United States

The search for efficient approaches to realize local switching of magnetic moments in spintronic devices has attracted intense interest. In particular, spin-orbit torque (SOT) that arises from materials with large spin-orbit coupling (SOC) offers a new pathway for energy-efficient and fast magnetic information storage. Recent studies on SOT-induced magnetization switching and dynamics in magnetic heterostructures have shown promise for SOT-MRAM [1-2]. We have demonstrated electrical manipulation of magnetization and exchange bias (EB) in an antiferromagnet/ferromagnet (AFM/FM) based device via SOT [3]. Perpendicular EB reversal across AFM IrMn and FM [Co/Pt]2 multilayer has been shown, both in extended and confined geometries. In three-terminal perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices (Figs. 1a and 1b), we have achieved the switching of the magnetization and EB using the SOT (Fig. 1c). Both high- and low- resistances have been observed at zero magnetic field during EB switching (Fig. 1d). These findings provide a new direction in exploring the electrical control of EB in SOT magnetic random access memory (SOT-MRAM). In another study, we have demonstrated that the magnon current excited in an insulating NiO AFM layer by an electronic spin current in an all-oxide epitaxial SrRuO3/NiO/SrIrO3 heterostructure is effective for manipulating the perpendicular magnetization in the SrRuO3 layer [4]. Fig. 2 shows the schematic of the heterostructure and TEM image of the interfaces and the current driven magnetization switching. Interestingly, the threshold current density to generate a sufficient magnon current to manipulate the magnetization was one order of magnitude smaller than that in conventional metallic systems. These results suggest a route for developing highly efficient magnon based all-oxide spintronic devices.&lt;br&gt;

This work has been supported by KAUST, SRC/NIST SMART center, and US-NSF.&lt;br&gt;
**References**&lt;br&gt; [1] I.M. Miron, et al, Nature, 476 (2011) 189.&lt;br&gt;
[2] L.Q. Liu, et al, Science, 336 (2012) 555.&lt;br&gt;
[3]. B. Fang, et al, Advanced Functional Materials,2022, 32, 2112406.&lt;br&gt;
[4]. D.X. Zheng, et al, Advanced Materials, revised and resubmitted.&lt;br&gt;

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MMM 2022

High efficiency magnetization switching via electrical manipulation of exchange bias and magnon current

The search for efficient approaches to realize local switching of magnetic moments in spintronic devices has attracted intense interest. In particular, spin-orbit torque (SOT) that arises from materials with large spin-orbit coupling (SOC) offers a new pathway for energy-efficient and fast magnetic information storage. Recent studies on SOT-induced magnetization switching and dynamics in magnetic heterostructures have shown promise for SOT-MRAM [1-2]. We have demonstrated electrical manipulation of magnetization and exchange bias (EB) in an antiferromagnet/ferromagnet (AFM/FM) based device via SOT [3]. Perpendicular EB reversal across AFM IrMn and FM [Co/Pt]2 multilayer has been shown, both in extended and confined geometries. In three-terminal perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices (Figs. 1a and 1b), we have achieved the switching of the magnetization and EB using the SOT (Fig. 1c). Both high- and low- resistances have been observed at zero magnetic field during EB switching (Fig. 1d). These findings provide a new direction in exploring the electrical control of EB in SOT magnetic random access memory (SOT-MRAM). In another study, we have demonstrated that the magnon current excited in an insulating NiO AFM layer by an electronic spin current in an all-oxide epitaxial SrRuO3/NiO/SrIrO3 heterostructure is effective for manipulating the perpendicular magnetization in the SrRuO3 layer [4]. Fig. 2 shows the schematic of the heterostructure and TEM image of the interfaces and the current driven magnetization switching. Interestingly, the threshold current density to generate a sufficient magnon current to manipulate the magnetization was one order of magnitude smaller than that in conventional metallic systems. These results suggest a route for developing highly efficient magnon based all-oxide spintronic devices. 

