose \textit{Adversarial Self-Attention} mechanism (ASA), which adversarially biases the attentions to effectively suppress the model reliance on features (e.g. specific keywords) and encourage its exploration of broader semantics. We conduct comprehensive evaluation across a wide range of tasks for both pre-training and fine-tuning stages. For pre-training, ASA unfolds remarkable performance gain compared to naive training for longer steps. For fine-tuning, ASA-empowered models outweigh naive models by a large margin considering both generalization and robustness.

poster

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-23 is the Thirty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The theme of this conference is to create collaborative bridges within and beyond AI. Like previous AAAI conferences, AAAI-23 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and two new activities: a Bridge Program and a Lab Program. Many of these activities are tailored to the theme of bridges and all are selected according to the highest standards, with additional programs for students and young researchers. 
AAAI is providing you with a conference planner, which you can use to help organize your itinerary of activities. This includes talks to attend in person, talks to attend remotely, breaks with colleagues and your site seeing activities. To access this conference planner, please go to [https://aaai-2023.takemobi.io](https://aaai-2023.takemobi.io).

In order to access this site, you need to register. If you haven't already, please register [here](https://aaai.org/Conferences/AAAI-23/registration/).


The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines.

Deep metric learning aims to learn a feature space that models the similarity between images, and feature normalization is a critical step for boosting performance. However directly optimizing L2-normalized softmax loss cause the network to fail to converge. Therefore some SOTA approaches appends a scale layer after the inner product to relieve the convergence problem, but it incurs a new problem that it’s difficult to learn the best scaling parameters. In this letter, we look into the characteristic of softmax-based approaches and propose a novel learning objective function Stop-Gradient Softmax Loss (SGSL) to solve the convergence problem in softmax-based deep metric learning with L2-normalization. In addition, we found a useful trick named Remove the last BN-ReLU (RBR). It removes the last BN-ReLU in the backbone to reduce the learning burden of the model. Experimental results on four public image retrieval benchmarks show that our proposed approach outperforms most existing approaches, i.e., our approach achieves 76.4% on CUB-200-2011 and 94.7% on
CARS196 which outperforms other approaches at least 4.2% and 4.6% on Recall@1.

Stop-Gradient Softmax Loss for Deep Metric Learning

Images taken in low light conditions typically contain distracting noise, and eliminating such noise is a crucial computer vision problem. Additional photos captured with a camera flash can guide an image denoiser to preserve edges since the flash images often contain fine details with reduced noise. Nonetheless, a denoiser can be misled by inconsistent flash images, which have image structures (e.g., edges) that do not exist in no-flash images. Unfortunately, this disparity frequently occurs as the flash/no-flash pairs are taken in different light conditions. We propose a learning-based technique that robustly fuses the image pairs while considering their inconsistency. Our framework infers consistent flash image patches locally, which have similar image structures with the ground truth, and denoises no-flash images using the inferred ones via a combination model. We demonstrate that our technique can produce more robust results than state-of-the-art methods, given various flash/no-flash pairs with inconsistent image structures. The source code is available at https://github.com/CGLab-GIST/RIDFnF.

Robust Image Denoising of No-Flash Images Guided by Consistent Flash Images

Image harmonization aims to produce visually harmonious composite images by adjusting the foreground appearance to be compatible with the background. When the composite image has photographic foreground and painterly background, the task is called painterly image harmonization. There are only few works on this task, which are either time-consuming or weak in generating well-harmonized results. In this work, we propose a novel painterly harmonization network consisting of a dual-domain generator and a dual-domain discriminator, which harmonizes the composite image in both spatial domain and frequency domain. The dual-domain generator performs harmonization by using AdaIN modules in the spatial domain and our proposed ResFFT modules in the frequency domain. The dual-domain discriminator attempts to distinguish the inharmonious patches based on the spatial feature and frequency feature of each patch, which can enhance the ability of generator in an adversarial manner. Extensive experiments on the benchmark dataset show the effectiveness of our method.

Painterly Image Harmonization in Dual Domains

Topic segmentation aims to reveal the latent structure of a document and divide it into multiple parts. However, current neural solutions are limited in the context modeling of sentences and feature representation of candidate boundaries. This causes the model to suffer from inefficient sentence context encoding and noise information interference. In this paper, we design a new text segmentation model SegFormer with unidirectional attention blocks to better model sentence representations. To alleviate the problem of noise information interference, SegFormer uses a novel additional context aggregator and a topic classification loss to guide the model to aggregate the information within the appropriate range.  In addition, SegFormer applies an iterative prediction algorithm to search for optimal boundaries progressively. We evaluate SegFormer's generalization ability, multilingual ability, and application ability on multiple challenging real-world datasets. Experiments show that our model significantly improves the performance by 7.5% on the benchmark WIKI-SECTION compared to several strong baselines. The application of SegFormer to a real-world dataset to separate normal and advertisement segments in product marketing essays also achieves superior performance in the evaluation with other cutting-edge models.