This work has been supported by KAUST, SRC/NIST SMART center, and US-NSF. 
**References** [1] I.M. Miron, et al, Nature, 476 (2011) 189. 
[2] L.Q. Liu, et al, Science, 336 (2012) 555. 
[3]. B. Fang, et al, Advanced Functional Materials,2022, 32, 2112406. 
[4]. D.X. Zheng, et al, Advanced Materials, revised and resubmitted. 

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technical paper

#### Welcome to the 67th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, MMM 2022!

The Conference was held from October 31 to November 4 and offers both in-person and on-demand content.

MMM 2022 is sponsored jointly by AIP Publishing and the IEEE Magnetics Society. Members of the international scientific and engineering communities interested in recent developments in fundamental and applied magnetism are invited to attend and contribute to the technical sessions. The technical program will include invited and contributed papers in oral and poster sessions, invited symposia, a tutorial, and several special sessions. This Conference provides an outstanding opportunity for worldwide participants to meet their colleagues and collaborators and discuss developments in all areas of magnetism research.

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Over the past few decades, many topological phenomena have been theoretically predicted in both real (e.g. skyrmions) and reciprocal space (e.g. topological insulators). In this work, we look to discover systems that host both real-space and reciprocal-space nontrivial topologies - so-called doubly topological materials. We begin with our previous finding of metastable topological phases such as a hedgehog-anti-hedgehog pairs and skyrmion tubes in antiperovskite metallic ferrimagnet Mn4N by first-principles calculations and Monte-Carlo Simulations [1]. Such topological states were found to be stabilized by a frustration in the (long-range) magnetic exchange interactions due to its complex magnetic structure featuring three different Mn ions. Here, we show that Mn4N has also topologically protected properties in the k-space by studying its Berry curvature and predicting its Anomalous Hall Conductivity and Anomalous Nernst Effect. Our findings show that Mn4N is a Weyl semimetal with topological characteristics in both real and reciprocal spaces. Such interplay between magnetism and topology in both real and reciprocal spaces could open up a new door for exotic linear response effects between them.

Topological features in real and reciprocal space: a case study of metallic ferrimagnet Mn4N

Lanthanide dopants in oxide hosts provide excellent spin-photon interfaces for quantum technologies, including by mediating microwave to optical quantum transduction (converting a collective spin excitation to an optical excitation), and for quantum memories. The description of magnetic dipole transitions in lanthanides using model Hamiltonians principally relies on existing experimental fit parameters for terms in the Hamiltonian like the effect of the crystal field on the 4f elections. [1] Here, we deploy an ab initio extraction of crystal field parameters explored by Dadi Dai et al. [2] With ab initio, we extracted crystal field parameters in Er defects in hosts like Y2O3, and in combining the extracted crystal field parameters with the effective operator Hamiltonian approach we were able to compare the theoretical crystal field energy correction with experimental values directly and obtained a relatively good match. In further studies weâ€™re exploring a more systematic prediction of crystal field levels to pave the path for a wide search of lanthanide doped spin-photon systems. We acknowledge funding from NSF DMR-1921877.

Ab initio Crystal Field Splittings for Lanthanide Dopants in Oxide Materials for Quantum Information

We demonstrate advantages of samples made by mechanical stacking of exfoliated van der
Waals materials for controlling the topological surface state of a 3-dimensional topological
insulator (TI) via interaction with an adjacent magnet layer [1]. We assemble bilayers with
pristine interfaces using exfoliated flakes of the TI BiSbTeSe2 and the magnet Cr2Ge2Te6
(Fig. 1), thereby avoiding problems caused by interdiffusion that can affect interfaces made
by top-down deposition methods. The samples exhibit an anomalous Hall effect with abrupt
hysteretic switching (Fig. 2a). For the first time in samples composed of a TI and a separate
ferromagnetic layer, we demonstrate that the amplitude of the anomalous Hall effect can be
tuned via gate voltage with a strong peak near the Dirac point (Fig. 2b). This is the signature
expected for the anomalous Hall effect due to Berry curvature associated with an exchange
gap induced by interaction between the topological surface state and an out-of-plane-oriented
magnet [2]. Our results demonstrate the advantages of a clean all-vdW exfoliated topological
insulator-2D magnet system for manipulating topological surface states, and pave the way
for improved control of topological magneto-electric effects in TI/magnet heterostructures.
 
**References** [1] V Gupta, R Jain, Y Ren et al., arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.02537 (2022).
[2] D. Xiao, M. C. Chang & Q. Niu, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1959 (2010). 
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Gate tunable anomalous Hall effect in a 3D topological insulator/2D magnet van der Waals heterostructure

Interfacial properties of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals material/magnetic material heterostructures are crucial for applications in spintronics and valleytronics. Inspired by the recent observation of room temperature ferromagnetic ordering in 2D MoS2 induced by the ferrimagnetic yttrium iron garnet (YIG) and the antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between MoS2 and YIG in a MoS2 / YIG heterostructure [1], investigation into the proximity-mediated spin properties of such heterostructures has become a topic of global interest. Nonetheless, a full understanding of the magnetic proximity effect (MPE) and its temperature and magnetic field evolution in these systems is lacking. In this study, we have used biphase iron oxide (Fe3O4 + Fe2O3) as the magnetic layer and the MPE has been probed in Pt / Tungsten Disulfide / biphase iron oxide heterostructures through a comprehensive investigation of their magnetic and transport properties using magnetometry, transverse susceptibility, four-probe resistivity, and anomalous Hall effect (AHE) measurements. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to complement the experimental findings. We find that the presence of monolayer Tungsten Disulfide flakes reduces the magnetization of biphase iron oxide and hence the total magnetization of Pt / Tungsten Disulfide / biphase iron oxide above the Verwey transition temperature of Fe3O4 (TV). However, the enhanced magnetization is achieved at T < TV. In the latter case, a comparative analysis of the transport properties of the Pt / Tungsten Disulfide / biphase iron oxide heterostructure and the Pt / biphase iron oxide heterostructructures from the AHE measurements reveals a ferromagnetic coupling at the Tungsten Disulfide / biphase iron oxide interface. Our study forms the foundation for understanding MPE-mediated interfacial properties and paves a new pathway for designing 2D van der Waals material/magnet heterostructures for spin-based device applications 

**References** (1) Tsai, S. P.; Yang, C. Y.; Lee, C. J.; Lu, L. S.; Liang, H. L.; Lin, J. X.; Yu, Y. H.; Chen, C. C.; Chung, T. K.; Kaun, C. C.; Hsu, H. S.; Huang, S. Y.; Chang, W. H.; He, L. C.; Lai, C. H.; Wang, K. L. Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism of Single-Layer MoS2 Induced by Antiferromagnetic Proximity of Yttrium Iron Garnet. Advanced Quantum Technologies 2021, 4, 2000104. https://doi.org/10.1002/qute.202000104.

Proximity Enhanced Anomalous Hall Transport in Biphase Iron Oxide/Tungsten Disulfide Heterostructures

Recent development of next-generation information storage has been focused on applications exploiting the spin degree of freedom. Much attention has been given to helimagnets in which the direction of the spins spatially rotates in a plane perpendicular to their propagation vector. With application of external magnetic field, the ground state of stripes transforms into various nontrivial spin textures with unique topological numbers, such as skyrmion tubes (1), skyrmion bubbles (2), and magnetic solitons (3, 4). In this talk, we will show that the pure helical orders with a period of approximately 3.6 nm was observed in the single crystals of meta-magnet MnCoSi5. To elucidate the internal 3D magnetic spiral configurations in real space, the multi-azimuth and multi-angle imaging approach of Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM) was applied, see Figure 1. The sinusoidal modulation of the line profile outlines the stripes with a period (L) of 3.6 nm along the [001] direction. The short-period spin order is further verified by satellite spots adjacent to the main reflections in the enlarged selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns. The serial-tilting characterization for the [100] thin plate confirms the stable appearance of periodic stripes along different crystallographic directions. These results strongly imply that a robust and ultrafine helical magnetic order exists in the non-chiral metallic metamagnet MnCoSi at room temperature. The discovery of nanometric spin order in MnCoSi can path a way towards interesting spintronic applications, notably the realization of a room-temperature emergent inductor. 