SegFormer: A Topic Segmentation Model with Controllable Range of Attention

Machine learning models have liberated manpower greatly in many real-world tasks, but their predictions are still worse than humans on some specific instances. To improve the performance, it is natural to optimize machine learning models to take decisions for most instances while delivering a few tricky instances to humans, resulting in the problem of Human Assisted Learning (HAL). Previous works mainly formulated HAL as a constrained optimization problem that tries to find a limited subset of instances for human decision such that the sum of model and human errors can be minimized; and employed the greedy algorithms, whose performance, however, may be limited due to the greedy nature. In this paper, we propose a new framework HAL-EMO based on Evolutionary Multi-objective Optimization, which reformulates HAL as a bi-objective optimization problem that minimizes the number of selected instances for human decision and the total errors simultaneously, and employs a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) to solve it. We implement HAL-EMO using two MOEAs, the popular NSGA-II as well as the theoretically grounded GSEMO. We also propose a specific MOEA, called BSEMO, with biased selection and balanced mutation for HAL-EMO, and prove that for human assisted regression and classification, HAL-EMO using BSEMO can achieve better and same theoretical guarantees than previous greedy algorithms, respectively. Experiments on the tasks of medical diagnosis and content moderation show the superiority of HAL-EMO (with either NSGA-II, GSEMO or BSEMO) over previous algorithms, and that using BSEMO leads to the best performance of HAL-EMO.

Human Assisted Learning by Evolutionary Multi-objective Optimization

As a long-standing and challenging task, image deblurring aims to reconstruct the latent sharp image from its degraded counterpart. To reduce the discrepancies in the spatial and frequency domains simultaneously, in this paper we develop
the dual-domain attention mechanism for image deblurring. Self-attention is widely used in vision tasks, however, due to the quadratic complexity, it is not applicable to the image deblurring with high-resolution images. To alleviate this issue, we propose a novel spatial attention module to implement self-attention in the style of dynamic group convolution to integrate each pixel with information from the local
region, enhancing the representation learning capability and reducing the computational burden. Regarding frequency domain learning, many frequency-based deblurring approaches either treat the spectrum as a whole or decompose the frequency components in a complicated manner. In this work, we devise a frequency attention module to compactly decouple the spectrum into distinct frequency parts and accentuate the informative part with extremely lightweight learnable parameters. Finally, we incorporate attention modules into a U-shape network. Extensive comparisons with prior arts on the common benchmarks show that our model, named Dual-Domain Attention Network (DDANet), obtains comparable results with a significantly improved inference speed.

Dual-domain Attention for Image Deblurring

Function approximation (FA) has been a critical component in solving large zero-sum games. Yet, little attention has been given towards FA in solving general-sum extensive-form games, despite them being widely regarded as being computationally more challenging than their fully competitive  or cooperative counterparts. A key challenge is that for many equilibria in general-sum games, no simple analogue to the state value function used in Markov Decision Processes and zero-sum games exists. In this paper, we propose learning the Enforceable Payoff Frontier (EPF)---a generalization of the state value function for general-sum games. We approximate the optimal Stackelberg extensive-form correlated equilibrium by representing EPFs with neural networks and training them by using appropriate backup operations and loss functions. This is the first method that applies FA to the Stackelberg setting, allowing us to scale to much larger games while still enjoying performance guarantees based on FA error. Additionally, our proposed method guarantees incentive compatibility and is easy to evaluate without having to depend on self-play or approximate best-response oracles.

Function Approximation for Solving Stackelberg Equilibrium in Large Perfect Information Games

Intraoperative hypotension (IOH) events warning plays a crucial role in preventing postoperative complications, such as postoperative delirium and mortality. Despite significant efforts, two fundamental problems limit its wide clinical use. The well-established IOH event warning systems are often built on proprietary medical devices that may not be available in all hospitals. The warnings are also triggered mainly through a predefined IOH event that might not be suitable for all patients. This work proposes a composite multi-attention (CMA) framework to tackle these problems by conducting short-term predictions on user-definable IOH events using vital signals in a low sampling rate with demographic characteristics. Our framework leverages a multi-modal fusion network to make four vital signals and three demographic characteristics as input modalities. For each modality, a multi-attention mechanism is used for feature extraction for better model training. Experiments on two large-scale real-world data sets show that our method can achieve up to 94.1% accuracy on IOH events early warning while the signals sampling rate is reduced by 3000 times. Our proposal CMA can achieve a mean absolute error of 4.50 mm Hg in the most challenging 15-minute mean arterial pressure prediction task and the error reduction by 42.9% compared to existing solutions.

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Adversarial Self-Attention for Language Understanding

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