**References:** 
(1) M. T. Birch, D. Cortés-Ortuño, L. A. Turnbull, et al., Nat. Commun. 11 (1), 1726 (2020). 
(2) X. Z. Yu, Y. Onose, N. Kanazawa, et al., Nature 465 (7300), 901-904 (2010). 
(3) B. Roessli, J. Schefer, G. A. Petrakovskii, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (9), 1885-1888 (2001). 
(4) T. Nagai, K. Kimoto, K. Inoke, et al., Phys. Rev. B 96 (10) (2017). 
(5) B. Ding, J. Liu, H. Li, et al., Adv. Funct. Mater. 32 (19), 2200356 (2022). 

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Observation of Short Period Helical Spin Order in Nonchiral Centrosymmetric Helimagnet MnCoSi

The actual mechanisms occurring at interfaces underlying the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (i-DMI) remain largely an open question in nanomagnetism. In this study, we investigate the origin of the i-DMI, aiming at estimating how independent the DMI contributions of the two interfaces of a FM layer are and what their relative weight in the effective DMI amplitude is. The effective DMI is measured by the study of the asymmetric domain wall propagation in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field, in Pt|Co|M stacks. These measurements are completed by Brillouin light scattering (BLS) measurements. We then explore the correlation between the effective i-DMI and the properties of metal M, namely, its atomic number, electronegativity, and work function. A clear linear relationship is found between the i-DMI and the work function difference at the Co|M interface (ΔΦ) [1,2]. We define Δφ = φM - φCo. This result is a strong evidence of the independent DMI contributions of the two interfaces for the chosen Co thickness (1 nm). These findings may guide the optimization of the magnetic properties of future spintronic devices.
This work has been supported by DARPA TEE program grant (MIPR HR-0011831554), ANR grant TOPSKY (ANR-17-CE24-0025), FLAG-ERA SographMEM (ANR-15-GRFL-0005), and the Horizon2020 Framework Program of the European Commission, under FET Proactive Grant Agreement No. 824123 (SKYTOP) and under Marie Sklodowska- FQ Curie Grant Agreement No. 754303 for supporting J.P.G together with the LABEX LANEF in Grenoble (ANR-10-LABX-0051). Univ. Paris-Saclay, CNRS INP, Sesame IMAGeSPIN project (nEX039175) and the LABEX NanoSaclay (ANR10 LABX0035, BLS@PSay and SPiCY projects) are acknowledged for the BLS equipment. 
**References** [1] F. Ajejas et al., Phys. Rev. Mat., June 2022
[2] Y.-K. Park et al., NPG Asia Mater. 10, 995 (2018)
 
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Interfacial potential gradient modulates Dzyaloshinskii Moriya interaction in Pt|Co|Metal multilayers

Mn3Pt is a non-collinear antiferromagnet with an fcc crystal structure and magnetic moments on the Mn atoms that are at an angle of 120° with respect to each other. This arrangement breaks the cubic symmetry and allows for the existence of the anomalous Hall effect. Here we measure an anomalous Hall effect in Mn3Pt thin films that is only present at temperatures below 270K. This can be explained by a transition from a collinear (above 270K) to a non-collinear (below 270K) antiferromagnetic phase, which is characterized by a sudden change in resistance of the film. Moreover, because of mirror symmetry breaking due to the magnetic structure, we expect to generate exotic spin-torques with a spin-polarization component along the out-of-plane direction, which is unlike the conventional in-plane spin polarization direction. This allows for efficient and deterministic switching of out-of-plane magnetized materials through spin-orbit torques.
References

GB-04 (FOC-05)

High-throughput study of spin and orbital transport in magnetic materials

Yuta Yahagi1, 2, Jakub Zelezny3

1Applied Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan, 2NEC-AIST Quantum Technology Cooperative Research Laboratory, NEC Corporation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, 3Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czechia


Abstract Body We study the spin Hall effect (SHE) and the orbital Hall effect (OHE) in magnetic materials using automatic high-throughput calculation scheme. The SHE is a phenomenon in which an applied electric field induces a spin current. This effect plays a key role in various spintronics devices. Although the SHE has been researched mainly in nonmagnetic materials, SHE in magnetic materials has gained a considerable attention recently as they can exhibit a large SHE[1]. The OHE, a phenomenon in which electric field generates a flow of orbital angular momentum, has also been attracting attention as a new driving mechanism of devices [2]. For future application, exploring materials with large SHE or OHE is demanded.

In this study, we perform a systematic evaluation of the spin Hall conductivity (SHC) and the orbital Hall conductivity (OHC) of select materials from MAGNDATA[3], a database of magnetic materials. We target collinear materials both ferromagnets and antiferromagnets, and evaluate their intrinsic contributions of SHC and OHC based on Kubo-formula.

Figure 1 shows the results of SHC and OHC of 84 materials. The OHCs in most materials are nearly ten times larger than the SHCs. Interestingly, the Mn3Pt has a colossal OHC reaching about 14000 (hbar/e)S/cm, which is higher than either OHC of Mn (~10000) and Pt (~2000) [4], suggesting the importance of the material structure. Further analysis of both theoretical aspect and data science will be presented at the conference. 
**References** [1] C. Qin, et al., Phys. Rev. B 96, 134418 (2017); Y. Zhang et al., New J. Phys. 20, 7 (2018).
[2] H. Kontani, et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 76, 103702 (2007).
[3] S.V. Gallego et al., J. Appl. Crystallogr. 49, 1750 (2016).
[4] D. Jo, D. Go, and H-W. Lee, Phys. Rev. B 98, 214405 (2018). 
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Anomalous Hall Effect and Exotic Torques in Non Collinear Antiferromagnet Mn3Pt

Artificial spin ice lattices consist of extended arrays of dipole coupled nanomagnets. This relatively simple system has seen a striking amount of applications, such as mimicking spin frustration, reconfigurable magnonic crystals, and in the last years it displayed potential for novel forms of computation. We have recently investigated the effects of the internal texture of these nanomagnets, specifically the thermal behavior, and found the excitation of magnons, and additional fluctuations at the ends of the nanomagnet. These effects offer a different view of the effect of temperature on the magnetism than the traditional flipping of the Ising spin. Here, we present measurements using AC susceptibility and temperature dependent MOKE of artificial spin ice structures, which indicate the presence of these additional texture fluctuations. It is shown that, even though they exist on a different length scale than the binary switch of the internal magnetization, both types of fluctuations can be tuned through the interaction strength of the mesospins. In addition, we present a detailed simulation study that shows the effects of coupling of these texture fluctuations across a gap, both in a double magnet configuration and an ASI vertex, and capture these fluctuations in energy landscapes. We determine the energy barriers, eigenmodes, and curvatures of the energy landscapes at the metastable minima and relate them to the attempt frequencies of the system. These investigations of the internal texture could lead to a rethinking of the artificial spin ice lattice, in which case the internal textures could be used to mimic magnetic effects on different length scales.

Effects of thermal fluctuations within and among the magnetic textures in artificial spin ice

The ability of certain magnetic materials to change their entropy and/or temperature with the application and removal of a magnetic field (magnetocaloric effect, MCE) is a physical phenomenon that could lead to the realization of clean, energy-efficient heat pumping systems. We report a series of LaFe11.8Si1.1X0.1 compounds, where X = Al, Ga, and In, added in small concentrations, substantially reduce brittleness intrinsic to unsubstituted La(Fe1-xSix)13, while preserving or enhancing their giant MCEs [1]. Room temperature powder X-ray diffraction confirms formation of LaFe11.8Si1.1X0.1 adopting the NaZn13-type structure as major phases, with ~10 to 15% of Î±Fe impurity. Surprisingly, relatively large amounts of Î±Fe do not deteriorate the magnetic field-induced entropy change (Î”S), yet the resultant alloys have much improved mechanical stability. The corresponding maximum Î”S are -18, -17, and -13 J kg-1 K-1 for X = In, Al, and Ga, respectively, in Î”H = 2 T in the vicinities of their respective Curie temperatures. The Curie temperatures of LaFe11.8Si1.1X0.1 materials can be increased to room temperature and above by hydrogenation, preserving the giant MCE. For example, a fully hydrogenated LaFe11.8Si1.1In0.1H2.3 exhibits maximum Î”S close to -16 J kg-1 K-1 at T~344 K and Î”H =2 T. This work was supported by the Division of Materials Science and Engineering of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. DOE. Ames Laboratory is operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by Iowa State University under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11358. AKP acknowledges the finanacial support from faculty startup fund from the Deanâ€™s Office, School of Arts and Sciences, SUNY Buffalo State.

Tailoring mechanical properties and magnetocaloric effect in LaFe11.8Si1.2 zXzHy (X = Al, Ga, In)

Body Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a technique to visualize magnetic nanoparticles with high spatial and temporal resolutions based on nonlinear magnetization response.1
One of major challenges toward clinical MPI system is how to implement low ac excitation fields. For brain MPI particularly,2 a 24 kHz excitation field intensity with amplitude over 3.5
mT may induce peripheral nerve stimulation on human head.3 However, low-field MPI scenario degrades spatial resolution since the detected signal has no harmonic components but high
contamination from the excitation fields. Previously, we applied 1 MHz excitation field to elevate signal-to-noise ratio of receive coil.4 To further decontaminate magnetization signal
spectrally, we used magnetoresistive (MR) sensor to transform monotone signal into harmonic-rich one and reconstructed phantom image from odd harmonic components.5 Extensively,
MR sensor can be used to map quasistatic stray field of magnetic nanoparticles.6
Here, we will report the use of a 6×6 channels array of TDK Nivio xMR sensors to detect sub-pT magnetic signal and obtain its spatial distribution. While each sensor is operated at 5 V,
signal processing circuit rises its sensitivity to 20 mV/ pT at 10 kHz with 0.25 pT noise level. We used a 40-turns coil with 1 mm diameter and 5 mm length to represent magnetic moment.
The distance between MR sensor and the coil (dx) was 250 mm [Fig. 1(a)]. From Fig. 1(b), MR sensor recognizes magnetic signal from mini coil fed with a 10 kHz ac current. Magnetic
field detected by the sensor (Hd) is linear with coil input current (i). Furthermore, we simultaneously recorded the signals from 36 sensor channels to map at 200 Hz. We set dx=50 mm to
obtain high contrast showing coil position relative to the array. From Fig. 2, the change in field polarity is observable from frames (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) with channel c16 as reference. This
result highlights usability of MR sensor array for low-field MPI system. 

**References:** 

1. B. Gleich and J. Weizenecker, Nature, 435, 1214 (2005). 
2. M. Graeser, F. Thieben and T. Knopp, Nat. Commun., 10, 1936 (2019). 
3. A. A. Ozaslan, M. Utkur and E. U. Saritas, Int. J. Mag. Part. Imag., 8, 2203028 (2022). 
4. S. B. Trisnanto and Y. Takemura, Phys. Rev. Appl., 14, 064065 (2020). 
5. S. B. Trisnanto, T. Kasajima and Y. Takemura, Appl. Phys. Express, 14, 095001 (2021). 
6. S. B. Trisnanto, T. Kasajima and Y. Takemura, J. Appl. Phys. 131, 224902 (2022). 

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